rizal course report

Rizal CourseRizal Course

Group Report: “On Group Report: “On the Eve”the Eve”(1891-1892)(1891-1892)

Hong Kong – ‘the Hong Kong – ‘the Spanish Doctor’Spanish Doctor’

Visit to SandakanVisit to Sandakan

Preparation for DeathPreparation for Death

Group 8:Group 8:Caleda, Marisha Joy F.Caleda, Marisha Joy F.

Francisco, Paul AngeloFrancisco, Paul Angelo

Rahayel, Joy Michelle D.Rahayel, Joy Michelle D.

Hong Kong – ‘the Hong Kong – ‘the spanish doctor’spanish doctor’•Farewell to Europe Farewell to Europe

• Melbourne Melbourne

• Rizal in Hong Kong Rizal in Hong Kong

• Unexpected Arrival Unexpected Arrival

• Second Arrest of Teodora Second Arrest of Teodora Alonso Alonso

Hong Kong – ‘the Hong Kong – ‘the spanish doctor’spanish doctor’

• Family Reunion in Hong Family Reunion in Hong Kong Kong

• ‘ ‘The Filipino Colony’ and The Filipino Colony’ and ‘Liga Filipina’ ‘Liga Filipina’

• Circle of Men Introduced Circle of Men Introduced by Basa to Rizal by Basa to Rizal

• Weyler was replaced by Weyler was replaced by Despujol Despujol

Hong Kong – ‘the Hong Kong – ‘the spanish doctor’spanish doctor’

• Writings in Hong Kong Writings in Hong Kong

• Thoughts about Thoughts about Revolution Revolution

• Laong Laan – Ever Laong Laan – Ever Prepared Prepared

• Rizal’s Second Letter to Rizal’s Second Letter to Despujol Despujol

Visit to sandakanVisit to sandakan

• Memnon Memnon

• Sandakan Sandakan

• Alexander Cook Alexander Cook

• Henry Walker Henry Walker

Preparation for Preparation for DeathDeath

• Decision to Return to Decision to Return to Manila Manila

• Last Hong Kong Letters Last Hong Kong Letters

• Rizal Falls into Spanish Rizal Falls into Spanish Trap Trap

• ContemporizingContemporizing

ReferencesReferences• Coates, Austin; RIZAL- Filipino Coates, Austin; RIZAL- Filipino

Nationalist & Patriot; Nationalist & Patriot; Solidaridad Publishing House; Solidaridad Publishing House; Philippines, 1992Philippines, 1992

• Zaide, Gregorio F., Zaide, Zaide, Gregorio F., Zaide, Sonia M.; Jose Rizal Life, Sonia M.; Jose Rizal Life, Works, and Writings of a Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero Second Edition; National Hero Second Edition; All-Nations Publishing Co., All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc.; Philippines; 2007Inc.; Philippines; 2007

Farewell to Farewell to EuropeEurope• Rizal left Europe and lived Rizal left Europe and lived

in Hong Kong from in Hong Kong from November 1891 to June November 1891 to June 1892.1892.

• 2 Reasons for leaving 2 Reasons for leaving Europe:Europe:

1.) life was unbearable 1.) life was unbearable in Europe because of his in Europe because of his political differences with political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other M.H. del Pilar and other Filipinos in SpainFilipinos in Spain

2.) to be near his 2.) to be near his idolized Philippines and idolized Philippines and familyfamily

Farewell to Farewell to EuropeEurope

• Before sailing for Hong Before sailing for Hong Kong, he notified Del Kong, he notified Del Pilar that he was retiring Pilar that he was retiring from political arena in from political arena in Spain to preserve unity Spain to preserve unity among compatriots and among compatriots and that despite their parting that despite their parting of ways, he had highest of ways, he had highest regards for him.regards for him.

Farewell to Farewell to EuropeEurope

• October 3, 1891 – 2 October 3, 1891 – 2 weeks after publication weeks after publication of El Filibusterismo, of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Ghent for Rizal left Ghent for Paris and bid goodbye Paris and bid goodbye to friends.to friends.

MelbourneMelbourne

• October 18 – he boarded October 18 – he boarded the steamer Melbourne the steamer Melbourne with a letter of with a letter of recommendation from recommendation from Juan Luna for Manuel Juan Luna for Manuel Camus, a compatriot Camus, a compatriot living in Singapore, and living in Singapore, and 600 copies of the Fili.600 copies of the Fili.

• Rizal and the German Rizal and the German LadiesLadies

MelbourneMelbourne

• Rd.L.M. – the code letters Rd.L.M. – the code letters concealing his pan-Malay concealing his pan-Malay project.project.

• Raffles’ History of Java Raffles’ History of Java (1817) – about the most (1817) – about the most modern book he seems to modern book he seems to have read on Malaysian have read on Malaysian region.region.

MelbourneMelbourne• William Pryer (a.k.a. Willie William Pryer (a.k.a. Willie

Pryer) Pryer) – one of the – one of the pioneers of North Borneo pioneers of North Borneo where he had been working where he had been working since 1878.since 1878.

– – the founder of the founder of Sandakan (then capital Sandakan (then capital of North Borneo) and its of North Borneo) and its first Resident.first Resident.

– ‘– ‘one of the most one of the most engaging figures in engaging figures in North Borneo history’.North Borneo history’.

MelbourneMelbourne

• William Pryer (a.k.a. William Pryer (a.k.a. Willie Pryer) Willie Pryer)

–– Served the Served the Chartered Company which Chartered Company which had governed North had governed North Borneo since its Borneo since its foundation in 1881.foundation in 1881.

– – Rizal described him Rizal described him as ‘the Stanley type’.as ‘the Stanley type’.

MelbourneMelbourne

•Ada Pryer – Willie’s Ada Pryer – Willie’s intelligent and well-intelligent and well-informed wife.informed wife. – – Rizal described Rizal described her as ‘straightforward, her as ‘straightforward, lively and forceful in a lively and forceful in a masculine way, going masculine way, going bald.’bald.’

Rizal in Hong Rizal in Hong KongKong

• November 19, 1891 – November 19, 1891 – Rizal arrived in Hong Rizal arrived in Hong Kong. (In Zaide’s, it was Kong. (In Zaide’s, it was the 20th)the 20th)

• Remedios Terrace and Remedios Terrace and Caine Road – in a room in Caine Road – in a room in one of the groups of one of the groups of houses which Jose Maria houses which Jose Maria Basa owned, he settled Basa owned, he settled himself.himself.

Rizal in Hong Rizal in Hong KongKong

• He began practicing He began practicing general medicine and general medicine and ophthalmic surgery using ophthalmic surgery using in a room in a lodging in a room in a lodging house at the bottom of house at the bottom of Duddell Street in the Duddell Street in the middle of downtown middle of downtown Victoria.Victoria.

• Then he became known Then he became known as ‘the Spanish doctor’.as ‘the Spanish doctor’.

Rizal in Hong Rizal in Hong KongKong• D’Aguilar Street D’Aguilar Street

(downtown centre) – he (downtown centre) – he took a 1st floor consulting took a 1st floor consulting room, earned money and room, earned money and paid off his debts.paid off his debts.

• In Zaide’s, it was said that In Zaide’s, it was said that Rizal established his Rizal established his residence at No. 5 residence at No. 5 D’Aguilar Street, No. 2 D’Aguilar Street, No. 2 Rednaxela Terrace, where Rednaxela Terrace, where he also opened his he also opened his medical clinic.medical clinic.

Rizal in Hong Rizal in Hong KongKong• December 1, 1891 – he December 1, 1891 – he

wrote permission from his wrote permission from his parents to return home.parents to return home.

• On the same day, his On the same day, his brother-in-law, Manuel T. brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the news about the relating the news about the deportation of 25 persons deportation of 25 persons from Calamba, including from Calamba, including Francisco Mercado, Neneng, Francisco Mercado, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest.rest.

Unexpected Unexpected ArrivalArrival• Francisco Mercado, Paciano Francisco Mercado, Paciano

and Silvestre Ubaldo (his and Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law) arrived in brother-in-law) arrived in Hong Kong.Hong Kong.

• The deportees were to be The deportees were to be removed to Sulu. All the removed to Sulu. All the deportees escaped through a deportees escaped through a well-organized plan.well-organized plan.

• Paciano and Silvestre with the Paciano and Silvestre with the aim of secretly getting Rizal’s aim of secretly getting Rizal’s parents to Hong Kong, parents to Hong Kong, contacted home and contacted home and discovered that Teodora discovered that Teodora Alonso had been arrested.Alonso had been arrested.

The Second Arrest The Second Arrest of Teodora Alonsoof Teodora Alonso

• The charge brought The charge brought against her was that she against her was that she had declared her name had declared her name improperly, using Alonso improperly, using Alonso (by which she had always (by which she had always been known and had been known and had always used). According to always used). According to the authorities she should the authorities she should have styled herself as have styled herself as Realonda de Rizal.Realonda de Rizal.

The Second Arrest The Second Arrest of Teodora Alonsoof Teodora Alonso

• At the age of 64 (in Zaide’s, At the age of 64 (in Zaide’s, 65) and almost completely 65) and almost completely blind, she had been made to blind, she had been made to walk the whole way, which walk the whole way, which took her 4 days, guided by took her 4 days, guided by her one of her daughters.her one of her daughters.

•She was sent imprisoned at She was sent imprisoned at Santa Cruz, capital of Laguna. Santa Cruz, capital of Laguna. But was released by the Civil But was released by the Civil Governor due to her Governor due to her condition.condition.

Family Reunion in Family Reunion in Hong KongHong Kong

• Before Christmas, she Before Christmas, she arrived in Hong Kong with arrived in Hong Kong with her daughters Lucia, Josefa her daughters Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad.and Trinidad.

• Rizal’s parents were happy Rizal’s parents were happy to be in a ‘free country’ to be in a ‘free country’ and the family was full of and the family was full of praises for the British praises for the British colonial government.colonial government.


•Rednaxela Terrace – in a house Rednaxela Terrace – in a house here, Paciano and the family here, Paciano and the family stayed.stayed.

•Dr. Lourenco Pereira Marques Dr. Lourenco Pereira Marques (in Zaide’s, Dr. Lorenzo P. (in Zaide’s, Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques) – a prominent but Marques) – a prominent but eccentric Portuguese whom eccentric Portuguese whom Basa had introduced to Rizal. Basa had introduced to Rizal. He formerly worked in Victoria He formerly worked in Victoria Gaol as the prison medical Gaol as the prison medical officer.officer.


• Rizal successfully operated on Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left eye.his mother’s left eye.

• People in Europe and also in People in Europe and also in Hong Kong were sick of Hong Kong were sick of Influenza during this time Influenza during this time since there’s an epidemic. This since there’s an epidemic. This he wrote to Blumentritt on he wrote to Blumentritt on January 31, 1892.January 31, 1892.

• His friends from Europe gave His friends from Europe gave him moral and substantial aid him moral and substantial aid in his medical practice.in his medical practice.

The ‘Filipino Colony’ The ‘Filipino Colony’ and ‘Liga Filipina’and ‘Liga Filipina’

•‘‘The Colony’ – a plan on The Colony’ – a plan on moving Filipinos to North moving Filipinos to North Borneo so as to make a “New Borneo so as to make a “New Calamba” for them.Calamba” for them.

– – Asks the Chartered Asks the Chartered Company to sign a contract Company to sign a contract which would give the ‘colony’ which would give the ‘colony’ considerable autonomy and considerable autonomy and which would require which would require ratification by Great Britain ratification by Great Britain as the protecting power.as the protecting power.

––


•Liga Filipina (Philippine Liga Filipina (Philippine League) League) – a nationwide – a nationwide society Rizal plans to start in society Rizal plans to start in the Philippinesthe Philippines

–– organized on a basis of organized on a basis of regional and district regional and district councilscouncils

–– its members pledged its members pledged to mutual protection in any to mutual protection in any adversityadversity

––


•Liga Filipina (Philippine Liga Filipina (Philippine League) League) – an – an association of patriotic association of patriotic Filipinos for civic purposes, Filipinos for civic purposes, was originally conceived by was originally conceived by Jose Maria Basa, but it was Jose Maria Basa, but it was Rizal who wrote its Rizal who wrote its constitution and realized its constitution and realized its establishment.establishment.

–– Copies of this were sent to Copies of this were sent to Domingo Franco, Rizal’s Domingo Franco, Rizal’s friend in Manila.friend in Manila.

––


•Rizal’s Purpose for starting Rizal’s Purpose for starting Liga FilipinaLiga Filipina

–– to provide defense to provide defense against violence and against violence and injusticeinjustice

–– to stimulate education, to stimulate education, agriculture and commerceagriculture and commerce

–– to study and apply to study and apply reformsreforms

–– to observe secrecy to observe secrecy regarding any order issued regarding any order issued by its councilsby its councils

––


““Rizal desired the Liga to be a Rizal desired the Liga to be a means of organizing the means of organizing the

intellectuals and other elements of intellectuals and other elements of the country into a cohesive the country into a cohesive

organism that would strengthen organism that would strengthen and make real and effective the and make real and effective the

ideal cherished by those thirsting ideal cherished by those thirsting for liberty. The Liga had aims and for liberty. The Liga had aims and

ends that were idealistic and ends that were idealistic and practical.” practical.”

––Camilo Ossias, Jose Rizal, His Camilo Ossias, Jose Rizal, His Life and Times, p.317, Manila, Life and Times, p.317, Manila,

19481948


• Conclusion that Rizal’s Conclusion that Rizal’s schemes were totally schemes were totally impossible of impossible of achievement.achievement.

––

Circle of Men Circle of Men Introduced by Basa Introduced by Basa

to Rizalto Rizal1.1. Dr. Lourenco Pereira Dr. Lourenco Pereira MarquesMarques

2.2. Robert Fraser-Smith – (In Robert Fraser-Smith – (In Zaide’s, he was known as Zaide’s, he was known as Frazier Smith) the editor of the Frazier Smith) the editor of the Hong Kong Telegraph and a Hong Kong Telegraph and a flambuoyant champion of the flambuoyant champion of the oppressed, exposing injustices oppressed, exposing injustices (committed by the Hong Kong (committed by the Hong Kong Government and British Government and British business interests) which often business interests) which often lead to the Telegraph having lead to the Telegraph having libel actions. libel actions.


to Rizalto Rizal2.2. Robert Fraser-SmithRobert Fraser-Smith

––Fraser-Smith was Fraser-Smith was usually convicted in these usually convicted in these and went to prison. ‘Hong and went to prison. ‘Hong Kong Telegraph was Kong Telegraph was edited from the cells of edited from the cells of Victoria Gaol’Victoria Gaol’


to Rizalto Rizal3. Jose Pedro Braga – an 3. Jose Pedro Braga – an entrenched opponent of the entrenched opponent of the social injustices tolerated and social injustices tolerated and encouraged by the Hong Kong encouraged by the Hong Kong government, and who government, and who subsequently became the subsequently became the principal spokesman of principal spokesman of Portuguese community and Portuguese community and (in 1926) the first Portuguese (in 1926) the first Portuguese member of the Hong Kong member of the Hong Kong legislature.legislature.

Weyler was Weyler was replaced by replaced by

DespujolDespujol•During this time During this time Valeriano Weyler had left Valeriano Weyler had left the Philippines where he the Philippines where he was replaced by a more was replaced by a more liberal General Eulogio liberal General Eulogio Despujol.Despujol.•Despujol began his Despujol began his governorship by governorship by announcing a high-announcing a high-sounding programme of sounding programme of reforms.reforms.

Weyler was Weyler was replaced by replaced by

DespujolDespujol•December 23, 1891 – December 23, 1891 – Rizal wrote a letter to Rizal wrote a letter to Despujol, offering his Despujol, offering his ‘services’.‘services’.•El Filibusterismo was El Filibusterismo was entering the country. The entering the country. The copies were sold at copies were sold at anything up to 400 anything up to 400 pesetas each.pesetas each.

Writings in Hong Writings in Hong KongKong1.1. Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Ang Mga Karapatan Ng

Tao Tao – a Tagalog – a Tagalog translation of “The Rights translation of “The Rights of Man” proclaimed by of Man” proclaimed by the French Revolution in the French Revolution in 1789.1789.2.2. A la Nacion Espanola A la Nacion Espanola (To the Spanish Nation, (To the Spanish Nation, 1891) 1891) – an appeal – an appeal to Spain to right the to Spain to right the wrongs done to the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants.Calamba tenants.

Writings in Hong Writings in Hong KongKong3.3. Sa Mga Kababayan (To Sa Mga Kababayan (To

my Countrymen)my Countrymen) – written in December – written in December

1891, explaining the 1891, explaining the Calamba agrarian Calamba agrarian situation.situation.4.4. Rizal contributed to the Rizal contributed to the British daily newspaper, British daily newspaper, the Hong Kong Telegraph the Hong Kong Telegraph which was banned by which was banned by Spanish censors after Spanish censors after discovering the spread of discovering the spread of Rizal’s ideas.Rizal’s ideas.

Writings in Hong Writings in Hong KongKong5.5. Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol

(A Visit to Victoria Gaol) (A Visit to Victoria Gaol) – written on March – written on March

2, 1892, an account of his 2, 1892, an account of his visit to the colonial prison of visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong.Hong Kong.6.6. “ “Colonisation du British Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles North Borneo, par de Familles de Iles Philippines” (French) de Iles Philippines” (French)

– Colonization – Colonization of British North Borneo by of British North Borneo by Families from Philippine Families from Philippine Islands.Islands.

Writings in Hong Writings in Hong KongKong

7.7. “ “Proyecto de Proyecto de Colonizacion del British Colonizacion del British North Borneo por los North Borneo por los Filipinos” (Spanish) Filipinos” (Spanish) – Project of the – Project of the Colonization of British Colonization of British North Borneo.North Borneo.

8.8. La Mano Rojo (The Red La Mano Rojo (The Red Hand) Hand) – written on June 1892– written on June 1892

Writings in Hong Writings in Hong KongKong

9.9. Constitution of the Constitution of the Liga FilipinaLiga Filipina

– printed in Hong – printed in Hong Kong 1892; false Kong 1892; false information of it being information of it being printed by the London printed by the London Printing Press, No. 25, Printing Press, No. 25, Khulug Street, London.Khulug Street, London.

Thoughts about Thoughts about RevolutionRevolution

•Rizal discussed it with Rizal discussed it with Galicano Apacible Galicano Apacible (Madrid), Jose (Madrid), Jose Alejandrino (Ghent) Alejandrino (Ghent) and, with Paciano and and, with Paciano and Basa (Hong Kong).Basa (Hong Kong).


•Blumentritt wrote him a Blumentritt wrote him a letter of warning, entreating letter of warning, entreating him not to ‘meddle in him not to ‘meddle in revolutionary agitations’…revolutionary agitations’…

““A revolution has no likelihood of A revolution has no likelihood of success unless 1.) a great portion of the success unless 1.) a great portion of the

army and navy should rebel, 2.) the army and navy should rebel, 2.) the motherland should be at war with motherland should be at war with

another nation, 3.) there should be another nation, 3.) there should be money and munitions available, and 4.) a money and munitions available, and 4.) a foreign country should give its official or foreign country should give its official or secret support to the insurrection. None secret support to the insurrection. None

of these conditions exist in the of these conditions exist in the Philipines.”Philipines.”


•Rizal was aware of the Rizal was aware of the situation and the conditions situation and the conditions too.too.•Paciano later disclosed Paciano later disclosed privately to his nephew, Dr. privately to his nephew, Dr. Leoncio Lopez-Rizal, that Rizal Leoncio Lopez-Rizal, that Rizal was nonetheless engaged in was nonetheless engaged in the details of revolution.the details of revolution.•Rizal’s idea was to use Rizal’s idea was to use peaceful means first— the peaceful means first— the Liga Filipina— but if it fails he Liga Filipina— but if it fails he would counsel and plan for would counsel and plan for revolution.revolution.


•He was uncertain of it. He was uncertain of it. This was proven by the This was proven by the fact that (at that time) fact that (at that time) he was simultaneously he was simultaneously trying 5 policies which trying 5 policies which were aiming towards were aiming towards different directions.different directions.


1.1. He was offering his He was offering his services to General services to General Despujol in the interest of Despujol in the interest of Hispano-Philippine unity.Hispano-Philippine unity.2.2. He was projecting in He was projecting in detail a revolution aimed detail a revolution aimed at ending that unityat ending that unity3.3. He was speaking to He was speaking to Despujol of Despujol of rapprochementrapprochement..


4.4.He was introducing into He was introducing into the Philippines a book the Philippines a book calculated to inflame calculated to inflame passions against such a passions against such a rapprochementrapprochement..5.5.He was proposing a He was proposing a migration to Borneo which migration to Borneo which betokened acceptance of betokened acceptance of the failure of the rest.the failure of the rest.

Laong Laan – Ever Laong Laan – Ever PreparedPrepared

•His contradicting His contradicting actions were best actions were best explained by placing a explained by placing a phrase and his pen-phrase and his pen-name together: “quos name together: “quos vult perdere Jupiter, vult perdere Jupiter, prius dementat” and prius dementat” and “Laong Laan”“Laong Laan”

Rizal’s Second Letter Rizal’s Second Letter to Despujolto Despujol

•On March 21, immediately On March 21, immediately prior to leaving for prior to leaving for Sandakan, he sent a 2nd Sandakan, he sent a 2nd letter to Despujol explaining letter to Despujol explaining his intention to form a his intention to form a Filipino colony in North Filipino colony in North Borneo. He also requested Borneo. He also requested permission for those who permission for those who wanted to migrate to wanted to migrate to change their nationality, sell change their nationality, sell their small properties and their small properties and leave unhindered.leave unhindered.


•If this permission was If this permission was granted, he says, he will granted, he says, he will come to the Philippines come to the Philippines ‘to greet Your Excellency ‘to greet Your Excellency and convey my thanks’, and convey my thanks’, sell of a few properties sell of a few properties and fetch his persecuted and fetch his persecuted friends and relatives.friends and relatives.


•Despujol had no way Despujol had no way of determining which of determining which statement is true and statement is true and which is false and so to which is false and so to avoid conflicts, Spain avoid conflicts, Spain had to persuade Rizal had to persuade Rizal to come back to the to come back to the Philippine Islands.Philippine Islands.

MemnonMemnon

•Memnon – a slow vessel – a slow vessel plying a regular service plying a regular service between Sandakan and between Sandakan and Hong Kong, whence came Hong Kong, whence came most of North Borneo’s most of North Borneo’s provisions of civilized life.provisions of civilized life.

MemnonMemnon

•He found that the He found that the acquisition of land for acquisition of land for development purposes development purposes was governed by definite was governed by definite rules and so his plan to rules and so his plan to found a colony would found a colony would have to be abandoned.have to be abandoned.

SandakanSandakan

•SandakanSandakan

•Assurance for freedom Assurance for freedom was in written request was in written request which surprised Pryer which surprised Pryer since these were taken since these were taken for granted in British for granted in British territory.territory.

Alexander CookAlexander Cook

•Both the Governor and the Both the Governor and the Acting Governor, L.P. Acting Governor, L.P. Beaufort was on tour so it Beaufort was on tour so it was received by the Acting was received by the Acting Government Secretary, Government Secretary, Alexander Cook, a Alexander Cook, a quarrelsome individual with quarrelsome individual with whom Pryer was not on whom Pryer was not on particularly good terms.particularly good terms.

Henry WalkerHenry Walker

• Henry Walker – the Henry Walker – the Commissioner of Lands, Commissioner of Lands, who, particularly anxious who, particularly anxious to see a rice-growing to see a rice-growing population in North population in North Borneo, which was then Borneo, which was then importing nearly all the importing nearly all the rice it consumed, was rice it consumed, was enthusiastic about the enthusiastic about the scheme.scheme.

Henry WalkerHenry Walker

•Cook granted Rizal 5000 Cook granted Rizal 5000 acres free of rent for 3 acres free of rent for 3 years.years.

•Rizal was addressed as Rizal was addressed as Don Jose or Dr. Rizal and Don Jose or Dr. Rizal and his degrees in Madrid his degrees in Madrid University were University were considered impressive.considered impressive.

Decision to Return Decision to Return to Manilato Manila

•Rizal was invited for an Rizal was invited for an interview with the Spanish interview with the Spanish Consul.Consul.•Despujol did not approve of Despujol did not approve of the Borneo project.the Borneo project.•There was an implied There was an implied invitation to return to the invitation to return to the Philippines.Philippines.•His family opposed his His family opposed his decision to go back to decision to go back to Manila.Manila.


•Antonino Lopez, his Antonino Lopez, his brother-in-law who was brother-in-law who was married to Narcisa, wrote:married to Narcisa, wrote:

““Besides, almost all are opposed Besides, almost all are opposed to your coming, and I am of the to your coming, and I am of the same opinion… I think that from same opinion… I think that from there you can do all you wish, there you can do all you wish,

without coming here, for the good without coming here, for the good of the Philippines.”of the Philippines.”


•From London, Regidor, From London, Regidor, whose momentary whose momentary difference with him over difference with him over the Morga edition had long the Morga edition had long been forgotten, warned been forgotten, warned him urgently not to trust him urgently not to trust Despujol, that he was Despujol, that he was walking into the mouth of walking into the mouth of a wolf.a wolf.


•For the Propaganda (in For the Propaganda (in Rizal’s own description):Rizal’s own description):

““The committee is thrown into a The committee is thrown into a veritable panic of terror every veritable panic of terror every

time I say I’m coming.”time I say I’m coming.”


•In Madrid, La Solidaridad In Madrid, La Solidaridad was becoming increasingly was becoming increasingly decrepit as a political decrepit as a political instrument, under what instrument, under what Jose Alejandrino described Jose Alejandrino described as ‘the funereal policy of as ‘the funereal policy of Del Pilar’.Del Pilar’.


•What the committee in What the committee in Manila wanted was for Manila wanted was for Rizal to set up a Rizal to set up a newspaper in Hong Kong, newspaper in Hong Kong, Japan, or Borneo with a Japan, or Borneo with a more radical policy. The more radical policy. The last thing they wished was last thing they wished was to see him risk his life by to see him risk his life by returning.returning.


•He sent Ada Pryer a He sent Ada Pryer a present of some Japanese present of some Japanese curtains.curtains.•A letter from William Pryer A letter from William Pryer arrived the next day, stating arrived the next day, stating that the Governor refuses to that the Governor refuses to confirm Cook’s action in confirm Cook’s action in offering 5000 acres of land offering 5000 acres of land free. The government price free. The government price of land is $3 an acre.of land is $3 an acre.


•This incident hardened This incident hardened Rizal’s resolve to ignore Rizal’s resolve to ignore the warnings because he the warnings because he feels that there was no feels that there was no alternative to his decision alternative to his decision to return to his country.to return to his country.


•May 1892, Rizal made his May 1892, Rizal made his mind to return to Manila. This mind to return to Manila. This was spurred by the following was spurred by the following reasons:reasons:

1.) to confer with Governor 1.) to confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization projectBorneo colonization project


2.) to establish the Liga 2.) to establish the Liga Filipina in ManilaFilipina in Manila

3.) to prove that 3.) to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid in attacking him in Madrid that he (Rizal), being that he (Rizal), being comfortable and safe in comfortable and safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned Hong Kong, had abandoned the country’s cause.the country’s cause.


•Rizal delayed his Rizal delayed his departure to celebrate his departure to celebrate his 31st birthday on June 19 31st birthday on June 19 and the next day, he made and the next day, he made his private preparations his private preparations for death.for death.

Last Hong Kong Last Hong Kong LettersLetters

•He wrote a letter to Mariano He wrote a letter to Mariano Ponce about Burgos and dying.Ponce about Burgos and dying.•He knew how he would conduct He knew how he would conduct himself, how he would not be as himself, how he would not be as low traitors or animals, and be low traitors or animals, and be able to face the sky at the time able to face the sky at the time of his death.of his death.•He wrote 2 letters to be He wrote 2 letters to be opened after his death: one for opened after his death: one for his parents, family and friends his parents, family and friends and the second was to the and the second was to the Filipino people.Filipino people.


““The step that I have taken, or am The step that I have taken, or am about to take, is without doubt very about to take, is without doubt very hazardous, and I need not say that I hazardous, and I need not say that I have pondered over it a great deal. have pondered over it a great deal. I realize that almost everyone is I realize that almost everyone is opposed to it. But I realize also that opposed to it. But I realize also that almost no one knows what is going almost no one knows what is going on in my heart. I cannot live on in my heart. I cannot live knowing that many are suffering knowing that many are suffering unjust persecutions on my account; unjust persecutions on my account; I cannot live seeing my brother, my I cannot live seeing my brother, my sisters and their numerous families sisters and their numerous families persecuted like criminals.”persecuted like criminals.”


•He said he gave his life He said he gave his life willingly to bring an end to willingly to bring an end to his family’s sufferings:his family’s sufferings:

““I know that at this moment the I know that at this moment the future of my country in some future of my country in some measure depends on me… If I measure depends on me… If I thought I were the sole point of thought I were the sole point of support in Philippine politics … I support in Philippine politics … I would perhaps hesitate to take this would perhaps hesitate to take this step; but there are others yet who step; but there are others yet who can take my place, and take it to can take my place, and take it to advantage…”advantage…”


•Rizal handed these Rizal handed these letters to Dr. Marquez letters to Dr. Marquez with the request that he with the request that he preserve and publish preserve and publish them at the right time.them at the right time.


•Eduardo de Lete – published an Eduardo de Lete – published an article, on April 15, 1892 in La article, on April 15, 1892 in La Solidaridad, satirizing a quixotic Solidaridad, satirizing a quixotic revolutionary who overlooked that revolutionary who overlooked that revolutions require arms, ships revolutions require arms, ships and money.and money.

– – One of Rizal’s ‘secret One of Rizal’s ‘secret enemies or perhaps the only real enemies or perhaps the only real oneone

– – He portrayed Rizal as He portrayed Rizal as cowardly, egoistic, opportunisticcowardly, egoistic, opportunistic—a patriot in words only.—a patriot in words only.


•June 21, Rizal wrote to June 21, Rizal wrote to Despujol that he was Despujol that he was coming to Manila and that coming to Manila and that he would wait His he would wait His Excellency’s pleasure for 3 Excellency’s pleasure for 3 days, probably at the days, probably at the Hotel de Oriente (the best Hotel de Oriente (the best hotel in Manila).hotel in Manila).


•He collected his passport He collected his passport from the Spanish Consulate from the Spanish Consulate and later that day, and later that day, accompanied by his accompanied by his widowed sister Lucia, widowed sister Lucia, embarked for Manila.embarked for Manila.•They carried a special They carried a special passport or “safe-conduct” passport or “safe-conduct” issued by the Spanish issued by the Spanish Consul in Hong Kong.Consul in Hong Kong.

Rizal Falls into Rizal Falls into Spanish TrapSpanish Trap

•When the Spanish Consulate When the Spanish Consulate was informed that the ship had was informed that the ship had sailed with Rizal safely aboard, sailed with Rizal safely aboard, he cabled to the Governor-he cabled to the Governor-General: “The rat is in the General: “The rat is in the trap.”trap.”•On the same day, June 21, On the same day, June 21, 1892, a secret case was filed 1892, a secret case was filed against Rizal and his followers against Rizal and his followers “for anti-religious and anti-“for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation”.patriotic agitation”.

Rizal Falls into Rizal Falls into Spanish TrapSpanish Trap

•Despujol ordered his Despujol ordered his secretary, Luis de la Torre, secretary, Luis de la Torre, to find out if Rizal was to find out if Rizal was naturalized as a German naturalized as a German citizen, as was rumored, so citizen, as was rumored, so that he might take proper that he might take proper action against one “who action against one “who had the protection of a had the protection of a strong nation.”strong nation.”

Contemporizing…Contemporizing…

•Blah-blah-blah-blah… Blah-blah-blah-blah…

rizal course report

Documents

liga filipinaliga

melbourne

hong kong

hong kong

british north

liga filipina

la solidaridad

laong laan