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Chapter 2
The Birth of FilipinoNationalism
Lecture Notes in Life and Works of Rizal
Dr. Francis Baleta, RFT, RPT
Isabela State University
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Nationalism
or
devotion
to
or
advocacy
of
national
unity
and
independence
is
the
most
important
prerequisite
to
the
formation
of
national
consciousness,
indeed
the
sine
qua
non
to
the
development
of
national
identities
.
BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
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It is a feeling developed in apeople living in a contiguous
geographic area, a sentiment
forged by a common history,language and literature, customs
and traditions and even by a
common religion.
BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
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BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
As a historical development, it is arelatively new concept, a product ofthe ferment and political upheavals of
the 18th century and a child of theFrench Revolution, which wasexported to other nations of Europe
during the Napoleonic wars and later,by war and commerce, by colonialismitself, to other parts of the world.
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BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
In the history of colonized andexploited peoples all over the world,no significant struggle for liberation
and independence ever succeededin making any headway without theearlier development of nationalism
among the people involved in themovement.
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BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
No such sentiment existed in thePhilippines before the 19thcentury.
To be sure, the different ethnic groups in
the country shared the same basicelements of nationalism such assimilarities of racial and cultural features,but Spanish and colonial policy as well as
certain natural barriers retarded thedevelopment of nationalistic feelingamong the Filipinos.
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BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The insular and mountainous characterof Philippine geography limited socialcontact and communication.
The dismal state of transportation andcommunication facilities rendered thesenatural barriers much more formidable.
Moreover, the Spanish medieval practice
of requiring passports for travel from oneprovince to another virtually estrangedregions from one another.
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BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Filipinos in different parts of the country,therefore, failed to realize the similarities oftheir grievances and the existence of acommon source of suffering and misery.
Linguistic differences and the absence of acommon language, aggravated by thedeliberate refusal of the Spaniards topropagate the Spanish language, weighed
heavily in fomenting regionalism andprevented the people from developing anational language that would have unitedthem.
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FACTORS THAT LED TO THE BIRTH OF
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Opening of thePhilippines to worldtrade from 1834 to 1873
-This stimulated theeconomic activities in thecountry which broughtprosperity to some of theFilipinos but most of all tothe Chinese and theSpaniards.
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It resulted to the rise of anew social class referred
to as Middle Class orthe Ilustrados
- Acquired material
wealth- Improved their social
stature and influence
- Clamored for socialand political equalitywith the colonial
masters.
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Influx of Liberal Ideas
With the opening of the Philippines to
world trade, European ideas freely
penetrated the country in form of printed
books, newspapers, and treatises madeavailable to the natives as they participated
in the process of exchange of goods and
products.
The new knowledge and current events
they learned and acquired outside affected
their ways of living and the manner of their
thinking
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The Rise of the MiddleClass
- The middle class or theIlustradofamily sentmembers of their family
particularly male childrento study abroad.
- These students would beexposed to European
thoughts and would laterlead in call for reforms.
- Filipino patriots andpropagandist mostlycame from this class
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Opening of Suez Canal
- The Suez Canal was
created by a French
engineer named
Ferdinand de Lesseps- This man-made canal
made transportation
easier, making the
transfer of goods andideas better and faster.
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Spanish Revolution of 1868
- The period when QueenIsabella was ousted by
Generals Francisco Serranoand Juan Prim
- This incident had proven thatSpain was not invincible andthat even how powerful it wasit cannot escape social unrestand political upheavals.
- In 1873, the first SpanishRepublic was established andthe Liberals installed Carlos Ma.Dela Torre as the governorgeneral in the Philippines
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Liberal Regime ofCarlos Ma. Dela Torre
- It was during his term asgovernor general that
freedom of speech wasallowed among theFilipinos
- De la Torre was a well-
loved leader becausehe was concern withthe needs of the natives
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- He ordered the abolition of flogging as
punishment for military disobedience
- He implemented the Educational Decree
of 1863 and the Moret Law which delimitthe secularization of educational
institutions and allowed the government
to take control among different schools
and academic institutions.
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SecularizationMovement
- An interest groupconsisted of Filipino priestswho demanded that theybe allowed to handle
parishes in accordancewith the provisions of theCouncil of Trent
- It was once headed byFather Pedro Pelaez andwas followed by Fr. JoseBurgos.
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Restoration of the Monarchand the Installation of
Izquierdo as gov. gen. ofthe Philippines
- 1870, Spanish monarchy wasrestored with Amadeo de
Savoy as new king.
- This king eventually sent
Rafael Izquierdo as the
governor general in Manila
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Izquierdo was theexact opposite of De
la TorreHe ordered that theexemptions andprivileges enjoyed by
workers of thearsenals and shipyards be repealed,giving reason for
these workers tolaunch a mutiny thattook place in 1872.
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The Cavite Mutiny
- An uprising of the arsenal andshipyard workers of Cavite as aresponse to the repeal of theirprivileges such as exemptionfrom paying tributes andperformance of forced labor.
- This took place on January 20,1872 and was headed bySergeant La Madrid
- This small mutiny was
magnified by Spanish to makeit appear that it was a wide-scaled conspiracy and thateven Filipino clergy were partof it.
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The Martyrdom ofGOMBURZA
The Three Martyr PriestJose Burgos
Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Youngest among thethree
One of the majoradvocates ofsecularization
Born on 9 February1837During that time was thecurate of the Cathedraland Canonigo Magistral
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Mariano Gomes
Born in Sta. Cruz,
ManilaFirst to be executed
Founded La Verdad,
which served as the
mouthpiece ofsecularization
Oldest among the
martyr priests
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Jacinto ZamoraBorn August 14,
1835
He already losthis mind during
the proceedings
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Significance of the martyrdom
of the three priests
Filipinos forgot their regionalhostilities and felt the need ofbeing united for a common cause
The Filipinos instead of developingfear from the Spaniards,
developed hatred instead
The GOMBURZA served asinspiration to future patriots toselflessly fight the Spaniards in
order to put a stop on injusticesand abusiveness committed bythe colonizers.
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THE REFORM AND COUNTER
REFORM MOVEMENTS
REFORM MOVEMENTS:The PropagandaMovement
Major Propagandists
Graciano LopezJaenaA native of Jaro,Iloilo.Famous for his
satirical workentitled FrayBotodFounded LaSolidaridad in 1889
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Marcelo del Pilar
A fierce lawyer and
writer from Malolos,Bulacan
Identified by Spanish
authorities in Madridas the most
dangerous Indio
Founded the
Diariong Tagalogin 1882, the first
Filipino newspaper
written in the
vernacular.
Used the pennames
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Used the pennamesPlaridel, DoloresManapa, Piping
DilatFamous worksinclude:
- La SoberaniaMonacal en Filipinas(Monastic Supremacyin the Philippines)
- La Frailocracia Filipina(The Friars in thePhilippines)
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Jose Rizal
Known for his novelsNoli Me Tangereand El Filibusterismo
Founded La LigaFilipina after thefailure of thePropaganda
Movement
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Other Propaganda Literature
NinayPedro Paterno
SampaguitasPedro Paterno
ImpresionesAntonio Luna
La Universidad de Pilipinas: Plano de
EstudiosJose Maria PanganibanCelebres FilipinosMariano Ponce
Historia de IlocosIsabelo delos
Reyes
El Folklore FilipinoIsabelo delos
Reyes
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Masonry
One of the oldest fraternities in Europe
Became a popular organization for
Filipino liberals and democratsRevolucion1st Filipino Masonic lodge inBarcelona founded by Lopez Jaena
SolidaridadFounded by M. del Pilar in
MadridNilad1stMasonic Lodge in the Philippinesfounded by Pedro Serrano Laktaw
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COUNTER - REFORM MOVEMENTS:
QiuopquiapPablo Feced in real lifeHis articles expressed hatred and
contempt against Filipino reformists
His articles were usually published in
Diario de Manila and El Liberal in
Madrid
His infamous work was Filipinas:Ezbozosy Pinceladas (Philippines: Sketches
and Strokes) that was a biased
assessment of the Philippines
Wenceslao Retana
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Wenceslao Retana
Defender of Frailocracy
Published Questiones
Filipinas: Avisos y
Profecias, a compilation
of articles attackinganti-friar Filipino
reformists
Had a dispute with Rizal
but eventually becamethe heros biographer
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Fray Jose Rodriguez
Wrote an attackagainst the Noli in apamphlet entitled
Caiingat Kayo
In response Rizalwrote, La Vision del
Fray Rodriguez
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Fray Lucio Bustamante
Ridiculed the Filipinoswho wanted to learn
Spanish yet cannotsatisfactorily performtheir manual jobs.
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Other Counter
Publications
Diario de Manila
El Liberal
La Voz de Espana
Failure of the Propaganda
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Failure of the PropagandaMovement
Inadequacy of funds
The publication of La Sol ceased toexist
Personal and health problems ofreformists
Homesickness
Conflict of interests
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La Liga Filipina
Founded by Rizal on 3 July 1892 atTondo, Manila
Objectives:Unification of the archipelago into a one
compact, vigorous and homogenous body;Mutual protection in every want and need;
Defense against all forms of violence andinjustices;
Encouragement of education, agriculture andcommerce;
The study of application of reforms
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Significance of theMovement
Succeeded in influencing
profound political
developments
Politicized a greatnumber of Filipinos
Establishment of a group
that yearned for reforms,
the Katipunan