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OF SOUTH CAROLINA ACQUISITION OF CUBA

DELIVnED IN THE DOUSE 0J1 UPIlESENTATIVES JAlIUABY 19 lSllO

Ol rm The Houee being in Committee oC tbe Whole on tbe etate oC tbe Union ud

having under eonsideration me Preeident AnnuaIMellllllg_Mr XEITl aaid

Mr CaUaKAllt The expedieney oC acquiring Cuba bu been brougbt promishynently before liS in tbe reeent annual m-ge oC tbe Preaidento For more tban

ACQUISITION OF CUBA tbirty yeall he instincta oC tbe peope ol tbe United States bave gatbered around tbat isIand and han exacted from dilFerent AdmIacuteDiltratioDa uauranees oC ita eonquest or purehue in eertaill politioal or ampOcial eontingencia Tbat ita acquiliuumlon iI surrounded witb embarraumenta ia true but it would be struge ir uy great object in liCe a attained witbout some riak or aerifiee le he importanee oC Cuba lo U8 eommenaurate witb tbe elForta neeesampry lo

DlLIVEIlED obtain ud hold itl Tbe aDlwer to tilia inqniry will reault Crom an examination into ita geographieal poaiacuteuumlon ita reaoureea ud ita politieal and commercial eonneetion with tbis eountry

What is ita geographieal poaition A gluee at tbe map will abow you tbat Cuba is witbiu easy reach oC tbe eout oC Florid--utuated hetween tbat Stete ud tbe pemasula oC YueatampD lt iI tbe gate to tbe GuU oC Mmeo ud commudsIN THE HOU8E OF REPRE8ENTArUumlT E8_ botb it and tbe West India lt ia 110 propitious1y planUd tbat in tbe handa oC a atrong naval Power it would make tbe GulC oC Mmeo m4reCUacuteJuhm Tbu it keepe ward ud pUl out our eommeree Crom New Orleantildea to Ne York ud Crom New York ud Out otber porte tbrougb tbe letbmus trausit to our poesesaiona 011 the Paeifie eoasto And ~hat ia tbe value oC tbat eommeree

I

JANUABY 19 1Sll9 It aiready ruehes $00000000 annual1y ud ia enlarlfng with sueh npid atridea tbat tbe resourees oC aritbmetic wi1 ultimately Call to compute ito uumlne Q tbe riebeat ud Cairest regiollA uC tbe eartb too uaes tbe lJulC oC Meneo as an outlet Cor ita productionL Tbe GulC is tbe reservoir oC tbe ldiaisaippi rinr and aU ita magnifieeat tributaries and henee it reeeives tb almost Cabuloue 11) eommeree oC tbe regiDa drained by tbese Tbe eountry tbua dreined ia equa to haU oC Europe in eltten eonlIacuteJlg twentyfiTe degrees oC latitude and tbi~ five oC longitude on the great eirelea oC tbe glooo lt utenda Crom tbe 1JUIDDllt oC tbe Allebany to tbe aammit oC tbe Racky Moantaina embraeing elimates oC every variety and produetions oC every lrind AIready nurly ten millioDa oC

r-

-lt lt~~ people inbabit it What intelleet ia auaacioas enoagh to prediet how numeroua lta population will et be The highways oC eommeree too are ehanging ud

oiexcll tbe hoarded wealtb oC tbe Eaat now stertled Crom tbe s1eep oC centuries will in ita tranait to tbe West oover tbe w-tera oC tbe GuU o(Mmeo You may

~~ unite the AUantic audPaeific abores witb banda oC iron but tbia eommeree willkj aeek tbe Gulf Cor water is tbeIDalter oCeommeree The geographical position oC Cubaie also important to us in a military point ~i oC view Mr Stevenson in 1837 while Embaasador at the Coart oCSto Jamea

~~t

WASHIff~TO~ in a letter to Mr Forayth Seeretary oC Stete uid that-shyPRINTBD BY VIacuteIacuteXUBL TOWBR8 Tba poseeaolon o( Cuba by a iexclreal marltlme Power woald be DIOa J- lbaa he eatabllabshy

1869 mealor a rorUftcallon al Ihe monh ollba MiIIIIIppl laquoJmmandlng boIh lba Gnlf ol MexIco and F1or13 ampUd cOlUequenUylbe wholo trade ol lba weatem 8~ beIIda deepl7 decllnglbe IacuteAlolreil lt1 lrWqulIlY oC lbe _lbem portlon ol lbe tnlOll

~

---- _---------------------~ _- -------- shy --shy

4 I 5 ~

Mr BuchaDan while Secretary of State used the followiDg languagc iD his iostruetioWl to fr Saunde iD 1848 The total aDimal producte of the same year (ISU) he enumerstes u foto

Cobaln lbe ~Ion oC GreatBrllalD or any etrong oaYal Power ml(lbl pro rulnou lows For the boviDe raees $20652732 for the equioe rae $7667010 for l bolb lo OIU foreillD and domallc ccmmeree and eTeo eodanger lbe uulou oC lhe StlItes otber animala $52-l7350 total833567092 i

JOhD Forsyth ~aid in 182 while at thc Court of Madrid tbat tite poR88shysiOD of Cuba $ave the eommaDd of the Gulf of MeDco rIr AdllIlS iD 1823 in hla iDstruction to Mr Nelaon saya

lto [Cuba] eltgtmmsudlng pooltlon wtlh reterenee lo tbe GoICoC Meacutedco aud the Wesl ludia tc KtTeo 11 all Importauce tu lbe eUlll oC our llalloualluteresto wllb wbleb IhaloC DO albor torelgD terrllory can be campard

Lieute~aDt Dablgren an accomplished ofiicer of the Nuy in hjs report on forufieatlolls saya

u The lrDeampDd 011 te however lo Ibe dorenee or th ehor and lo lhe 100muso lollresl Ibere eoUoeted lo the HaTana The leland lo whieb 1I bloogs otero lis eatem extreme in tbe Golf lea-Iog bu two pauagee Cor Teseeey so narrow u to be eomlDanded hlt tbe greatshy1 lacUlty lb_ are lbe _ltboroughflrea oC trade snd lbe mllIacuteleteamre rrom N Oleau lo CaUCornla aod N Yorllt Hence Ir lbe llSC oC the Huaoa be eTeu nI Ihe dlsposal oC ao coelDY hUe lo lb hude or a oeotral Powor oaeh aod aUor lheoe Intereals could be Iiexclhdlllleully deCended eTeo by a luperlor oan torce and oeyor granUed apolleevere_Whlle rrom 11 as a Unlted Statea por a aquadron oC moderDle lizo woold eover lhe soulbeael and Gnlfcoasta proteol lbe Corelgu aod lnahore lrade and oeeure lb linea floom New York or lieOrleane iexclo lbe P~lIc illDtee by woy uC be Istbmua lto occupatluo would ooeesearlbe lbe obJeet orery expedlUon mIlltory or na prelim1bAT11o 1lU allempl 00 lbc soulbmiddot em ~e or teuIlory

The importance of the aequiampitiOD of Coba iD a militariexcl iexclgtliot or view is 80mewhatdieminiehed bytheappllcation ofnew motivepowerto vcllels aod tbe conlequ8ntmiddotmodHication of the system of Daval IVarfa But still it is of grent

middotmiddotl1lIe 88 a muDiment of proteacuteetion middotto our 80uthern couta and pur iDshore traders The upediency of aequiring Cuba ito aleo conJJected with tbe qUestiOD of her

resourees What are they The Island or ~1a runa from eut to west throogh ite main extent and la computed to be ome seven hDndred miles io length with a lDaDmum breadth of sev-enty-nine miles and a minimum one of tweuty-three miles Ite area ie varionsly estimated between forty thousand tbree bundred and eigbty~eight and tltirtyfour thoueand two hUDdred aDd thitmiddotty-three equare miles Of the thirtv milhon aeveD hUDdred aDd fortymiddotoDe lhouml acres inshycluded in the superflcies of tbe islaDd there are not more than eight million -ander cultivation Thie compDtation la fouDded upon the authoritv aud figures of Arboleva8 work on tbe Island of Cuba

Tlle mAin middotagricultural productive eoergies of Cuba turD upon the cultivation ohhe euga-oaoe coftee tobaceo vegetables aDd fraita together with the breedshyIDg of eattle under our geDeric name of stock The produetions are tbe result of the cu1tivatioD of sugar estates-in number 1486 of which 898 are worked by steam coffee plantations 1813 tobacoo plaDtatioJlE 1llJ2 tinens or graz ing-farms 99SO estancias or rul1 form 25292 Arbolevn io his tllblee for 1652 eoumeratesthe productions of Cnba for that Jear as follows

amp=~~~~~ ~~~-~~ $2m Tobaccobullbull _ _ _ _ _ o 8963000 00 Otber prodocto (oC sil klDds) ampnIto ele bull 4SOO 000 00 Poca ud beana lGilOOO 00

~~T~middot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot Ymiddotbullbullbull ~ ~~~~ - Tm= Cocoa bull _ bull bullbull bull bullbull bull bull bullbull l~ooo 00 lll _ bullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull 110000 00

e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ s$i eoneompllon oC home ampimber (eotlmaled) bullbullbullbullbullbullbull _ 1000000 OUo _ bullbull _

~i~~~_ 1==Othermiddot proclue nol coleDlated 1SO~ 00

A more relieble expoDeot however of the wealtll of Cuba will be fOUDd in an examination of tbe importa aDd exporte of the islancl The- followwg is 8D ji autheDtic tabl~ for the year 1853 j

Importa Eqltwtamp Total tT1w1POll asmm $11 0ll5 Ti6 I I

~ersia- 6 l1t i8ll 12181093 18 810 S28 6190 lIi1 SlItt1l8S l~~IS iacute~7 1 j

~t~ ~ 21T7m 8_~ 11400611 I

11111 lNO 14T4018 21699119 1 Ha_Ue TOWlll bullbull middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot Beliexcltum _1111 4CI6806 l4MS11 Spanlah AmerlCllD diales bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull l6TT4rCS ~t4 SSI 2ll1iliacuteOS

4854211 403OSS SSSlIOSDeomarkbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 88ST6 lU6661 83lli88 I

Jlal middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbull Neampherlanda _

89OW e3ti6 720298 Sweedeo aod Nora 4r1w1 16809 MtJG5 Rosola ~6SS 28858 1 Austria bull 18S1lS6 135086 ~WareolUO 4IIr010 4110010 q

121 TSISOO PIUU-IUO) ~~lIuuma

But large as th_ tables are they do DOt represent the full eommercial t1-aosactious of the iland To prove tbat the aetual value of the commeree of the uumlland reaches a higher figure than that stated abon it is sufficiDt to say thllt it does not inelude the amount represeDted by the iub0lt3uctiacuteon of sIaves ~ nor is allownnce made for the iexclatem of bribery iD uDiverui use amoog the ntildeICal ageotaof the GovernmeDL tiaco tbe best informed Cuban hom 1 kDOW

1seta down the Dumher of llaves clandestinely introduced at ten tbousand a Isear These at $400 each the minimum pnce repreaeDt a eommercialmiddottranshy63ction of $-1000000 per annuDl

The general aystem of smullgliog which is notoriously known to exist in the porta of Cuba aDd the equatly notorioul tendeney lo wilIfuland cODvenieDt bliDdneas OD tbe pnrt of the fiscal agentto walTant the best iDformed writels in ~ enlculating the amouot Cllt oltmiddot froOl the lfol reveDue at ooerourtb of the

iexclwbole amcunt oro in rouDd oumhe atSI7oooooo Now the offieial returns give for importa and exports a bnsis of commerciAI

h uaetions reaching tbe suro of $59000000 adding lo wbich the probable 1S21ooO000 repreaented by the trade in llaves the procClS of srouggliug aDd the briberiell of clntrllband we han a fair hypothesis of a totlll cODlmeree r amouuting 10 $80000000 Yet a large numlgter of people go furhel aud mointain a still bolder opinion Some tbiDk thaL the commercial traDsactioDs 1of Cuba reaeh th~ bolta fide amount of $100000000 per annUDL They llSSert I upon a calculatioll OD tbe durlltioo of a slaves life aod labor in Cuba aDd lhe demaDds or the planllltions lIod smaller farms that more tban ten thousaDd slaves are introduced nery year

They also conteud tbat the nec_riacutees of life introouced by SpaDIsh C$6ela represeut nineteen tnd onemiddothlllf per cant tbat the lesa nseful nrticles by the amplime vehicle represeat tVeoty-three acd onemiddotbalf per cent By foreignmiddot Vesshysel thllt tbe rormr stand at twenty-aevcn and oDe-hnlf per ceDt and the latter at thirtythree and one-half per cent The prodDetions of Spllin lIDder lhe foreigD flag pay fourteeD and one-half per cent whilat the same nrtieles uDder the natioual flag pay but seven and onhaf per cent ID IIddilioD to which there i3 in every ClUe a bala7lZa or eqnilization duty of one per cent They consider the tul alor~ duties of tbe t4rilf as exorbitant fOlpeeially liS lbe appraisemcnts of tbat tnrif lIre frequently twiee as bi~h u the actual original price The necessary con~equence is that manv artlelel of merehandie are held lo pay 10 the cWllomhowe eighty oDe hDndred or even One hUDdred and tweDty per eent on ita alue under the colol of entraDce dllly iD the island Such abullO iD the administration of the government they maiDtain compel the most honorable merebaote to reeor1 lo smuggling and fraud There is oot tberefore dDe accurncy iD the returns of the Goveroment -

Tite relOurees of Cuba are dlily iDcreuiDg too under the impetus of iiacutenproved COUlmuoications A web of Iailroads is spreadiDg Over the ~landTotal ~grleulllllampl procluels or lbe yar bullbullbull bull 53014000 18

lt ando uDder tbeir inspiratioacuten higher energias are awakeneltl Dew enter ~

- -o

---- _---------------------~ _- -------- shy --shy

4 I 5 ~

Mr BuchaDan while Secretary of State used the followiDg languagc iD his iostruetioWl to fr Saunde iD 1848 The total aDimal producte of the same year (ISU) he enumerstes u foto

Cobaln lbe ~Ion oC GreatBrllalD or any etrong oaYal Power ml(lbl pro rulnou lows For the boviDe raees $20652732 for the equioe rae $7667010 for l bolb lo OIU foreillD and domallc ccmmeree and eTeo eodanger lbe uulou oC lhe StlItes otber animala $52-l7350 total833567092 i

JOhD Forsyth ~aid in 182 while at thc Court of Madrid tbat tite poR88shysiOD of Cuba $ave the eommaDd of the Gulf of MeDco rIr AdllIlS iD 1823 in hla iDstruction to Mr Nelaon saya

lto [Cuba] eltgtmmsudlng pooltlon wtlh reterenee lo tbe GoICoC Meacutedco aud the Wesl ludia tc KtTeo 11 all Importauce tu lbe eUlll oC our llalloualluteresto wllb wbleb IhaloC DO albor torelgD terrllory can be campard

Lieute~aDt Dablgren an accomplished ofiicer of the Nuy in hjs report on forufieatlolls saya

u The lrDeampDd 011 te however lo Ibe dorenee or th ehor and lo lhe 100muso lollresl Ibere eoUoeted lo the HaTana The leland lo whieb 1I bloogs otero lis eatem extreme in tbe Golf lea-Iog bu two pauagee Cor Teseeey so narrow u to be eomlDanded hlt tbe greatshy1 lacUlty lb_ are lbe _ltboroughflrea oC trade snd lbe mllIacuteleteamre rrom N Oleau lo CaUCornla aod N Yorllt Hence Ir lbe llSC oC the Huaoa be eTeu nI Ihe dlsposal oC ao coelDY hUe lo lb hude or a oeotral Powor oaeh aod aUor lheoe Intereals could be Iiexclhdlllleully deCended eTeo by a luperlor oan torce and oeyor granUed apolleevere_Whlle rrom 11 as a Unlted Statea por a aquadron oC moderDle lizo woold eover lhe soulbeael and Gnlfcoasta proteol lbe Corelgu aod lnahore lrade and oeeure lb linea floom New York or lieOrleane iexclo lbe P~lIc illDtee by woy uC be Istbmua lto occupatluo would ooeesearlbe lbe obJeet orery expedlUon mIlltory or na prelim1bAT11o 1lU allempl 00 lbc soulbmiddot em ~e or teuIlory

The importance of the aequiampitiOD of Coba iD a militariexcl iexclgtliot or view is 80mewhatdieminiehed bytheappllcation ofnew motivepowerto vcllels aod tbe conlequ8ntmiddotmodHication of the system of Daval IVarfa But still it is of grent

middotmiddotl1lIe 88 a muDiment of proteacuteetion middotto our 80uthern couta and pur iDshore traders The upediency of aequiring Cuba ito aleo conJJected with tbe qUestiOD of her

resourees What are they The Island or ~1a runa from eut to west throogh ite main extent and la computed to be ome seven hDndred miles io length with a lDaDmum breadth of sev-enty-nine miles and a minimum one of tweuty-three miles Ite area ie varionsly estimated between forty thousand tbree bundred and eigbty~eight and tltirtyfour thoueand two hUDdred aDd thitmiddotty-three equare miles Of the thirtv milhon aeveD hUDdred aDd fortymiddotoDe lhouml acres inshycluded in the superflcies of tbe islaDd there are not more than eight million -ander cultivation Thie compDtation la fouDded upon the authoritv aud figures of Arboleva8 work on tbe Island of Cuba

Tlle mAin middotagricultural productive eoergies of Cuba turD upon the cultivation ohhe euga-oaoe coftee tobaceo vegetables aDd fraita together with the breedshyIDg of eattle under our geDeric name of stock The produetions are tbe result of the cu1tivatioD of sugar estates-in number 1486 of which 898 are worked by steam coffee plantations 1813 tobacoo plaDtatioJlE 1llJ2 tinens or graz ing-farms 99SO estancias or rul1 form 25292 Arbolevn io his tllblee for 1652 eoumeratesthe productions of Cnba for that Jear as follows

amp=~~~~~ ~~~-~~ $2m Tobaccobullbull _ _ _ _ _ o 8963000 00 Otber prodocto (oC sil klDds) ampnIto ele bull 4SOO 000 00 Poca ud beana lGilOOO 00

~~T~middot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot Ymiddotbullbullbull ~ ~~~~ - Tm= Cocoa bull _ bull bullbull bull bullbull bull bull bullbull l~ooo 00 lll _ bullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull 110000 00

e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ s$i eoneompllon oC home ampimber (eotlmaled) bullbullbullbullbullbullbull _ 1000000 OUo _ bullbull _

~i~~~_ 1==Othermiddot proclue nol coleDlated 1SO~ 00

A more relieble expoDeot however of the wealtll of Cuba will be fOUDd in an examination of tbe importa aDd exporte of the islancl The- followwg is 8D ji autheDtic tabl~ for the year 1853 j

Importa Eqltwtamp Total tT1w1POll asmm $11 0ll5 Ti6 I I

~ersia- 6 l1t i8ll 12181093 18 810 S28 6190 lIi1 SlItt1l8S l~~IS iacute~7 1 j

~t~ ~ 21T7m 8_~ 11400611 I

11111 lNO 14T4018 21699119 1 Ha_Ue TOWlll bullbull middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot Beliexcltum _1111 4CI6806 l4MS11 Spanlah AmerlCllD diales bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull l6TT4rCS ~t4 SSI 2ll1iliacuteOS

4854211 403OSS SSSlIOSDeomarkbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 88ST6 lU6661 83lli88 I

Jlal middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbull Neampherlanda _

89OW e3ti6 720298 Sweedeo aod Nora 4r1w1 16809 MtJG5 Rosola ~6SS 28858 1 Austria bull 18S1lS6 135086 ~WareolUO 4IIr010 4110010 q

121 TSISOO PIUU-IUO) ~~lIuuma

But large as th_ tables are they do DOt represent the full eommercial t1-aosactious of the iland To prove tbat the aetual value of the commeree of the uumlland reaches a higher figure than that stated abon it is sufficiDt to say thllt it does not inelude the amount represeDted by the iub0lt3uctiacuteon of sIaves ~ nor is allownnce made for the iexclatem of bribery iD uDiverui use amoog the ntildeICal ageotaof the GovernmeDL tiaco tbe best informed Cuban hom 1 kDOW

1seta down the Dumher of llaves clandestinely introduced at ten tbousand a Isear These at $400 each the minimum pnce repreaeDt a eommercialmiddottranshy63ction of $-1000000 per annuDl

The general aystem of smullgliog which is notoriously known to exist in the porta of Cuba aDd the equatly notorioul tendeney lo wilIfuland cODvenieDt bliDdneas OD tbe pnrt of the fiscal agentto walTant the best iDformed writels in ~ enlculating the amouot Cllt oltmiddot froOl the lfol reveDue at ooerourtb of the

iexclwbole amcunt oro in rouDd oumhe atSI7oooooo Now the offieial returns give for importa and exports a bnsis of commerciAI

h uaetions reaching tbe suro of $59000000 adding lo wbich the probable 1S21ooO000 repreaented by the trade in llaves the procClS of srouggliug aDd the briberiell of clntrllband we han a fair hypothesis of a totlll cODlmeree r amouuting 10 $80000000 Yet a large numlgter of people go furhel aud mointain a still bolder opinion Some tbiDk thaL the commercial traDsactioDs 1of Cuba reaeh th~ bolta fide amount of $100000000 per annUDL They llSSert I upon a calculatioll OD tbe durlltioo of a slaves life aod labor in Cuba aDd lhe demaDds or the planllltions lIod smaller farms that more tban ten thousaDd slaves are introduced nery year

They also conteud tbat the nec_riacutees of life introouced by SpaDIsh C$6ela represeut nineteen tnd onemiddothlllf per cant tbat the lesa nseful nrticles by the amplime vehicle represeat tVeoty-three acd onemiddotbalf per cent By foreignmiddot Vesshysel thllt tbe rormr stand at twenty-aevcn and oDe-hnlf per ceDt and the latter at thirtythree and one-half per cent The prodDetions of Spllin lIDder lhe foreigD flag pay fourteeD and one-half per cent whilat the same nrtieles uDder the natioual flag pay but seven and onhaf per cent ID IIddilioD to which there i3 in every ClUe a bala7lZa or eqnilization duty of one per cent They consider the tul alor~ duties of tbe t4rilf as exorbitant fOlpeeially liS lbe appraisemcnts of tbat tnrif lIre frequently twiee as bi~h u the actual original price The necessary con~equence is that manv artlelel of merehandie are held lo pay 10 the cWllomhowe eighty oDe hDndred or even One hUDdred and tweDty per eent on ita alue under the colol of entraDce dllly iD the island Such abullO iD the administration of the government they maiDtain compel the most honorable merebaote to reeor1 lo smuggling and fraud There is oot tberefore dDe accurncy iD the returns of the Goveroment -

Tite relOurees of Cuba are dlily iDcreuiDg too under the impetus of iiacutenproved COUlmuoications A web of Iailroads is spreadiDg Over the ~landTotal ~grleulllllampl procluels or lbe yar bullbullbull bull 53014000 18

lt ando uDder tbeir inspiratioacuten higher energias are awakeneltl Dew enter ~

- -o

~~--------------~----------~_lt-~--

1 6

pri_ etimulated and Tast acceaaione o( wealth introduced Tbera are three hundred and eightyiexcliexclix miles o( rilroad completed or under contract and lntercommunication ie uow euy throughout the weetern department 0( Cuba The eaetern and central departmenta are etill alm08t inaccesaible but thel too are now trembling nnder the marcb o( eveuta and the alm08t impoeeibilishytiee o( commuuication will eoon yield to the epirit o( civilizing improvemente Row great the wealtb which wiI[ (ollow in the track o( theee (acilitles our western regione atteet So lleat are tbe reeourcee o( Cuba now and under tbe double infiuence o( increased oommnnications and the 83tabli$hedo ASCendency o( law and order their argumentation in the future ie almost unlimitedo

The po)itical aud commercial connection between Cuba and the United States is o( great importance and cannot be safely overlooked in the calculatione of our policy The traditions o( the Repnblic (or almost half a century and the lineal and unbroken policy of each eucceeding Administration for more than thirty yeare attest the delicacy and importance of thie connection Tha leaders of all partiee and al Adminietratione of the United Statee han agreed to the immiddot portance of acquiring Cuba and han declared that this Republic wonld not aRow the tranerer of the ieland from Spain to any other European power So highly did the Government value the political connection between Cuba Rnd the United States that John Quincy Adame in 1823 whileoSecretary of State said in hie inetructione to Mr Nelson then Minieter to Madrid that the island wu nec_ary even to preserve the Union

Mr Everett in a confidential diepatch to tbe Secretary ofState in 1827 said he had informed the Sranish Minieter of State that it wae with the United States a ttl~d pincip ~ that the ieland (Cuba) must in no event pass into too p088eesion or nnder the prt~ction of any European Power other tban Spain

Mr Van Buren in-1829 in his instructiona to Mr Van ~ese eaid

The Goernmenl of lb Unlled Stalea bu a1waya looted wilb lbe dbullbullpeal Inleresl uponlbe Cale of lboee Illand bul parUcularly oC Cuba ~ lle lleograpbleal poslllon wbleb plaebullbull 1l a1mosl wllbin stllbl ofoar sculbern borea ando u l werepI l lbe eommand of lbe Gulf of Meldeo and lbe Wesl ludia aeu 110 fe aud capaclon barbo 110 rleb praduellona lbe ehanga ofwbleb Ibr onr nrplua agrieullura praduelo aud manufelur eonslllutes one 01 lb most xlensle and valuable branebes oC our Ibr11lD trad rndr il of lbe ulmosl Impo laDee lo lbe Unlled 51alellbal no ehanre bould take place In lle condlUon wblob mlgbllnshyjurlO1IllIy alIeel oar pollllcal and oommerclal laDdlng In lbal quarter

Mr Stevenaon in 1887 in bie letter tltgt Mr Forsyth eaid that in contidential conversation with Lord Palmerston he had reminded him of tbe declaration 01 our Minister to the French Government in 1826 that the United States could not eee with indifference Porto Rico and Cuba pase from Spain into the peseesshysion of any other Power

In 1840 Mr Foyth than Secretary of State inetracted Mr Vail OUI Miniampshyter to Spain in theee worde

The Unlled Stalel b lonlllooked wtlb no ellgbl dgree orscllcilud lo lbe pollllcal conshydlllon oC lbe Island ofCuba lle proxlmlly lo our bors lbbullbullXlenl ofllo commerc witb uoaad lbe Imilarlly oC lle domesltc InllluUons wllb lbose prmng In porllons of onr own eonnlry combine lo forbld lbal we bollld look wllb IntlUrrenOB upon any occurrenc conshyneeled wtlb lb fate or lbal Iland Tbe Spanlb Goernmenl ba oIln been apprisd of lbe wtabea of lbe Uniled Stale8 lbal no olber lhan Spanib domlnaUon bould be xrcised ovr 11 and carcely ned be lold lbaloar policy In Ibal repeel bu untlrgone no cban~n

In the same dispateh he ear8 in relatioli to the occupation of Cubn by Grea~ Britain in either cfthe two modee which he euggeeted aelikely to be resortOO to by the latter Power

Whlbr attempted lo be brougbl aboul by one or lbe olber of lbe mau alludd lo or byan olber prooeea lbe Unlled Stalel can neer permlllL Tbe Spaulb Gornmnl l lo bear In mind lbis IIxed resclnUon on our par and 11 glveu lo nndrotaud lbal lta lak1l upon longaad matare dollberaUon and al aU cosla lo govrn lb eonduel of lb Unlled 5tale

Again he eaye upon this eubject

Sbould yon bave reascn lo uopeel any dealgn on lbe parlof Spaln lo tranfer olunlarily br IIU lo lbe 1land wbelber ofownroblp or polon and wbelbr permaunl or lemposhyrarr lo Greal Brltain or any olber Power you will dlllncll tale lballbe iexcl1niled Stale wlD prvenl 11 al amp1 baznrda u lb wiIl any forlgn milltary oecupaUon for ~ny prolexl wbaleoshyever

Mr Webster in a contidential dispateh to General Campbell United 8tates coneul at Havana in 1848 eaid

lO The 5panisb Goernmenl ha long been In JIOIIelon of lbe tgtOlIo aad bes of Iblo Goshyeruacutemnlln reprd lo Cuba wblcb hae uver obanlEed and bu ben rpaledly 10Id lballbe Unlled Slales ner woald permillbe oocupallon oflballAiand b Brlllab aiexclenle or forcea upon pretax whaleOBeL - -- -

In 1844 MI Uphur in his inatrvctione toyiexcl rrrlng uid lO In Ibe eenllbalmiddotSpainmiddotJballo -far yleacutelci lo Ibe pr_ore npon beru lo coucede 10 Grol

bullnoelldlaln aay conlrcl oer Cllba lb reol wtU _arUyhae an tmporlanllnln oer lIgte poIlcy of lbIa GovernmenLn -

Mr Bnchanan in 1848 inmiddot bis inatruacuteotioDe to MI Saundere thue delined the ption oiacutethe UnitedStates in reepect to Cuba

Bul we can neTer oonsellllbAllbll lIIand ball beCOme a colony of any olbr Enrcpean horer In Ibe poueulon ofGreal Brllatn or any Itrong naa1 PowerlI m1gbl pree ruin01lll bolb lo oar domilsUo and forelgn eommeroe and even ndanll81 Ibe nnion or lbe Slatee Tbe blgbesl and IIrol duly of very IDdependnlnuacutelon 1110 prevlde for lle own felr and aoling UI)On lbll princIpie we bOO1ld be oompelled lo resllllbe aoqulsluon of Qnba by ant poertnl martllme Slale wtlb aIIIbe meana beb Prevldenoe bu pl~ al oar eommaud

Mr1rIarcey the late Secretary oiacute State in his instrnctions to Mr Buohanan

1a1868 eaid For many reuona lbe Unlled SlaleS fel deply intereled ID Ibe desliny of (1uba They

w111 nr consenl lo lle lnwer lo ellbr of lbe lntervening naUone or lo any olbr forelgnSlate Tbey would regrllo _ lorelp Poero inlerfere lomiddotualatn SpaDIacutelb mle In Ibo Ieiaad ohoald 11 prooke reolslenee loo tonnldable lo be overoome bmiddot 5pain berselL

To MI Sonleacute he eaya

WhUe Ibe Unlled 8talel wonld reslll al every bazard Ibe _rarene oC Cuba lo any European naUon lby wonld exeeedlngly regrello _ Spaln resorllng lo any powr Ibr lanee lo upbold ber mi over 11 _ Sueb a dependenoe on forelgn ampid wOuld in trel lnveslllgte aoxUarr wtlblb eharaolerpf a proleOlor and ~ve 11 amiddot praleXl lo inlertere In oar atralraand aIJO genrally In Iboee of lhe Nortb Amllcan eonllnenl In CllLIl8 of oolllion wllb lbe Unlled Stalea nob proleOllng 1owlaquo wonld be In a condlllon lomake nearly lbe uae of lbA~ Ieiaad lo annoy no ull eonld I Uer lbe absclule p08l8llllOr of IL

I will only add the teetimony o( Mr Jeffelon In a 1etter to Mr Monroe damptelt1 24th oiacute October 1828 he aaya

1 candldly oonf-lhave evr looked oJl Cuba u Ibe moR InleresUng addlllon wblch CIlII1d eer b mad lo oor ayslem of StaleSo Th conlrc wblch wtlb Ibe Florida iexclgtolnl lbll IIland wollld iElve no o~ lb Gulf of Meneo and lb eounlrles and IIlbmno bordrlng on 1 u wen u ihose wbooe walero Aow inlo 11 wonld All up Ibe maanre of oar pollUcal ell belDiexcl

Thue have the elfort8 o( eucceaaive Adminietratione and the resourcee o( dIPlomacy concurred to illuatrate the poliacutetica importance oiacute the acquisitioacuten

laquo CubaOur commercial connectiolIacute with the ieland ie no lese euggeetive and imposingbullbull lhe eum of our commercia1 trauaactione with Cuba in 1868 amounted in round numbere to 119000000 aa derived from the returne oiacute the fiacal agente oiacute Spain in the ialand It has been eteadily increaeing since then and with tb8 fettere etruck from our commerce with her no one can caloulate the point to which it would aecend Nor is this commerce limited to anv portion oiacute themiddot Cpnfederacy every interest and eTery State are embraced in it

There wer~ importad into Cuba In 1863 the iacuteollowing echedule of artic1ee with their value according to the revenue tariff

PrOlJiIIacutetmamp 9

Llquors and wtnee bullmiddotbullbullbullbull bull bull 831841 00~Io (salt Jerlled amp0) l69ll6IlT 00

~-iJjfjDii)D)iiCi)~2EE)~lEiH)11 Ml1onufacturn

CotloD btrtlnlll and ltuJIlI middotmiddotbullbull aaOSO8T4 00

riquestr~~~~ ~~ ~ 9iiiS ~ Fnre 0 bull bull bull middotmiddot 103809 01

i I I

~i li

~ 11

~ ~ -_----___--- ~

ff 9middotmiddot

ir~~1l4iuOUl T1mber amplid baUdlDgmatorlal8bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull _ bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull_ bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbulltlli898O 00 f )letalbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ ~ 6SeOIIl OlI

~middotmar~~middotiexcl~ 11= ~ iap h01lbullbull~rne malerlala 496168 lXI AlUGlenoamp 1Ilpnaad ltI1~ - ~ o bullbullbullbull ~ ~ _ 6OQ8p1l 80

iexcl 1hUuml8 CUba iinjgtortedJiJ 1863 proviSioUB tothe nlue ot$ll3l8~0 JIacuteWID1 factures 87053622 aud other articles $92119QOmiddot i Ciu auy one loacuteok over tJnaachedule oC importeauduy thateTerx interest r lKId every State in the Union ianotmiddot deeplyiilterested in the trad~Wlth CubatI Ha~ the SouthaJid W est no intereaHn tbemiddot twenty millioos ol proviaiona and

meta1ampand lumber annuan ilJlpo~ Hae the- North no IDterestgt mtbei leren milliona ol manuCactures annually carried ioto the iallU1d OC the whole importatiotiamountitig tomiddot211~9800 theUnited Strlea contnbute $amp11973B or within a fractioumiddotmiddotof OIIe fonrth

We are deeply intereated too inthe exports Crom Cuba lhese in 18113 amoun~d in value to $31210405 oC which the United Sta~ received $12131095 or more than a third In that year the Collowing were the chief eKpOrtamiddotfrom theiBIand

~sect~r~icCiimiddotmiddotiiimrHi~e 1 IlaJIocoD1 trDd elller oods valne In- doUro bull 0 bull bull bullbull 448434 I MoIuOea IUldbampl1lUacute1lpa (hopheada) 8088lI1oo oo

~ ~~=)n ~~ ~ 8~~ lh-aremiddotarticie which cheer the ho~es oC ev~ry grade oC population with1n

the limite oC tleRepubuumlc SlIJiteCuba lrom thegeography or theworld ando how muchoC conuacuteolt wonldbe abstracted from the people oC every portion oC onr ConCederacy

But it ia not alone in tbe amcles oC export and iniacuteport tliafCuba eacuteoncerns lis Wearedeeply intereated in th mode inwbieh commercemiddotilJconducred WhetIacutece come t1lemiddot veliselil io which these productions are camed lrom one port tIo another Thefollowing table givea a aignifioantanawer and tella the tnteJoeaiacute we have in il Brazilien 2 Italian 6 Rl1S8ian 1 Austrian 8 Spanish Ameri- can 13 Prussian 11 iexclSweediah and Norwegian 11 Daniah 20 Netherlands 24 Belgian 45 HanseaticTowns 57 French 126 Eng~iah 348 Spaniah 901 Uni~

imiddot States 2307 Out oiacute total oC 3918 merchant vessela engaged in 1858 in cushyryiDg the exporte and inporte oC Cuba the United States contributed 2807 lhe total aooonnt oiacute tonnage Cor that year was 113330 lhe tonnage oC theiexcl Spannish v_la was 162877 oC Coreign veasele 550463 The proportion of the United States can only be approximated 88 there are no complete data According to the returna mnde to the Treitsury Department the commerce of the United States with Cuba Cor 1851 and 1852 WAS carried on in shipping ra~d as ColloWl Cleared the United States Americau veasels 254018 tona Coreign 29703bull Entered the United State American v_la 249301 tona Coreign 33030 tons Thus deeply implicatel in our commeree with Cuba is thia large and increaain$ brnncb oC iuduatry

fmiddot The geo~raphicalpo51tion resources and poliacutetical and commercial relations o( Cuba wltiexclth~ lni~d States thus uniacuteold the importance oC acquiring the ialand Thnt tIJereare drnwbacks 1relidily acknowledge bJit are they anprior to the advantageal Tbe cbaracter oC middottheee -drawbws will be aeenClOm au ~xamination iuto ~e characte~ ofthe pOPlllationth~ i~t~ri~r economrof the ialand and thelItfltue of rOrelgn fowers Cuba la dlV1deii ~to three depar~ mente the western oentraInndtern The popnlation 01 the western de- partment aceording to the latest estimates numbers whites 225500 free colored 88300 slaves 320600 The middle or cen~1 department whitee 163000 Cree eolored42500 alnoes 50500 andmiddot tbe eastern departmen whitea 87OlrQ free colored H770 slavea 6ilPO These t4jgtles giye en gregate 01 populnUon wbites 465560 oC Cree colored 205570 oC alaves 436100 Tite total popula-tion 1107236 There are con1licting statementa

but tbeydo not vary very materially Ihe AmerIacutecan StatUti9ampl Annual COl 1852- pllt themiddot population at 1218130 thU8 8nb-divided whites (native and Europeau) 606660 Cree colorad 20550 alaves 486100

1niexcl116 thepopulationoC the United Stateil withont the gnide of a cenaua W1IlI estimated at Cnlly 3~OOO In that year the population oC Cubamiddot 8 ~ 110310 Our 1Mt eenaos lU1860 00 our popu]ation ~ bemiddot23000ooO In round nnmberlL Aeeording~ the indicatioos oC billa oC mortelity ~d ~ working oC the principIes on whicJ1 the ne aciqlce oC aocialstatiaties ia baed--middot aH oC them controll~ by the laWs oC modern hrgiene as weII as oC politica1 economy-QUbs With deduction Cor the iacutentlUlll1eadclition oiacute ourmiddotemigrant lamiddottomiddotour oWlmiddotpopuacutelatiou and by the rule oC proportioacutell monld sbowCor tbe periode han traversed an iucreueoC populaion ambuntingmiddotto 1303333

lhia populatiollia distributed under three dimons Cenced ronnd with atroug dilJtinctiacuteons The loestdivision cona~te oC the coloPEd population the large majority oC whieh are sIaves The aecond ia made up oC Cree men bnt men who represent the mOllt motl~y and IleterogenoUB compoonds im~nable in the el_ oiacute hybridismbull A acor-oC antipodal castes a acore oC confticting human elemente a acor oC clashing not b1ending charactera and typea defacto con-middot atitute thia Cuban IlOcial organization in which the European Spaniard rudely tabOOll tlie natives and owners oC the aoil and claims and exerciees precedence over ihe diainherited jiU Uacute1TtJ and even over the Corei~ers proteeted by pretended treatY atipnlationa and aettled inthe islaDd wlth their Climily admiddot miItureaoCevery degree oC parentage lhe third and what tohey call tbe hler81eacutehy the higheat el oC 80ciety in the order oC rallI and station-ia compoaed oC the large laudho1dera the wealthieat lQerchanta and the principal Cunctionarieli oC the colonial government Most oacuteC theae-Creolea in a large number excepted-move in perfect aecord ith and due aubserviance to tbe politicll1 vie intenta and interesta oC Spain

It ia obj~~ tbat the number oiacute Cree negroes in the ialand would make ite ineorporationinto OUT ConCederacy troubleaome ifnotdangerous It ia yet to be revealed thnt the African ean witbatand tIle domiacutenation oC the anglo-Nonnan raee or thnt he wiIl not readily lapeeinto apptOpriate aubmiasiven- If Cnba were acquired thia popnlntion would be tractable lUld uCe or its resideoce in th ialand terminatea In no event could it occMion aerioua social diaturbance No tenable objeciti011 can be derived Crom the laWll which regulate slavery in Cnba No matter how atringent or even aavage they may be they would immiddot mediately be relnnd under the influence oC our aptem It is a distinetiveo peculiarity oC the an~loNorman race thnt it fiiexcles ita impresanpon everiexcl people witoh whom it comes lnto contacto This ia in an eminent degree the peculiarity ofthe peofle oC the United Statea Tbrongh the living entail oC b100d th~yiexcl have-inherlted the essential elemenls oCcharaeter Whicb dbtingniahed eampeh aub- 1

diviaion oC the Caucasian raee and thua they usimilate others to them with greatermiddotiacutencility Under the alchemyOC thia inflnence oar system oC al-ery would easily be IlUbstituted Cor that oC the Spanish in Cuba

But ia theaystem of alavery in the island as aevere and bllrbaroos as it i~ oCten represented to be I In apeaking oC the servile population oC Cuba the Chenlier Lobeacute with the experience oC twenty-five yenrs residence in the ialand sara

The eoodllioo oIlh~ IAve at lile preaenl dT la InmparablT beUer lIln Il u a leTean ego lndeelt IIlIa tIrinor-toHaU la poalUTelT beder dadled and treaJed In Ihe colonT lhan he erer had been be(ore The obrlou kllereaamp hlcllllle mlUler le In Ida preserTallon Iniexclng In proportlon wllll lhe dimeull) 01 luduleallT Inlngtdnel hla brel1lren hu _ uIled In lhe lac~ IIlAlllle phyical condlllon ollhe alnela 1n1lnllelT more mor1llble In Cub more humane In lac~ han lha ellofCd by hile men 10 ITled 6ee Ihonrh IheT maT be bull croded iD lile mlUlnlaclurlng dungeotU lelln mollon bT- over lhe c1rUJzed world

Thia ia the teatimony oC a European a high public Cunctionary in Cnba aud OIle imbued with all the prejudiacuteces which may be legitimately aseribed to 000 01 hia cllUlS againat- the iacutenstitution oC negro alavery

The interior adminiatration oC the island interpoaeamp DO difficulties to its ncqnishysition but rather Cacilitiea Cor it The adminiatratioD oC juatice even at the preaent day ia a miserable Caree There are tribunala to inquire into tbe conshyceros oC tboae who hnve tbe exclusive right oC resorting to them-suchlI1I the military the provincial militia the aeamen the officeN oC the fisc thlf POIlt offiee the clergy the nobles and the iacutendividuala belQllging ad hOfUWem to the

I 10~ 11

ntilde

f royal household oC Spain Thus justiee is subservient fO the titIedand wealthy ~ while tbe obscure and indigent are the vietima oC opprell8ion Thepower oC tbe Captain Gneral aleo runs through al the interIOr adminietration oC the ielen1 During llie period oC his authority he enjoy Crom Spain the rank oC field menhal wen ae the dignitr 01 the vice royalty Conaequently both ~ tbe eJlchequer and the navy oC tbe lelnd are unaer his oonrol Ilthongh there shy

j ll8 both an admiral and an iutendant appointei uominaUy to mauage under him

I The central authorlty oC the wand ie uow but a moditicatiou uC what W81

formerly the ahcieut ollioe oC the Captaiu General whilst hie secretaryship has beeu eouverted ioto a real governmeut machina wbich emnda over tbe whole oC Cuba In coBsequeuce oC this chauge tlae civil eacretory general ie the loul

r of the great administrative inetitution whilat the military seeretary who was

formerly hiacutea superior in the ollicial hierorchy has IUacute fado sunk belw his conmiddot frere and tampkes cognizance oC none but military aFaira or oC euch as are directly

I conuected with his department _ I The result of this etate oC things is that the civil secretary general ie a eort

Clf president oC tbe Cuban oabinet having nnder hie control tbe heada of dio VIacuteSlonll ereoted into miuieters for tbe various branchee oC the administratiou confided to tbem At the Ie oC this organizatiou is the CaptainGeneral tk wprefIUI 00 01 t Stot wltbont whooe positive wiU uothing can be decided

Ir and nothing perCorroed iu the colony Like his sovereign he has tbe right oC

pardon to feloue dic condemned br the tribunals oC the couutry and of puto- tin~ his fIto eveu on such royal ordmances ae he may deem detrimental to pub- lic Intereat Iudeed he is so Car and so thoronghly the representative o( the eovereign power that he la iuvested withthe prerogative oC the alt go aud like her Catholio Majesty poses the power of eetoppin~ tbe action oC the

I laws that control the Castillian monarohy whenever iu b14 wisdom hemiddot may iexcl deem it expedient temporarily fO euspend their course Aud yet iCwe happen to have tbe alightest dlllioulty with tbe ineular adminietratiou if the inuume1- able abusee wliieh daily grow out of ita actiou Or deciaions should presa upon iacute

I our honor or our intereata this mpreme represeutatiVO oC the supreme authority of Spaiu hu no power to abate the abuse saCeguard tbe honor or iudemnify iexcl the Intereste We have nothing to do with tbi is the answer given to

American representatives ~ou Dlust go to the motber Government acr~

I the Atlantic tbroogh tbe intneaciee tbe delaye and tbe subterCuges oC foreign departmenta the ooly r880rt left to us for tbe redrese oC now aeeumulated

1 gLY1T

Ohdeg h - bull - Cmiddotmiddot ti d h 1 d d ~I Id t e aumml8middotatlon o Justlce le con ne to t e prlVl ege an tJ

hierarehy of power excludee the large majority oC tbe oaUves Crom dietinction ) and autbority A moral phalallX oC opposition eonsisting oC the planten and tradere of the eeeondary rauk and many of tbe inCerior ollioemiddotholder- has tbue beeu eonstituted powerful througb ita numllere talente and energy-an op- position howver unuttered and unspokeu Crom tbe -(aot that they eannot oommaod the voiee oC airees to comment on the doings of a euperior authority aa dark remorseless an irresponsible u ever wu the tribunal oC the dreaded Teu within the limita oCVeniee Theee with the large body oC the Creol_ the white ohildren oC the eoil wbo are ecluded br the iroJIacute poliey aud tbe

hoary deepotism of Spain the white sone oC tbe soll who are doomed to live lmiddot undiStinguiahed with a brand and mark of inCeriority on tbeir brow unlese they have learned to betray-these are tbe progreeelv88 and revolutioniste oC tbe ieland who in bitternell8 oC heart and brolltennees oC epirit await eome day ol daliverauee

But the adminietration of tbe island iJIustrates ite oppreesiveuees m08t sigo nally in the expenditurce of the public revenue Autheutio tables ehow that the reeeipta into the treasury oC the island Cor 1849 18110 1851 and 1852 consisto ing of ilie revenue and epeeial deposite amouuted to the sum oC $53991714 OC this sUDl e3219894 was epended in the eoet oC eolleetion 1271167 in tbe oost oC publie worship aud 626713 Cor the admiuietration of justiee while e21913961 were expended Cor tbe eupport oC the arroy and $7122976 for that oC the navy Can any oue louk at tbis table 01 8pendituree and say that Spain holda Cuba otherwiee than iu the iron grasp oC powerl Rer amppies are in alm08t every hOll8ehold to catch the firet whisperings oC revolt and she has

more than thirty thOU8ampDd eoldiere there to tread the people aown into enbjeeshyJon Thia ie tbe adminietrative eoouomy oC the Island of Cuha There ie notbing tb en middotin the population or Governmnt m8ehioery oC the island to aeriouely embalT888 ite acquisilion

Have we anything to apprehend Crom Great Britain aud France in oor e1forts to aoquire Cubal We can aequire itonly by one oC two modea purchaee or eonlluest If Spain would seU the islaud tbe great Powers oC Europe conld not Illterfere But will Spain eell Cuba I There ie no probability that ahe will becaDee Cuba is one of her sonrces oC revenne eepeeially Cor the mainteshynanee 01 her navy tbe support oC her colonial deCenee_and the defrayal of her diplomatie atul consular servioeacute on the eacuteontinent oC America The great Caacutemishylies oC Sjgtain also have large eetates in the ieland and her beggared nobility are sent tbereto repair their sbattered fortun88 You must remember too Lbe deelaration of Luzuriagamp iu tbe Spanish Cortes tbat Spain can never either a~ieuate or 11811 Cuba under anl conditione or terma becauee eueh eale would be- tantamount to the barter o her honor Against sale aleo the traditione and the pride oCSpainiexclrotest Protampt th08e traditiDns stillinstinet with the

bull grandeur oC that perio when the Spanieh empire wos so worldwid~ that Arshygensolamp io dedicating his eplended ehi-onieles to the monareh could with jueshytiee say 1 depose thie work at the Ceet oC your majesty OVer wh0ge dominshyiDns the eun never sete Protesta that Iride as haughtr now aa on the QlIY when Grimaldi told tbe minister oC vietonoue Franee UrglDg Spaiu to sell Loushyisiana fO ue The king my master is aceueEomed to oonqu~r and deCend ter- ritories at the point oC the sword but fO eell them never No Cuba will nol come fO us by 11lrcbaee

Can we acqulle it outoC the coudition oC purehaee withollt war with Great Britain and FraDeel Thevhave eacuteompaeted witb Spaiu toguaraDty and mainshytain her eovereignty over ihe territory oC the ialand and tbe gathering oC their naes in the watere oC the GulC and West India aeu -indicate no disp08ition to reeede Crom the guaranteeThe propoeition was made to ns to enter iDto tbis compacto but it wae rejected by Mr Fillmores administration In eonneetion with tbis question we must alltgt reool1eot thia deelaration made by a pnblio

bull funetionary oCthe Netberlands Chevalier Lobamp in 1856 1Il Europe Fnnoe aud El1gland airead elaDd Ibrfb as TIalblo 1lIlnImenlo oC Prerldenee

Cor uulted ODem tb bave aulgned boctlo lbe amblllon ol lile Curo r dmllf1oatboie Powen lb bayo declared In tbe lace of lbe orld fU aleo malnlampln tbe prfnelpl ot tmparllal aud ft JIIbleldlniexcl lbe weat agalnsllbe T1oleuC8 and lbe auemplamp oC InshyqDlloua Inndera

As if in prooC ~f this deelaration Lord elarendoD about tbe same time sampid In tbe Bri tlh Parliament in subatanee ce tbat aotion shonld not b eirenIDshysorihed by Europe but that suob protective action reeolved upon by England and France by virtue of tbeir close and cordial alliance should be extended over the whole globe In view Df thia deolarationof Lord Clarendon Chevashylier Lobeacute Curther e8Y

WereopeetfnllybegEDglandand Jlran as allO tiIoutr ~ fM4MeOacuter 1JVb1ldy bavden ID Ibelr _uleeeeD08 In lboselnamplaquoDanlmoua senllmenlo 1110 pooder lbe fale blcb lb cablne18 oC 81 Pelenburgb and Waah1Dgton b In lore lorbe nallOIl8 ot tbe 5paniab race on lbe Amerlean conllnenampmiddotmiddot

But tliere are mysteriee oC poliey whioh liehahind the etipulatione oC tiexcleaties aod the deelarations oC miDlstera and wbich shad light upon this iDq uiry Louis Napoleon is striving to ereate and establiah a splendid colonial empire by enslaving ampUd binding together tbe West India Ialaud To do thill he muet hem in or eripple the pOwer oC theacute United States and thle he hopes to accomshyplish through the coOperatioD oC Great Britain With a splendid tropical emmiddot pire he would be the rival oC the United Statea in lhe markete or tlie world and would clutch the leeptre now pusiDg into ourmiddot hand With his power eonllOlidated and every regiacuteon tributary to him lis arm wouldbe invineible MolICow has alreadY been avenged in the Crimea Waterloo would then find ite day oC retribution

The policy or Great Britain in resieting om oeeupation oC Cuba is only exmiddot plieable upon the tbeory oC subeervienee to Frante In tifty yeara ber Vampat eolonial poeaeesione in tbe Eaet wiacutell be st4iken Crom her grasp and ahe eaunot redrees the balance or her power by inoreasing het empire on this eontinent

_ 1 __

I

iexcl ----~r~ 1

I 12 lmiddot bull

fiexcl Bcr restleaa and embroiliDg diplomaey too ia fll8t arraying the World againntilde her During tbe lnat twenty yean ahe eeema to han even loet sight of the

I~ end of diplo~y whieh iamiddotto keep np the relationa of peace and wara off the r chancea of war Espeeially is it ite duty to emooth asperities at least DOt fiexcl() bull

I JlreMnpon tbem Reeoneiling intereala witb honor and in fairneee ite objeot shonld conetantly be to avoidwitbin human power aoytbing that may drive Goverumeate to reeort to tbe tdti ltio-the ever dangerona logie of war-middot arar Tbe mindol every agent8houldbe thoronghlyimbued witb tbeidea tbnt a reeortto fOreemiddotia the penalty ol national wrong and tbat iL beeom81 lawful oDly wben all peacerul etorte to vindicate tbe right and to seeue redr_ haO profed abortive

Bnt ia tbis theory realized in Britiah diplomaeyl How octen do we find her agente not qnenching the Bames bnt applying the incendiary torch I How orany queetloDlhae ariscn which the finger or British diplomacy has tonched for no otber purpoee it wonldseem but tbat or bristliacuteng it with diftieultiesl There are eseeptions it is true and the United States cheerrully teetifies to one iIrthe peraon or tbe British Minister atWashington He connecte tbe preaent with the earlier past or Britlshdiplomaey when ite eharaeter and spint were widely different and itos-annals bore tbe record ol high and brilliant nam But iL is none the less trne tbatEo1IAlId for a quarter of a eentnry has set np and pnnned a system or armed diplomaey N01 ia it lesa true tbat ehe ia aro raying the world againather Wtare her naturnlally and why should she resist OOJ oeenpation of Cuba at the hazard of warl Tbe answer ean only be found in her cordial alliauee with Franee and her subs~vienceto the latter Power And have we not causes of war witb Spain suflieieut to justify us in the judgshyment of hiatory I Have not our rigbte becn invaded our honor touehed lUId oorilaglnSlllted whiacuteleall redress hasbeen deniedl Our eommereial re1atioDS witbmiddottMmiddotiamp1and 8le vitalalldeomplieacuteatediexcl andyet the systemof iteadminiatra- tinD is 80 adjnsted as to embaMll88 mmiddot at every point Nor while the presentoi sylitem oC administration eontibu is it poeeible to avoid diflieultiea In oonmiddot

l aequence of our intimate relatious witb the isIand and the speeial powera 8ler- eised by the Captain General it wonld seem tbatiD general matten or bnainese j ADd in particular cases ol emergeney approaeh to him ehould be conceded too

I wr eonaularrepresentative atHavanamp And yt suchmiddot ia not his prerogative One oc the long standing subjecte 0( the iost eomplainta of our Government

l is the obstinate rernaal to allow our eonsul dileot aceces in oflieial intereouree iexcl to the supreme autbority or the eolony

Ir this be ever done It is done t Qfltia aud not in dererenee te a right seshyCUTed to him by thecomity or nations and onr treaty compacta 1 have said that the positlon or the Captain General over the island is tbatmiddot of a supreme- _ 1 ruler over anyotber Government By a system or inrerenee if not orp~ra1lel he seems to thlnk that na the representamptiacuteve or one Governmenl aceledlted to another does not direetly address the ehief or tbe State but approaehes him tbrongh tbe ehannel or his minister 80 tbe eonsUlar ageut or the United Statea 1 ha no rilht immediately to eommuuieate with him but that he mnat do so v1oarioos)y throogh tbe medinm or his eolonJalsccretalY And ret there Mema to be a distiacutenetion made in behaIr or the British eOn3ul who unlC$S 1 greatly err enjoys the speeial privilege or a direet offieial intercoune with bis vice rovaltv

Butnot nnly in the form and right or eoinmuuieation is this distinetion made betweeo our and othel eonsular agente It is likewisemiddot and offensively estendshyed to the Tery title whieh our Government sees fit to invest ite eonsular represhysentative ato Havaua In order te nnderstand tbe injustiee or a eonrse 80 stril ingly deroglttory both to the eommercial importanee and dignity or the United States we must refer bllek te the growth or roreiga eommeree with tbe ialand or Cuacuteba It iebarely thirty-f~ur rears aiacutenee a publie aet or Ferdinand Vll opened that eommeree to the world in spite or the obstacles and intrigues of tire commercial boaros or the Peninsula Previous to that perioa the porte and tbe territory or the iexclsland had been walled up against the eornmereial conshytaet or nations under the unreluing rigon of a monopoly soleronly u it wu ehamernlly sanetioned by the eongress pr Utreeht But with the prevalenee o( tbe more liberal spirit and sounder iews or sueh funetionaries as Arango ampDd Ramirez England and Franee and tbe Netherlands in 1824 and snbse-

I I 131 i quently pressed forwara to tblll ne avenne or trade aud by virtne of acomshy1 parative freedomor commeroe aecnred tbeprivilege orMndiDg and maintaiDshyiexcl lDg COfloftUacute genenol middotat Bavanamiddot

~ Tbis priVllege is toacute every otber nation anclparticnlarlythe United Statee formally and persistently deniedmiddot We willsaye Speiacuten allow routotrade in onr porta We wi1l middotin onrmiddot colonial terirtori middot allow middotyon to a~iiJt

guardians or theristeand of tbe property of yonroitiZIC1I8 bnt tilia permHampIacuteon

muBt be voneheefAid withmiddot auob distfuetiona aDd dieeriminitious we Diay be pleasedto impoaeiexcl Your Con~ maymiddotereate tbeoffiCllmiddotofmiddotconaa general for Cuba your Presideat in tbe diseharge of hiaduty may commiasion a consu1

general rOl the bullever-faithfol eity but iexclour agent hall 110t come witbiacutenita walle he aba not reeeive hia exequator Ullderany other title t1Ian that or plaiu conanL Tbe higher titIe and bro6der prerogativee of the bulleonsul general ~ intended not fltr yon but for our royal colllIacutena of Franee England lUId the Netherlaoda Sic tIOlo riC jllb4o lUJl pro tiotw olUfUacuteGamp

Sneb sir woo1d seem to he the import of tbe eonduct of Spain translated into ords Tbis impli~d iDlUlt to ourmiddot inlportanc~ ampDd dignity ia- inllieted in the faee or the ract that Ve stand higher than eitber England 01 Franca and indeed higher than Siexclgtain herseIr in onr contributioos to tbe proeperity or tbe islancL Tbe eommereial traoaaetioDS ofGreat Britain in 1868 earried on by three hnndred and sisty-eigbt v-le amonnted to 814000000 thOl8 or Franee iaone hundredandtwentymiddotsis veaele contrived to halt np to 85000000 those ortheUnited States represented by tvo thonaand t1Iree hondred and eeven vesseb 8welled it to $19000000 Yet Spain allows tothe formeJ a consul genernl whie1l may be an empty honor butone rorvhicb empty honor tbough it be We onght to oavil with har middoton tbe nintb part of a hampir u a lDatter or right She alloWs it to tbem whi1e to UlI it ia deniecl She allowsit to theNetberlADds eTen whiacutele to DI it ia denied Sho a1lowa itto the lethershylanda the whole valne or whose amplIDnal commeree with the ialand falla far below

tbe actual COlt or roany a one of the tUteen hundred sugar plantationa which our enterprise and aetivity Lbrough our conaumption make contributive to her treesury She allos it to t1Ie Netber1ands with her importe or 688816 and herex~rts of 8246661 making up tbe pitifulmiddottota1of $885586 represented by tweDty-(onr vessels with an utraVagant oalculation or twenty-seven tboDland twlt) hooored tons whiLst ehe eontemptuously rerusea middotitmiddot to tbe United States witb their$7oooOOO or importa and 812OOOOOOor exporte wafted to and fro by two thousandthreemiddothundredand seven vesselamiddot ith their two lIundred aud ntildefty-fonr tbouaaod aod eighteen tona of merehantshipping

And how is thia insu1ting discrimination madel la it merely nnder a witbmiddot holding of the eomity oiacute nations I la it _del tbe exerciae oC tbe municipal power which erery Government poasesses or giving a eonauampr exequaLnr for JU5t such consolar privilegee asmiddotit sball chooeemiddotto deaiguateJ Under noneTof theaesir is this fnsult oftered to a poople whOl8 rank in tbe hierarehy of riampshytioos it is now too late to qOCltion But it is offered iD direot and systemati4 violation or treatyeompacla The niDeteentb arlicle or the treaty ol San LoshyrtlllZO of tbe 21th of Oetober 1195 amply and cbnclnaively provides for tbe ease That artiele stipulates tbat onr eDRsoIs shall be pnt on the middotme rooung with those ur tbe most ravored Governmepta But providentially rOl the eatlse of internationAI oblilJationa Spaacutein had parted under the la of contiageney witb hermunieipalmiddotnghts longberore tlIe prhilege was aetuallyextendedto England France and tbe iacuteetberlanda They never eeenred tbe indiIidoal premiddotrogath~ oc a eonsul general nntil tbe opening of the colonial eommorce in 1824 whilst we sixty rean previouslv in 1196 had atipulated for a frnnehiae whieh 1s noV obstinately deDled not oo1y to the requirements of our commereial bnt denied also to t1Ie honor of onr pnblic eharaeter Trifling u this question or tbe mere rank or a consnl maymiddotbe illthe abstraet it points to an inherent relashytion with the prioe and importance or ourmiddot people Iodividnals may hold off rom the vindieation or individual charaetlr and individual righte and they may not snffer from tbe forbearanee but no people espeeially tbt whieh is eaIled the Americau people dare overlook attempta at insol 01 indiguity Ilnd hope that ite inilnenee and ita honor can escape unaeathed

And if for these indignities and wronga we snbmitted 001 disputeswith Spain to the arbitrallelt or the sword and tore Cuba from her grasp what

r-shyiexclf

iacute

I I

i t

I j iacute r

shy

14

nauumlon ooald rebu1le lIS or charge ue witb territorial epolintion I Could Engmiddot

Iand do it I Are tbe annale oC the world deCacad I Has the etory oC the deeoshylation ud woea which han CoUowed in ber remorllel_ traed p-d away Crom tbe memory oC mol -Han the recorde oC her own higb coorte oC imshyllUChment doing at times compol8Ory homage to juetico been destroyad I lIan tbe abrieb oC millione oC victims ceased to appeal againet the eoormities oC thia habitual violator oC aU aanctities lmiddot Hae tl1e bloOO oC thoee millione oiacute victilM ebad in the proeecotion oiacute her Ineatiate and etin ineatiable ambition been to her a ngenerating baptiem tbat hae 80 wubad away her poliacutetical lepshyroay that to Wl--to ue who have more tban once Coregone the integrity oC our righte tlat we might indo1ge tbe boaet oC generoeity-that to us ehe ehould f1ing tbe night-abade imputatione oC unjnetifiable acta oCepoliation and gross and ~t erime I We are tbe eobvertera oC righte we tIle oppresson oC the eartb ana England is the witness and judge oC our guilt I She never robbed pillaged and murdered in every ltJuarter oC the globe She never carried deBOshyIation on botb eidee oC the Atlantiacutec and Pacific watera Sbe never bornt OBrshytIlagena eackad Sto Jego and pillaged Sto Domingo in time oC peace Her Beampshyrobben and land-pirates onder eecret commiseione never ecattered terror along tIle coaete They never in tbeir personality oC Cree-bocters created a epecific zace oC maraudere which tbe ignorant Spaniarde connrted into F7iboutr_ a nam_her own name-whicb ehe now eo generooely conCen upon those oC na whose greatest wrong is to have CoUowed her eoggestin exemple The waten oC VeptCord never witneeead the congeeo and bowings oC the Hawkinsea and Drakeaiexcl tooching with tbeir red hands-red with the blood oC despoilad tbouaande-tbe dainty fingen oC the vingin Qoeen or laying at her Ceet tIle crimeon trophies oC areon murder and theft Oh no Americane alone are fillibuateroe AmericaDll alone are tramplen oC the rights oC natione alone agente oheoliation and perpetraton oC cnme Henene abon I England moutbshying prinClples oC juetice between natiou and nntion llCropulouely observadl and her ilfticiale again inaugl1rated in the Bay Islande encroachmnt England imputing to ue constructive epoliacuteatiollS and her armamenta crowding every sea in eeareh oC epil and conqu~tI Is abe obliacutevioue or mad or both I Or in charging os Wltb the guilt oC epoliation and f1agrant crime does ehe hellelf claim an eaeement Cor her virtue in the example oC the harlot oC Holy Writ who eatetb wipeth her month and 6llith 1 have done no harml IC England woald reboke ue ehe muet bum up the hiotory oC the last three hl1ndred yeare etifte tbe cries oC tIle pillaged Eaot and unloooe the cincture with which ehe has bound the empire oC the earth Then when her robeo are cleaneed Crom blood her recorde uneullied by uourpation and her Came aseoilzied Crom etain ehe may rebllke us for guilty ambition and territorial wrong I

But it is not Cor tbe mere purpoee oC expanllIacuteon that oor hand moet be laid upon Cuba it ie a etepping-8tone in the pathway oC oor progreseiexcl and it muet be oura or we muet etomhle agilinst it The commeree oC the world is bunt ing old barrien and hontlng new ootlete Great Britain is binding the world in a cinctore oC Iittle Gibraltan as citadels oC her poVer and eaCegoard8 oC her oommerce Her hand is lilid upon the rock oC Perim i and she will raise it into a miacutenatore Gibraltar to commnnd the posaible outlet oC the Mediterranean throogh the Red sea as ehe now holdo the hoge Gibraltar to master the inlet to tbe Cormer waten She isavene to the eommingling oC the bloe waten oC tIle Mediterranean with the red waten oC the Erythrean eea throogh the canal oC Soez bot her aveniollS do not extend to the commingling oC the billowe oC the Atlanic witll tboee oC the Pacific through a like cannl joining San Joan del Norte witb San Joan del Sur By eoch an appliance ehe weU knowe oor eommercial intereste our Pacific poss_ione and oor Cotore eulargementa are all to be alfected lnetinct with thie generous idea he immediately mOOifiee her eyetem oC geodetic forveya Her geographical crupleo are incontinently r~oved and her hydraulic theoriell u rapidly changed On tIle bnre oo~g~sshytion oC a hnngry French adnntorcr-whose name emacn eloqoently oC ho Illshy

tincte one MollSIacuteeor BeUy-Lord Mnlmebury finde no diflicolty in the eonstrueshytion oC a Nicaragoan canal though England etrongly objecta to the canal oC Soez Bnt ae eoch an appliance i decidedly to affect oor Pacilic p08llessiobo oor general eommerce and conseqoently OUI eulargiug prosperitiee hilordship eqoally Cound that tIle protectorate o[the caual by lrance Englnnd aud Sar

bull ____ --_ _ ------- __i- _ ~ --- f~middot----shy

15

dinla ~lgbt not ungraeeCully oomeacute -liuder tIle etipulatioDe oC the Cl~yton-B1ilshywer treatI-an inetrument wbich under tbe eincereat reapect to tbe memory oC tlie dead 1belien to be tbe beet epriDge to cateh woodcocb enr contrivea by YUlpiDe cnnning on tbe one aud blioked by onnreening confidence un the

other ude oC au internationalnegotiation But sir 1 trut tbat botb tb_ eplendid enterpri- oC eeieuceana energy

wm be aceompliehed in our age 1 trust tbat thie nineteentb century whiacutech hu inecribed tbe annals oC Time witb a record oC gigantici figbts among tbe natlone oC tbe earth will witn_ tbe triomph oC tbe work oC eivilization iD the darker placee oC tbe westem aacutend oC tbe eutem hemiapberes Tbe geniUII oC man daily weaponed by new dillConriee ia in our daya a Tery conqoeror oomshymanding creative meane attracting continente and uniting eeae Tbe MacadoshyDIacutean whose arme cbanged the channele oC the commerce oC the world once eutertBined tIle idea oC re8toring wbat enn in DlII daya had been the canal oC PelUBillD1 whicb bad linked tbe Red eea to tbe Nilo and tben oC eetablishing a communication ~itb hia city oC AlellBndria wbicb be had reared at once into a Hat oC learning and an emporinm oC commerce middotDeatb bnlked him in bis

giaInt Purpoeesd1 b b Cb - hi h -d bull 1n oor ay truet t at t e eplnt o umanlty w c 18 an un Yng epln will dare in epite oC an obstacles tbrongb tbe tnple power oC ecience wealtll1and oommon eenee Creely expreased to restore Egypt to the eivilizing arts o liCe wbieb ehe once diopeneed There are boly eiUladee to be carried on in peaco in bebalC oC homan civilization and they most ban everiexcl Cacility and enriexcl way Cor their workinge onr tbe world 1 trust tbere(ore that tIlat epirit in nry defiance oC Englande obstaclee will open tbe Istbmos oCSues to nnigation and eborten bI one-balC tbe way oC tbe enlightened Weet to tb barbaric Eaet Bot eopecially do 1 truot tbat by the openill~ and CoeteriDg and tbe protecting at aU bnzarde of tbe Ietbmian l1igbwaye WblCb tIle finger oC God within oor own bemiaphere bu irrevOably marked oot Cor uor tread we ebaU etill more redoce the di_nce tbat eenn os Crom the Catbays and Taproshybnae tbe Ormoe and Ind oC wbicb the inetiilcte oC tbe middle agee had dreamed and wbich our own hardy and indeCatigable exploren hayc eettled into realitiee

Still 1 do not He how we may internue in tbe CJueetion oC SueE eave in the honeet tribote oC oor wiobee and tbe investment oC mdividual meana

Bot bowenr we may ehelter the matter under tIle bints oC a Jllonroe doctrine tIle naked and obAtinate Cact ie tbat we do not want and we cannot nUow tb middotEuropean natione to come to tbis contineot to cot tbroogh or regulate or 1roshytect our isthmuses The traneection oC the Isthmll8 oC Suez hu been tbe eooJect

oC long and etonny Cabinet cooncilo oC an tbe Goycrnmenta oC Enrope For ite execotion tbeir onanimoUl coneent bad to be oJgttained OUIll on wbicb oC

tbem we may aettle are eobject to no euch oondition The eame Providence wbicb in ita uneearchable decreee brougbt tbe American rllce to tbie continent tbe same Providencc which raiead them Crom dependence into eelC-eustaining ability tbe eame Providence wbicb bad confirmad their political power when tJ~ original oolonista oC thia continent were oompolsorily resigning tbeire tbat eame 1rclidence points oot to oe bow e are to ebape onr eyetem oC dovelshyopmenL ampIW exhaust ~or deetiny oC greatnesa It points to tbe obvioue waya oC trall8it in 010 onward patb wbich nature and neeeeeiacutety whicb tbe law oC proshygrese tbe demande oC commerce nnd the reqoiremente oC civilization liave Corelaid Cor 08 upon tbe continuatione oC oor own eoiL It controle tbe convicshytione oC eYery mind and etin up the echol8 oC eYCry heart and eacb ecbo anshyewere in theacute worde oC the Lomoard leader GOO bas marked it oot Cor me woe be to bim who toocheo Gode giCt to mel

To acbieve oor destiny tbe waten oC the GolC oC Mexico must be mare nOIshytrum To tbie the tradltione oC tbe Repoblie-trnditiono that are tbe living testimdny oC tbe pas tbat can no longer speak otbenvise Cor itselC-and the neceesitiee oC proj1rell8 now conepire The commeree oC the world e brellking tbrough old barrien and feeking new channel Up to tbe beginning oC tbe periOO within wbicb we derived our colonial exiotence and Crom whicb we atrngglillgly let not ignobly rOBe into tbe dignity oC eople whooe voice ie not unbe~(Jed ln tbe cOl1ncdo oC llatoll Asa had been the grcat selt oC trade bot its~Ilnnctioc5 l)ound to the delro oC l tedioo and ullafe S~R Dnvigatioll

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apd land ellrriagecom1gtidJIe~~~PY r~rj~tlordfltlt)iexcle~1Jthe~~~f Europ Jlod UuiWatere of tbeM4diterraneaD~)itM-=- __ middot i I 13ut tJ1fI~ew Wllrld tJll more llbUacutell8 middot~e~~tbe_tmiddot lar iexcli~ ijiexcleunxshyplored traeltwaye llf th~ 8l1~ Fro1Oacute t~e yf(lI~) pll~llf EllJPpe ~~t new Vorld dillCllvered aod frlliD theperiltldiexclq( $bJII~~Ifi~ hu rea~ipJ1

(the~8lItini of b~th Mia n~~ropemiddot~lIltI)ediexcllpf Flifpiei~tll thoee llf VeIOllCe at the time llC the ~Tery ofA~neatJieK~tenaoeeq8eatclgetberyith Iacutehe laod ro~whi$jlliDed itlltJle AJ~liexcliauacute aIIdPereiacuteot Gulf haa coo- etitvted the middotoamlW paee~li~cb uuml~ted ~4f ~~teftatillnaltradui tthjllVllrldllf l~eampixteeoth ceoturiexclfbull WitIuacuten thtepncll~rnizaiacuteon hadfor thopeaude llf real8 beroretakenlte roo~anJdndwithio~e measure oC theirr8llQurc~ bull had thenmiddotahdthere WlOught wllnderamiddotwbiobth ~illCovery of thiecoutinenttbe pellpling llC ite wuteetbeplanting llf itecllIllRI~peoiallvmiddotthe COllluillf tbelloacutellandi8b Frecb apdEogliehtoe~r~nll~re-p~duoing in brllampder l fllftl1 in Cartbeqmiddotqhea and far b)lIacuteghter pr9~is~middot~~t~peeiallybadAia eJiexclercised al1 iWUepIle lln thed~nyll f ~Qe w4icb ~h the disollvery lC llur jl()Dtinent~~~ away Jever ~be retljeve4gt JIiexclee$ger band oC YllUllg AmericiLiev6U ato tbo present dayreaching tllmiddot pluck the jeweled~llarfJQm tbeJ1IiJ~ther wbllmthe earliesUra9itiane gr~~8Itbe dllwIger llftliuarth lt ~nd Mjl~t ~~herYiexclllutbful1lJ1lldi~emhlcb wltll the primogenitur oC l~iexcl)li oncmiddotproelaimed Asia th~tre81 llC fohe Cllmmerce oC tbe wllrld Y4middotlIacuterdi~ ~e~cepti0l ofI1D4iexcl~galfampniied intll rexi6tence bymiddottIt Cltolmiddot flliexcl1iltifi-Vbullo~ ~fgland1d jtP1ay he Chiua and Japanmiddotlately start1ed ~Jiexcliexcl$qA~iexcl~fiacutemiddot9J th~ lDtrueioDlof ~~ (llnrm~tpcgtwerfn1 naticm~ llC the weet N~aiaieiexclbl1rieclH~devllStJeLhargy au~ife particlpation lloce 11) aotive in th l bull operati9J1J qftlt1M1eacutehu almlllt entir~ C88l4ld Eveo hu the lOacuteutheutern exshy~r~tyJ(iexcl~peCQlle witbin the i~I(luepcellfthfittllrPlrl On the veryconshy ntildeDeIacuteIiexclWt~th~ Imown divlsillDa df~e WClrldwhicb werellncbulltIle JllIt aetiveth~tel8 oC thriftytrade th~Tery lClnlnee were tbe bigbClt delelllpeshymiddot ment of comine~ had been witn Bnd where it seeUlod destipedtll gll 00 iexcl in nnmeuur~extent igD()raoce llCn~88Smiddot andpcgtverty bave beens)l~tituQld

ll)M1c~wgy llnd wealth whieh~Jmarked~e1lmiddotrortbedwelliog place llf poli~tfwerbull With the dilCllvery oC thi oontinent sir Italy not eub)ugated

~ 1i~~e~eacute)iexclriacuteOete1Yinllther in all tbo usefularte llC ~cialand poJitieallife l()St her preimi~nQemiddotand her prosperityin tb ~Illlreial acale when with

middotthe discllvery llCAmerica tb priocipal lI)urc4ls lgtCthat prosperity were middotBudmiddot denly clC1S8d The very geoius llC her slln was Catalmiddot to hel whilet tbemiddotdiscove- bull bull rie~Q~ bis daring spirit brllught her dowu Crom the height llC that ellmmrcial piexcl-eemIDenc t bull

Witb tilo mutery llC cllmmeree (whicbsbe bad held io her handsJor neJJy bull BU centulics) her llther elemente llC greatness dieappeared ye~ tbey merely dieappered in achange llC middotplacemiddot Other fields fllr lte rcsllllrces were llpeniog att1iellCrytilJle wIJich marked bermiddotdecay na the eontroller llC Ole trade llC th

world and beralded llUl advent intll the fomily ll[ natillos togetber withthe bistllry ~C llur pr()Sperity aod commerce Otl1er tbatere Cllr its actillnhad been prepared in tbe Cuture clllllnies and States of tbe American cllntinent rhe eeeptre llf modern eqmmeree waa resigoed by the middotre1uetaut bandllfItalymiddot out

reslgncdtobe greedily Bnakhed at byPprtugal iexcllll1aod aDd Spain hiexcl whicb it wasalternatelymiddotswayed until intriuBie CaUl8Bll( deClidency RlIda fatal Cllmmiddot bioatiooacute llC circumetanceeput it iu the hands llf England Crllm whieb with middottbdcelnration llrmiddotour independen~cwebnve lVrested it Cllr a perpetualheirshyloom intbe great Comily llf AmerkanStatee

~ ~ -_----___--- ~

ff 9middotmiddot

ir~~1l4iuOUl T1mber amplid baUdlDgmatorlal8bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull _ bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull_ bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbulltlli898O 00 f )letalbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ ~ 6SeOIIl OlI

~middotmar~~middotiexcl~ 11= ~ iap h01lbullbull~rne malerlala 496168 lXI AlUGlenoamp 1Ilpnaad ltI1~ - ~ o bullbullbullbull ~ ~ _ 6OQ8p1l 80

iexcl 1hUuml8 CUba iinjgtortedJiJ 1863 proviSioUB tothe nlue ot$ll3l8~0 JIacuteWID1 factures 87053622 aud other articles $92119QOmiddot i Ciu auy one loacuteok over tJnaachedule oC importeauduy thateTerx interest r lKId every State in the Union ianotmiddot deeplyiilterested in the trad~Wlth CubatI Ha~ the SouthaJid W est no intereaHn tbemiddot twenty millioos ol proviaiona and

meta1ampand lumber annuan ilJlpo~ Hae the- North no IDterestgt mtbei leren milliona ol manuCactures annually carried ioto the iallU1d OC the whole importatiotiamountitig tomiddot211~9800 theUnited Strlea contnbute $amp11973B or within a fractioumiddotmiddotof OIIe fonrth

We are deeply intereated too inthe exports Crom Cuba lhese in 18113 amoun~d in value to $31210405 oC which the United Sta~ received $12131095 or more than a third In that year the Collowing were the chief eKpOrtamiddotfrom theiBIand

~sect~r~icCiimiddotmiddotiiimrHi~e 1 IlaJIocoD1 trDd elller oods valne In- doUro bull 0 bull bull bullbull 448434 I MoIuOea IUldbampl1lUacute1lpa (hopheada) 8088lI1oo oo

~ ~~=)n ~~ ~ 8~~ lh-aremiddotarticie which cheer the ho~es oC ev~ry grade oC population with1n

the limite oC tleRepubuumlc SlIJiteCuba lrom thegeography or theworld ando how muchoC conuacuteolt wonldbe abstracted from the people oC every portion oC onr ConCederacy

But it ia not alone in tbe amcles oC export and iniacuteport tliafCuba eacuteoncerns lis Wearedeeply intereated in th mode inwbieh commercemiddotilJconducred WhetIacutece come t1lemiddot veliselil io which these productions are camed lrom one port tIo another Thefollowing table givea a aignifioantanawer and tella the tnteJoeaiacute we have in il Brazilien 2 Italian 6 Rl1S8ian 1 Austrian 8 Spanish Ameri- can 13 Prussian 11 iexclSweediah and Norwegian 11 Daniah 20 Netherlands 24 Belgian 45 HanseaticTowns 57 French 126 Eng~iah 348 Spaniah 901 Uni~

imiddot States 2307 Out oiacute total oC 3918 merchant vessela engaged in 1858 in cushyryiDg the exporte and inporte oC Cuba the United States contributed 2807 lhe total aooonnt oiacute tonnage Cor that year was 113330 lhe tonnage oC theiexcl Spannish v_la was 162877 oC Coreign veasele 550463 The proportion of the United States can only be approximated 88 there are no complete data According to the returna mnde to the Treitsury Department the commerce of the United States with Cuba Cor 1851 and 1852 WAS carried on in shipping ra~d as ColloWl Cleared the United States Americau veasels 254018 tona Coreign 29703bull Entered the United State American v_la 249301 tona Coreign 33030 tons Thus deeply implicatel in our commeree with Cuba is thia large and increaain$ brnncb oC iuduatry

fmiddot The geo~raphicalpo51tion resources and poliacutetical and commercial relations o( Cuba wltiexclth~ lni~d States thus uniacuteold the importance oC acquiring the ialand Thnt tIJereare drnwbacks 1relidily acknowledge bJit are they anprior to the advantageal Tbe cbaracter oC middottheee -drawbws will be aeenClOm au ~xamination iuto ~e characte~ ofthe pOPlllationth~ i~t~ri~r economrof the ialand and thelItfltue of rOrelgn fowers Cuba la dlV1deii ~to three depar~ mente the western oentraInndtern The popnlation 01 the western de- partment aceording to the latest estimates numbers whites 225500 free colored 88300 slaves 320600 The middle or cen~1 department whitee 163000 Cree eolored42500 alnoes 50500 andmiddot tbe eastern departmen whitea 87OlrQ free colored H770 slavea 6ilPO These t4jgtles giye en gregate 01 populnUon wbites 465560 oC Cree colored 205570 oC alaves 436100 Tite total popula-tion 1107236 There are con1licting statementa

but tbeydo not vary very materially Ihe AmerIacutecan StatUti9ampl Annual COl 1852- pllt themiddot population at 1218130 thU8 8nb-divided whites (native and Europeau) 606660 Cree colorad 20550 alaves 486100

1niexcl116 thepopulationoC the United Stateil withont the gnide of a cenaua W1IlI estimated at Cnlly 3~OOO In that year the population oC Cubamiddot 8 ~ 110310 Our 1Mt eenaos lU1860 00 our popu]ation ~ bemiddot23000ooO In round nnmberlL Aeeording~ the indicatioos oC billa oC mortelity ~d ~ working oC the principIes on whicJ1 the ne aciqlce oC aocialstatiaties ia baed--middot aH oC them controll~ by the laWs oC modern hrgiene as weII as oC politica1 economy-QUbs With deduction Cor the iacutentlUlll1eadclition oiacute ourmiddotemigrant lamiddottomiddotour oWlmiddotpopuacutelatiou and by the rule oC proportioacutell monld sbowCor tbe periode han traversed an iucreueoC populaion ambuntingmiddotto 1303333

lhia populatiollia distributed under three dimons Cenced ronnd with atroug dilJtinctiacuteons The loestdivision cona~te oC the coloPEd population the large majority oC whieh are sIaves The aecond ia made up oC Cree men bnt men who represent the mOllt motl~y and IleterogenoUB compoonds im~nable in the el_ oiacute hybridismbull A acor-oC antipodal castes a acore oC confticting human elemente a acor oC clashing not b1ending charactera and typea defacto con-middot atitute thia Cuban IlOcial organization in which the European Spaniard rudely tabOOll tlie natives and owners oC the aoil and claims and exerciees precedence over ihe diainherited jiU Uacute1TtJ and even over the Corei~ers proteeted by pretended treatY atipnlationa and aettled inthe islaDd wlth their Climily admiddot miItureaoCevery degree oC parentage lhe third and what tohey call tbe hler81eacutehy the higheat el oC 80ciety in the order oC rallI and station-ia compoaed oC the large laudho1dera the wealthieat lQerchanta and the principal Cunctionarieli oC the colonial government Most oacuteC theae-Creolea in a large number excepted-move in perfect aecord ith and due aubserviance to tbe politicll1 vie intenta and interesta oC Spain

It ia obj~~ tbat the number oiacute Cree negroes in the ialand would make ite ineorporationinto OUT ConCederacy troubleaome ifnotdangerous It ia yet to be revealed thnt the African ean witbatand tIle domiacutenation oC the anglo-Nonnan raee or thnt he wiIl not readily lapeeinto apptOpriate aubmiasiven- If Cnba were acquired thia popnlntion would be tractable lUld uCe or its resideoce in th ialand terminatea In no event could it occMion aerioua social diaturbance No tenable objeciti011 can be derived Crom the laWll which regulate slavery in Cnba No matter how atringent or even aavage they may be they would immiddot mediately be relnnd under the influence oC our aptem It is a distinetiveo peculiarity oC the an~loNorman race thnt it fiiexcles ita impresanpon everiexcl people witoh whom it comes lnto contacto This ia in an eminent degree the peculiarity ofthe peofle oC the United Statea Tbrongh the living entail oC b100d th~yiexcl have-inherlted the essential elemenls oCcharaeter Whicb dbtingniahed eampeh aub- 1

diviaion oC the Caucasian raee and thua they usimilate others to them with greatermiddotiacutencility Under the alchemyOC thia inflnence oar system oC al-ery would easily be IlUbstituted Cor that oC the Spanish in Cuba

But ia theaystem of alavery in the island as aevere and bllrbaroos as it i~ oCten represented to be I In apeaking oC the servile population oC Cuba the Chenlier Lobeacute with the experience oC twenty-five yenrs residence in the ialand sara

The eoodllioo oIlh~ IAve at lile preaenl dT la InmparablT beUer lIln Il u a leTean ego lndeelt IIlIa tIrinor-toHaU la poalUTelT beder dadled and treaJed In Ihe colonT lhan he erer had been be(ore The obrlou kllereaamp hlcllllle mlUler le In Ida preserTallon Iniexclng In proportlon wllll lhe dimeull) 01 luduleallT Inlngtdnel hla brel1lren hu _ uIled In lhe lac~ IIlAlllle phyical condlllon ollhe alnela 1n1lnllelT more mor1llble In Cub more humane In lac~ han lha ellofCd by hile men 10 ITled 6ee Ihonrh IheT maT be bull croded iD lile mlUlnlaclurlng dungeotU lelln mollon bT- over lhe c1rUJzed world

Thia ia the teatimony oC a European a high public Cunctionary in Cnba aud OIle imbued with all the prejudiacuteces which may be legitimately aseribed to 000 01 hia cllUlS againat- the iacutenstitution oC negro alavery

The interior adminiatration oC the island interpoaeamp DO difficulties to its ncqnishysition but rather Cacilitiea Cor it The adminiatratioD oC juatice even at the preaent day ia a miserable Caree There are tribunala to inquire into tbe conshyceros oC tboae who hnve tbe exclusive right oC resorting to them-suchlI1I the military the provincial militia the aeamen the officeN oC the fisc thlf POIlt offiee the clergy the nobles and the iacutendividuala belQllging ad hOfUWem to the

I 10~ 11

ntilde

f royal household oC Spain Thus justiee is subservient fO the titIedand wealthy ~ while tbe obscure and indigent are the vietima oC opprell8ion Thepower oC tbe Captain Gneral aleo runs through al the interIOr adminietration oC the ielen1 During llie period oC his authority he enjoy Crom Spain the rank oC field menhal wen ae the dignitr 01 the vice royalty Conaequently both ~ tbe eJlchequer and the navy oC tbe lelnd are unaer his oonrol Ilthongh there shy

j ll8 both an admiral and an iutendant appointei uominaUy to mauage under him

I The central authorlty oC the wand ie uow but a moditicatiou uC what W81

formerly the ahcieut ollioe oC the Captaiu General whilst hie secretaryship has beeu eouverted ioto a real governmeut machina wbich emnda over tbe whole oC Cuba In coBsequeuce oC this chauge tlae civil eacretory general ie the loul

r of the great administrative inetitution whilat the military seeretary who was

formerly hiacutea superior in the ollicial hierorchy has IUacute fado sunk belw his conmiddot frere and tampkes cognizance oC none but military aFaira or oC euch as are directly

I conuected with his department _ I The result of this etate oC things is that the civil secretary general ie a eort

Clf president oC tbe Cuban oabinet having nnder hie control tbe heada of dio VIacuteSlonll ereoted into miuieters for tbe various branchee oC the administratiou confided to tbem At the Ie oC this organizatiou is the CaptainGeneral tk wprefIUI 00 01 t Stot wltbont whooe positive wiU uothing can be decided

Ir and nothing perCorroed iu the colony Like his sovereign he has tbe right oC

pardon to feloue dic condemned br the tribunals oC the couutry and of puto- tin~ his fIto eveu on such royal ordmances ae he may deem detrimental to pub- lic Intereat Iudeed he is so Car and so thoronghly the representative o( the eovereign power that he la iuvested withthe prerogative oC the alt go aud like her Catholio Majesty poses the power of eetoppin~ tbe action oC the

I laws that control the Castillian monarohy whenever iu b14 wisdom hemiddot may iexcl deem it expedient temporarily fO euspend their course Aud yet iCwe happen to have tbe alightest dlllioulty with tbe ineular adminietratiou if the inuume1- able abusee wliieh daily grow out of ita actiou Or deciaions should presa upon iacute

I our honor or our intereata this mpreme represeutatiVO oC the supreme authority of Spaiu hu no power to abate the abuse saCeguard tbe honor or iudemnify iexcl the Intereste We have nothing to do with tbi is the answer given to

American representatives ~ou Dlust go to the motber Government acr~

I the Atlantic tbroogh tbe intneaciee tbe delaye and tbe subterCuges oC foreign departmenta the ooly r880rt left to us for tbe redrese oC now aeeumulated

1 gLY1T

Ohdeg h - bull - Cmiddotmiddot ti d h 1 d d ~I Id t e aumml8middotatlon o Justlce le con ne to t e prlVl ege an tJ

hierarehy of power excludee the large majority oC tbe oaUves Crom dietinction ) and autbority A moral phalallX oC opposition eonsisting oC the planten and tradere of the eeeondary rauk and many of tbe inCerior ollioemiddotholder- has tbue beeu eonstituted powerful througb ita numllere talente and energy-an op- position howver unuttered and unspokeu Crom tbe -(aot that they eannot oommaod the voiee oC airees to comment on the doings of a euperior authority aa dark remorseless an irresponsible u ever wu the tribunal oC the dreaded Teu within the limita oCVeniee Theee with the large body oC the Creol_ the white ohildren oC the eoil wbo are ecluded br the iroJIacute poliey aud tbe

hoary deepotism of Spain the white sone oC tbe soll who are doomed to live lmiddot undiStinguiahed with a brand and mark of inCeriority on tbeir brow unlese they have learned to betray-these are tbe progreeelv88 and revolutioniste oC tbe ieland who in bitternell8 oC heart and brolltennees oC epirit await eome day ol daliverauee

But the adminietration of tbe island iJIustrates ite oppreesiveuees m08t sigo nally in the expenditurce of the public revenue Autheutio tables ehow that the reeeipta into the treasury oC the island Cor 1849 18110 1851 and 1852 consisto ing of ilie revenue and epeeial deposite amouuted to the sum oC $53991714 OC this sUDl e3219894 was epended in the eoet oC eolleetion 1271167 in tbe oost oC publie worship aud 626713 Cor the admiuietration of justiee while e21913961 were expended Cor tbe eupport oC the arroy and $7122976 for that oC the navy Can any oue louk at tbis table 01 8pendituree and say that Spain holda Cuba otherwiee than iu the iron grasp oC powerl Rer amppies are in alm08t every hOll8ehold to catch the firet whisperings oC revolt and she has

more than thirty thOU8ampDd eoldiere there to tread the people aown into enbjeeshyJon Thia ie tbe adminietrative eoouomy oC the Island of Cuha There ie notbing tb en middotin the population or Governmnt m8ehioery oC the island to aeriouely embalT888 ite acquisilion

Have we anything to apprehend Crom Great Britain aud France in oor e1forts to aoquire Cubal We can aequire itonly by one oC two modea purchaee or eonlluest If Spain would seU the islaud tbe great Powers oC Europe conld not Illterfere But will Spain eell Cuba I There ie no probability that ahe will becaDee Cuba is one of her sonrces oC revenne eepeeially Cor the mainteshynanee 01 her navy tbe support oC her colonial deCenee_and the defrayal of her diplomatie atul consular servioeacute on the eacuteontinent oC America The great Caacutemishylies oC Sjgtain also have large eetates in the ieland and her beggared nobility are sent tbereto repair their sbattered fortun88 You must remember too Lbe deelaration of Luzuriagamp iu tbe Spanish Cortes tbat Spain can never either a~ieuate or 11811 Cuba under anl conditione or terma becauee eueh eale would be- tantamount to the barter o her honor Against sale aleo the traditione and the pride oCSpainiexclrotest Protampt th08e traditiDns stillinstinet with the

bull grandeur oC that perio when the Spanieh empire wos so worldwid~ that Arshygensolamp io dedicating his eplended ehi-onieles to the monareh could with jueshytiee say 1 depose thie work at the Ceet oC your majesty OVer wh0ge dominshyiDns the eun never sete Protesta that Iride as haughtr now aa on the QlIY when Grimaldi told tbe minister oC vietonoue Franee UrglDg Spaiu to sell Loushyisiana fO ue The king my master is aceueEomed to oonqu~r and deCend ter- ritories at the point oC the sword but fO eell them never No Cuba will nol come fO us by 11lrcbaee

Can we acqulle it outoC the coudition oC purehaee withollt war with Great Britain and FraDeel Thevhave eacuteompaeted witb Spaiu toguaraDty and mainshytain her eovereignty over ihe territory oC the ialand and tbe gathering oC their naes in the watere oC the GulC and West India aeu -indicate no disp08ition to reeede Crom the guaranteeThe propoeition was made to ns to enter iDto tbis compacto but it wae rejected by Mr Fillmores administration In eonneetion with tbis question we must alltgt reool1eot thia deelaration made by a pnblio

bull funetionary oCthe Netberlands Chevalier Lobamp in 1856 1Il Europe Fnnoe aud El1gland airead elaDd Ibrfb as TIalblo 1lIlnImenlo oC Prerldenee

Cor uulted ODem tb bave aulgned boctlo lbe amblllon ol lile Curo r dmllf1oatboie Powen lb bayo declared In tbe lace of lbe orld fU aleo malnlampln tbe prfnelpl ot tmparllal aud ft JIIbleldlniexcl lbe weat agalnsllbe T1oleuC8 and lbe auemplamp oC InshyqDlloua Inndera

As if in prooC ~f this deelaration Lord elarendoD about tbe same time sampid In tbe Bri tlh Parliament in subatanee ce tbat aotion shonld not b eirenIDshysorihed by Europe but that suob protective action reeolved upon by England and France by virtue of tbeir close and cordial alliance should be extended over the whole globe In view Df thia deolarationof Lord Clarendon Chevashylier Lobeacute Curther e8Y

WereopeetfnllybegEDglandand Jlran as allO tiIoutr ~ fM4MeOacuter 1JVb1ldy bavden ID Ibelr _uleeeeD08 In lboselnamplaquoDanlmoua senllmenlo 1110 pooder lbe fale blcb lb cablne18 oC 81 Pelenburgb and Waah1Dgton b In lore lorbe nallOIl8 ot tbe 5paniab race on lbe Amerlean conllnenampmiddotmiddot

But tliere are mysteriee oC poliey whioh liehahind the etipulatione oC tiexcleaties aod the deelarations oC miDlstera and wbich shad light upon this iDq uiry Louis Napoleon is striving to ereate and establiah a splendid colonial empire by enslaving ampUd binding together tbe West India Ialaud To do thill he muet hem in or eripple the pOwer oC theacute United States and thle he hopes to accomshyplish through the coOperatioD oC Great Britain With a splendid tropical emmiddot pire he would be the rival oC the United Statea in lhe markete or tlie world and would clutch the leeptre now pusiDg into ourmiddot hand With his power eonllOlidated and every regiacuteon tributary to him lis arm wouldbe invineible MolICow has alreadY been avenged in the Crimea Waterloo would then find ite day oC retribution

The policy or Great Britain in resieting om oeeupation oC Cuba is only exmiddot plieable upon the tbeory oC subeervienee to Frante In tifty yeara ber Vampat eolonial poeaeesione in tbe Eaet wiacutell be st4iken Crom her grasp and ahe eaunot redrees the balance or her power by inoreasing het empire on this eontinent

_ 1 __

I

iexcl ----~r~ 1

I 12 lmiddot bull

fiexcl Bcr restleaa and embroiliDg diplomaey too ia fll8t arraying the World againntilde her During tbe lnat twenty yean ahe eeema to han even loet sight of the

I~ end of diplo~y whieh iamiddotto keep np the relationa of peace and wara off the r chancea of war Espeeially is it ite duty to emooth asperities at least DOt fiexcl() bull

I JlreMnpon tbem Reeoneiling intereala witb honor and in fairneee ite objeot shonld conetantly be to avoidwitbin human power aoytbing that may drive Goverumeate to reeort to tbe tdti ltio-the ever dangerona logie of war-middot arar Tbe mindol every agent8houldbe thoronghlyimbued witb tbeidea tbnt a reeortto fOreemiddotia the penalty ol national wrong and tbat iL beeom81 lawful oDly wben all peacerul etorte to vindicate tbe right and to seeue redr_ haO profed abortive

Bnt ia tbis theory realized in Britiah diplomaeyl How octen do we find her agente not qnenching the Bames bnt applying the incendiary torch I How orany queetloDlhae ariscn which the finger or British diplomacy has tonched for no otber purpoee it wonldseem but tbat or bristliacuteng it with diftieultiesl There are eseeptions it is true and the United States cheerrully teetifies to one iIrthe peraon or tbe British Minister atWashington He connecte tbe preaent with the earlier past or Britlshdiplomaey when ite eharaeter and spint were widely different and itos-annals bore tbe record ol high and brilliant nam But iL is none the less trne tbatEo1IAlId for a quarter of a eentnry has set np and pnnned a system or armed diplomaey N01 ia it lesa true tbat ehe ia aro raying the world againather Wtare her naturnlally and why should she resist OOJ oeenpation of Cuba at the hazard of warl Tbe answer ean only be found in her cordial alliauee with Franee and her subs~vienceto the latter Power And have we not causes of war witb Spain suflieieut to justify us in the judgshyment of hiatory I Have not our rigbte becn invaded our honor touehed lUId oorilaglnSlllted whiacuteleall redress hasbeen deniedl Our eommereial re1atioDS witbmiddottMmiddotiamp1and 8le vitalalldeomplieacuteatediexcl andyet the systemof iteadminiatra- tinD is 80 adjnsted as to embaMll88 mmiddot at every point Nor while the presentoi sylitem oC administration eontibu is it poeeible to avoid diflieultiea In oonmiddot

l aequence of our intimate relatious witb the isIand and the speeial powera 8ler- eised by the Captain General it wonld seem tbatiD general matten or bnainese j ADd in particular cases ol emergeney approaeh to him ehould be conceded too

I wr eonaularrepresentative atHavanamp And yt suchmiddot ia not his prerogative One oc the long standing subjecte 0( the iost eomplainta of our Government

l is the obstinate rernaal to allow our eonsul dileot aceces in oflieial intereouree iexcl to the supreme autbority or the eolony

Ir this be ever done It is done t Qfltia aud not in dererenee te a right seshyCUTed to him by thecomity or nations and onr treaty compacta 1 have said that the positlon or the Captain General over the island is tbatmiddot of a supreme- _ 1 ruler over anyotber Government By a system or inrerenee if not orp~ra1lel he seems to thlnk that na the representamptiacuteve or one Governmenl aceledlted to another does not direetly address the ehief or tbe State but approaehes him tbrongh tbe ehannel or his minister 80 tbe eonsUlar ageut or the United Statea 1 ha no rilht immediately to eommuuieate with him but that he mnat do so v1oarioos)y throogh tbe medinm or his eolonJalsccretalY And ret there Mema to be a distiacutenetion made in behaIr or the British eOn3ul who unlC$S 1 greatly err enjoys the speeial privilege or a direet offieial intercoune with bis vice rovaltv

Butnot nnly in the form and right or eoinmuuieation is this distinetion made betweeo our and othel eonsular agente It is likewisemiddot and offensively estendshyed to the Tery title whieh our Government sees fit to invest ite eonsular represhysentative ato Havaua In order te nnderstand tbe injustiee or a eonrse 80 stril ingly deroglttory both to the eommercial importanee and dignity or the United States we must refer bllek te the growth or roreiga eommeree with tbe ialand or Cuacuteba It iebarely thirty-f~ur rears aiacutenee a publie aet or Ferdinand Vll opened that eommeree to the world in spite or the obstacles and intrigues of tire commercial boaros or the Peninsula Previous to that perioa the porte and tbe territory or the iexclsland had been walled up against the eornmereial conshytaet or nations under the unreluing rigon of a monopoly soleronly u it wu ehamernlly sanetioned by the eongress pr Utreeht But with the prevalenee o( tbe more liberal spirit and sounder iews or sueh funetionaries as Arango ampDd Ramirez England and Franee and tbe Netherlands in 1824 and snbse-

I I 131 i quently pressed forwara to tblll ne avenne or trade aud by virtne of acomshy1 parative freedomor commeroe aecnred tbeprivilege orMndiDg and maintaiDshyiexcl lDg COfloftUacute genenol middotat Bavanamiddot

~ Tbis priVllege is toacute every otber nation anclparticnlarlythe United Statee formally and persistently deniedmiddot We willsaye Speiacuten allow routotrade in onr porta We wi1l middotin onrmiddot colonial terirtori middot allow middotyon to a~iiJt

guardians or theristeand of tbe property of yonroitiZIC1I8 bnt tilia permHampIacuteon

muBt be voneheefAid withmiddot auob distfuetiona aDd dieeriminitious we Diay be pleasedto impoaeiexcl Your Con~ maymiddotereate tbeoffiCllmiddotofmiddotconaa general for Cuba your Presideat in tbe diseharge of hiaduty may commiasion a consu1

general rOl the bullever-faithfol eity but iexclour agent hall 110t come witbiacutenita walle he aba not reeeive hia exequator Ullderany other title t1Ian that or plaiu conanL Tbe higher titIe and bro6der prerogativee of the bulleonsul general ~ intended not fltr yon but for our royal colllIacutena of Franee England lUId the Netherlaoda Sic tIOlo riC jllb4o lUJl pro tiotw olUfUacuteGamp

Sneb sir woo1d seem to he the import of tbe eonduct of Spain translated into ords Tbis impli~d iDlUlt to ourmiddot inlportanc~ ampDd dignity ia- inllieted in the faee or the ract that Ve stand higher than eitber England 01 Franca and indeed higher than Siexclgtain herseIr in onr contributioos to tbe proeperity or tbe islancL Tbe eommereial traoaaetioDS ofGreat Britain in 1868 earried on by three hnndred and sisty-eigbt v-le amonnted to 814000000 thOl8 or Franee iaone hundredandtwentymiddotsis veaele contrived to halt np to 85000000 those ortheUnited States represented by tvo thonaand t1Iree hondred and eeven vesseb 8welled it to $19000000 Yet Spain allows tothe formeJ a consul genernl whie1l may be an empty honor butone rorvhicb empty honor tbough it be We onght to oavil with har middoton tbe nintb part of a hampir u a lDatter or right She alloWs it to tbem whi1e to UlI it ia deniecl She allowsit to theNetberlADds eTen whiacutele to DI it ia denied Sho a1lowa itto the lethershylanda the whole valne or whose amplIDnal commeree with the ialand falla far below

tbe actual COlt or roany a one of the tUteen hundred sugar plantationa which our enterprise and aetivity Lbrough our conaumption make contributive to her treesury She allos it to t1Ie Netber1ands with her importe or 688816 and herex~rts of 8246661 making up tbe pitifulmiddottota1of $885586 represented by tweDty-(onr vessels with an utraVagant oalculation or twenty-seven tboDland twlt) hooored tons whiLst ehe eontemptuously rerusea middotitmiddot to tbe United States witb their$7oooOOO or importa and 812OOOOOOor exporte wafted to and fro by two thousandthreemiddothundredand seven vesselamiddot ith their two lIundred aud ntildefty-fonr tbouaaod aod eighteen tona of merehantshipping

And how is thia insu1ting discrimination madel la it merely nnder a witbmiddot holding of the eomity oiacute nations I la it _del tbe exerciae oC tbe municipal power which erery Government poasesses or giving a eonauampr exequaLnr for JU5t such consolar privilegee asmiddotit sball chooeemiddotto deaiguateJ Under noneTof theaesir is this fnsult oftered to a poople whOl8 rank in tbe hierarehy of riampshytioos it is now too late to qOCltion But it is offered iD direot and systemati4 violation or treatyeompacla The niDeteentb arlicle or the treaty ol San LoshyrtlllZO of tbe 21th of Oetober 1195 amply and cbnclnaively provides for tbe ease That artiele stipulates tbat onr eDRsoIs shall be pnt on the middotme rooung with those ur tbe most ravored Governmepta But providentially rOl the eatlse of internationAI oblilJationa Spaacutein had parted under the la of contiageney witb hermunieipalmiddotnghts longberore tlIe prhilege was aetuallyextendedto England France and tbe iacuteetberlanda They never eeenred tbe indiIidoal premiddotrogath~ oc a eonsul general nntil tbe opening of the colonial eommorce in 1824 whilst we sixty rean previouslv in 1196 had atipulated for a frnnehiae whieh 1s noV obstinately deDled not oo1y to the requirements of our commereial bnt denied also to t1Ie honor of onr pnblic eharaeter Trifling u this question or tbe mere rank or a consnl maymiddotbe illthe abstraet it points to an inherent relashytion with the prioe and importance or ourmiddot people Iodividnals may hold off rom the vindieation or individual charaetlr and individual righte and they may not snffer from tbe forbearanee but no people espeeially tbt whieh is eaIled the Americau people dare overlook attempta at insol 01 indiguity Ilnd hope that ite inilnenee and ita honor can escape unaeathed

And if for these indignities and wronga we snbmitted 001 disputeswith Spain to the arbitrallelt or the sword and tore Cuba from her grasp what

r-shyiexclf

iacute

I I

i t

I j iacute r

shy

14

nauumlon ooald rebu1le lIS or charge ue witb territorial epolintion I Could Engmiddot

Iand do it I Are tbe annale oC the world deCacad I Has the etory oC the deeoshylation ud woea which han CoUowed in ber remorllel_ traed p-d away Crom tbe memory oC mol -Han the recorde oC her own higb coorte oC imshyllUChment doing at times compol8Ory homage to juetico been destroyad I lIan tbe abrieb oC millione oC victims ceased to appeal againet the eoormities oC thia habitual violator oC aU aanctities lmiddot Hae tl1e bloOO oC thoee millione oiacute victilM ebad in the proeecotion oiacute her Ineatiate and etin ineatiable ambition been to her a ngenerating baptiem tbat hae 80 wubad away her poliacutetical lepshyroay that to Wl--to ue who have more tban once Coregone the integrity oC our righte tlat we might indo1ge tbe boaet oC generoeity-that to us ehe ehould f1ing tbe night-abade imputatione oC unjnetifiable acta oCepoliation and gross and ~t erime I We are tbe eobvertera oC righte we tIle oppresson oC the eartb ana England is the witness and judge oC our guilt I She never robbed pillaged and murdered in every ltJuarter oC the globe She never carried deBOshyIation on botb eidee oC the Atlantiacutec and Pacific watera Sbe never bornt OBrshytIlagena eackad Sto Jego and pillaged Sto Domingo in time oC peace Her Beampshyrobben and land-pirates onder eecret commiseione never ecattered terror along tIle coaete They never in tbeir personality oC Cree-bocters created a epecific zace oC maraudere which tbe ignorant Spaniarde connrted into F7iboutr_ a nam_her own name-whicb ehe now eo generooely conCen upon those oC na whose greatest wrong is to have CoUowed her eoggestin exemple The waten oC VeptCord never witneeead the congeeo and bowings oC the Hawkinsea and Drakeaiexcl tooching with tbeir red hands-red with the blood oC despoilad tbouaande-tbe dainty fingen oC the vingin Qoeen or laying at her Ceet tIle crimeon trophies oC areon murder and theft Oh no Americane alone are fillibuateroe AmericaDll alone are tramplen oC the rights oC natione alone agente oheoliation and perpetraton oC cnme Henene abon I England moutbshying prinClples oC juetice between natiou and nntion llCropulouely observadl and her ilfticiale again inaugl1rated in the Bay Islande encroachmnt England imputing to ue constructive epoliacuteatiollS and her armamenta crowding every sea in eeareh oC epil and conqu~tI Is abe obliacutevioue or mad or both I Or in charging os Wltb the guilt oC epoliation and f1agrant crime does ehe hellelf claim an eaeement Cor her virtue in the example oC the harlot oC Holy Writ who eatetb wipeth her month and 6llith 1 have done no harml IC England woald reboke ue ehe muet bum up the hiotory oC the last three hl1ndred yeare etifte tbe cries oC tIle pillaged Eaot and unloooe the cincture with which ehe has bound the empire oC the earth Then when her robeo are cleaneed Crom blood her recorde uneullied by uourpation and her Came aseoilzied Crom etain ehe may rebllke us for guilty ambition and territorial wrong I

But it is not Cor tbe mere purpoee oC expanllIacuteon that oor hand moet be laid upon Cuba it ie a etepping-8tone in the pathway oC oor progreseiexcl and it muet be oura or we muet etomhle agilinst it The commeree oC the world is bunt ing old barrien and hontlng new ootlete Great Britain is binding the world in a cinctore oC Iittle Gibraltan as citadels oC her poVer and eaCegoard8 oC her oommerce Her hand is lilid upon the rock oC Perim i and she will raise it into a miacutenatore Gibraltar to commnnd the posaible outlet oC the Mediterranean throogh the Red sea as ehe now holdo the hoge Gibraltar to master the inlet to tbe Cormer waten She isavene to the eommingling oC the bloe waten oC tIle Mediterranean with the red waten oC the Erythrean eea throogh the canal oC Soez bot her aveniollS do not extend to the commingling oC the billowe oC the Atlanic witll tboee oC the Pacific through a like cannl joining San Joan del Norte witb San Joan del Sur By eoch an appliance ehe weU knowe oor eommercial intereste our Pacific poss_ione and oor Cotore eulargementa are all to be alfected lnetinct with thie generous idea he immediately mOOifiee her eyetem oC geodetic forveya Her geographical crupleo are incontinently r~oved and her hydraulic theoriell u rapidly changed On tIle bnre oo~g~sshytion oC a hnngry French adnntorcr-whose name emacn eloqoently oC ho Illshy

tincte one MollSIacuteeor BeUy-Lord Mnlmebury finde no diflicolty in the eonstrueshytion oC a Nicaragoan canal though England etrongly objecta to the canal oC Soez Bnt ae eoch an appliance i decidedly to affect oor Pacilic p08llessiobo oor general eommerce and conseqoently OUI eulargiug prosperitiee hilordship eqoally Cound that tIle protectorate o[the caual by lrance Englnnd aud Sar

bull ____ --_ _ ------- __i- _ ~ --- f~middot----shy

15

dinla ~lgbt not ungraeeCully oomeacute -liuder tIle etipulatioDe oC the Cl~yton-B1ilshywer treatI-an inetrument wbich under tbe eincereat reapect to tbe memory oC tlie dead 1belien to be tbe beet epriDge to cateh woodcocb enr contrivea by YUlpiDe cnnning on tbe one aud blioked by onnreening confidence un the

other ude oC au internationalnegotiation But sir 1 trut tbat botb tb_ eplendid enterpri- oC eeieuceana energy

wm be aceompliehed in our age 1 trust tbat thie nineteentb century whiacutech hu inecribed tbe annals oC Time witb a record oC gigantici figbts among tbe natlone oC tbe earth will witn_ tbe triomph oC tbe work oC eivilization iD the darker placee oC tbe westem aacutend oC tbe eutem hemiapberes Tbe geniUII oC man daily weaponed by new dillConriee ia in our daya a Tery conqoeror oomshymanding creative meane attracting continente and uniting eeae Tbe MacadoshyDIacutean whose arme cbanged the channele oC the commerce oC the world once eutertBined tIle idea oC re8toring wbat enn in DlII daya had been the canal oC PelUBillD1 whicb bad linked tbe Red eea to tbe Nilo and tben oC eetablishing a communication ~itb hia city oC AlellBndria wbicb be had reared at once into a Hat oC learning and an emporinm oC commerce middotDeatb bnlked him in bis

giaInt Purpoeesd1 b b Cb - hi h -d bull 1n oor ay truet t at t e eplnt o umanlty w c 18 an un Yng epln will dare in epite oC an obstacles tbrongb tbe tnple power oC ecience wealtll1and oommon eenee Creely expreased to restore Egypt to the eivilizing arts o liCe wbieb ehe once diopeneed There are boly eiUladee to be carried on in peaco in bebalC oC homan civilization and they most ban everiexcl Cacility and enriexcl way Cor their workinge onr tbe world 1 trust tbere(ore that tIlat epirit in nry defiance oC Englande obstaclee will open tbe Istbmos oCSues to nnigation and eborten bI one-balC tbe way oC tbe enlightened Weet to tb barbaric Eaet Bot eopecially do 1 truot tbat by the openill~ and CoeteriDg and tbe protecting at aU bnzarde of tbe Ietbmian l1igbwaye WblCb tIle finger oC God within oor own bemiaphere bu irrevOably marked oot Cor uor tread we ebaU etill more redoce the di_nce tbat eenn os Crom the Catbays and Taproshybnae tbe Ormoe and Ind oC wbicb the inetiilcte oC tbe middle agee had dreamed and wbich our own hardy and indeCatigable exploren hayc eettled into realitiee

Still 1 do not He how we may internue in tbe CJueetion oC SueE eave in the honeet tribote oC oor wiobee and tbe investment oC mdividual meana

Bot bowenr we may ehelter the matter under tIle bints oC a Jllonroe doctrine tIle naked and obAtinate Cact ie tbat we do not want and we cannot nUow tb middotEuropean natione to come to tbis contineot to cot tbroogh or regulate or 1roshytect our isthmuses The traneection oC the Isthmll8 oC Suez hu been tbe eooJect

oC long and etonny Cabinet cooncilo oC an tbe Goycrnmenta oC Enrope For ite execotion tbeir onanimoUl coneent bad to be oJgttained OUIll on wbicb oC

tbem we may aettle are eobject to no euch oondition The eame Providence wbicb in ita uneearchable decreee brougbt tbe American rllce to tbie continent tbe same Providencc which raiead them Crom dependence into eelC-eustaining ability tbe eame Providence wbicb bad confirmad their political power when tJ~ original oolonista oC thia continent were oompolsorily resigning tbeire tbat eame 1rclidence points oot to oe bow e are to ebape onr eyetem oC dovelshyopmenL ampIW exhaust ~or deetiny oC greatnesa It points to tbe obvioue waya oC trall8it in 010 onward patb wbich nature and neeeeeiacutety whicb tbe law oC proshygrese tbe demande oC commerce nnd the reqoiremente oC civilization liave Corelaid Cor 08 upon tbe continuatione oC oor own eoiL It controle tbe convicshytione oC eYery mind and etin up the echol8 oC eYCry heart and eacb ecbo anshyewere in theacute worde oC the Lomoard leader GOO bas marked it oot Cor me woe be to bim who toocheo Gode giCt to mel

To acbieve oor destiny tbe waten oC the GolC oC Mexico must be mare nOIshytrum To tbie the tradltione oC tbe Repoblie-trnditiono that are tbe living testimdny oC tbe pas tbat can no longer speak otbenvise Cor itselC-and the neceesitiee oC proj1rell8 now conepire The commeree oC the world e brellking tbrough old barrien and feeking new channel Up to tbe beginning oC tbe periOO within wbicb we derived our colonial exiotence and Crom whicb we atrngglillgly let not ignobly rOBe into tbe dignity oC eople whooe voice ie not unbe~(Jed ln tbe cOl1ncdo oC llatoll Asa had been the grcat selt oC trade bot its~Ilnnctioc5 l)ound to the delro oC l tedioo and ullafe S~R Dnvigatioll

-j iexcll~iexcl$~

ltl16

apd land ellrriagecom1gtidJIe~~~PY r~rj~tlordfltlt)iexcle~1Jthe~~~f Europ Jlod UuiWatere of tbeM4diterraneaD~)itM-=- __ middot i I 13ut tJ1fI~ew Wllrld tJll more llbUacutell8 middot~e~~tbe_tmiddot lar iexcli~ ijiexcleunxshyplored traeltwaye llf th~ 8l1~ Fro1Oacute t~e yf(lI~) pll~llf EllJPpe ~~t new Vorld dillCllvered aod frlliD theperiltldiexclq( $bJII~~Ifi~ hu rea~ipJ1

(the~8lItini of b~th Mia n~~ropemiddot~lIltI)ediexcllpf Flifpiei~tll thoee llf VeIOllCe at the time llC the ~Tery ofA~neatJieK~tenaoeeq8eatclgetberyith Iacutehe laod ro~whi$jlliDed itlltJle AJ~liexcliauacute aIIdPereiacuteot Gulf haa coo- etitvted the middotoamlW paee~li~cb uuml~ted ~4f ~~teftatillnaltradui tthjllVllrldllf l~eampixteeoth ceoturiexclfbull WitIuacuten thtepncll~rnizaiacuteon hadfor thopeaude llf real8 beroretakenlte roo~anJdndwithio~e measure oC theirr8llQurc~ bull had thenmiddotahdthere WlOught wllnderamiddotwbiobth ~illCovery of thiecoutinenttbe pellpling llC ite wuteetbeplanting llf itecllIllRI~peoiallvmiddotthe COllluillf tbelloacutellandi8b Frecb apdEogliehtoe~r~nll~re-p~duoing in brllampder l fllftl1 in Cartbeqmiddotqhea and far b)lIacuteghter pr9~is~middot~~t~peeiallybadAia eJiexclercised al1 iWUepIle lln thed~nyll f ~Qe w4icb ~h the disollvery lC llur jl()Dtinent~~~ away Jever ~be retljeve4gt JIiexclee$ger band oC YllUllg AmericiLiev6U ato tbo present dayreaching tllmiddot pluck the jeweled~llarfJQm tbeJ1IiJ~ther wbllmthe earliesUra9itiane gr~~8Itbe dllwIger llftliuarth lt ~nd Mjl~t ~~herYiexclllutbful1lJ1lldi~emhlcb wltll the primogenitur oC l~iexcl)li oncmiddotproelaimed Asia th~tre81 llC fohe Cllmmerce oC tbe wllrld Y4middotlIacuterdi~ ~e~cepti0l ofI1D4iexcl~galfampniied intll rexi6tence bymiddottIt Cltolmiddot flliexcl1iltifi-Vbullo~ ~fgland1d jtP1ay he Chiua and Japanmiddotlately start1ed ~Jiexcliexcl$qA~iexcl~fiacutemiddot9J th~ lDtrueioDlof ~~ (llnrm~tpcgtwerfn1 naticm~ llC the weet N~aiaieiexclbl1rieclH~devllStJeLhargy au~ife particlpation lloce 11) aotive in th l bull operati9J1J qftlt1M1eacutehu almlllt entir~ C88l4ld Eveo hu the lOacuteutheutern exshy~r~tyJ(iexcl~peCQlle witbin the i~I(luepcellfthfittllrPlrl On the veryconshy ntildeDeIacuteIiexclWt~th~ Imown divlsillDa df~e WClrldwhicb werellncbulltIle JllIt aetiveth~tel8 oC thriftytrade th~Tery lClnlnee were tbe bigbClt delelllpeshymiddot ment of comine~ had been witn Bnd where it seeUlod destipedtll gll 00 iexcl in nnmeuur~extent igD()raoce llCn~88Smiddot andpcgtverty bave beens)l~tituQld

ll)M1c~wgy llnd wealth whieh~Jmarked~e1lmiddotrortbedwelliog place llf poli~tfwerbull With the dilCllvery oC thi oontinent sir Italy not eub)ugated

~ 1i~~e~eacute)iexclriacuteOete1Yinllther in all tbo usefularte llC ~cialand poJitieallife l()St her preimi~nQemiddotand her prosperityin tb ~Illlreial acale when with

middotthe discllvery llCAmerica tb priocipal lI)urc4ls lgtCthat prosperity were middotBudmiddot denly clC1S8d The very geoius llC her slln was Catalmiddot to hel whilet tbemiddotdiscove- bull bull rie~Q~ bis daring spirit brllught her dowu Crom the height llC that ellmmrcial piexcl-eemIDenc t bull

Witb tilo mutery llC cllmmeree (whicbsbe bad held io her handsJor neJJy bull BU centulics) her llther elemente llC greatness dieappeared ye~ tbey merely dieappered in achange llC middotplacemiddot Other fields fllr lte rcsllllrces were llpeniog att1iellCrytilJle wIJich marked bermiddotdecay na the eontroller llC Ole trade llC th

world and beralded llUl advent intll the fomily ll[ natillos togetber withthe bistllry ~C llur pr()Sperity aod commerce Otl1er tbatere Cllr its actillnhad been prepared in tbe Cuture clllllnies and States of tbe American cllntinent rhe eeeptre llf modern eqmmeree waa resigoed by the middotre1uetaut bandllfItalymiddot out

reslgncdtobe greedily Bnakhed at byPprtugal iexcllll1aod aDd Spain hiexcl whicb it wasalternatelymiddotswayed until intriuBie CaUl8Bll( deClidency RlIda fatal Cllmmiddot bioatiooacute llC circumetanceeput it iu the hands llf England Crllm whieb with middottbdcelnration llrmiddotour independen~cwebnve lVrested it Cllr a perpetualheirshyloom intbe great Comily llf AmerkanStatee

I 10~ 11

ntilde

f royal household oC Spain Thus justiee is subservient fO the titIedand wealthy ~ while tbe obscure and indigent are the vietima oC opprell8ion Thepower oC tbe Captain Gneral aleo runs through al the interIOr adminietration oC the ielen1 During llie period oC his authority he enjoy Crom Spain the rank oC field menhal wen ae the dignitr 01 the vice royalty Conaequently both ~ tbe eJlchequer and the navy oC tbe lelnd are unaer his oonrol Ilthongh there shy

j ll8 both an admiral and an iutendant appointei uominaUy to mauage under him

I The central authorlty oC the wand ie uow but a moditicatiou uC what W81

formerly the ahcieut ollioe oC the Captaiu General whilst hie secretaryship has beeu eouverted ioto a real governmeut machina wbich emnda over tbe whole oC Cuba In coBsequeuce oC this chauge tlae civil eacretory general ie the loul

r of the great administrative inetitution whilat the military seeretary who was

formerly hiacutea superior in the ollicial hierorchy has IUacute fado sunk belw his conmiddot frere and tampkes cognizance oC none but military aFaira or oC euch as are directly

I conuected with his department _ I The result of this etate oC things is that the civil secretary general ie a eort

Clf president oC tbe Cuban oabinet having nnder hie control tbe heada of dio VIacuteSlonll ereoted into miuieters for tbe various branchee oC the administratiou confided to tbem At the Ie oC this organizatiou is the CaptainGeneral tk wprefIUI 00 01 t Stot wltbont whooe positive wiU uothing can be decided

Ir and nothing perCorroed iu the colony Like his sovereign he has tbe right oC

pardon to feloue dic condemned br the tribunals oC the couutry and of puto- tin~ his fIto eveu on such royal ordmances ae he may deem detrimental to pub- lic Intereat Iudeed he is so Car and so thoronghly the representative o( the eovereign power that he la iuvested withthe prerogative oC the alt go aud like her Catholio Majesty poses the power of eetoppin~ tbe action oC the

I laws that control the Castillian monarohy whenever iu b14 wisdom hemiddot may iexcl deem it expedient temporarily fO euspend their course Aud yet iCwe happen to have tbe alightest dlllioulty with tbe ineular adminietratiou if the inuume1- able abusee wliieh daily grow out of ita actiou Or deciaions should presa upon iacute

I our honor or our intereata this mpreme represeutatiVO oC the supreme authority of Spaiu hu no power to abate the abuse saCeguard tbe honor or iudemnify iexcl the Intereste We have nothing to do with tbi is the answer given to

American representatives ~ou Dlust go to the motber Government acr~

I the Atlantic tbroogh tbe intneaciee tbe delaye and tbe subterCuges oC foreign departmenta the ooly r880rt left to us for tbe redrese oC now aeeumulated

1 gLY1T

Ohdeg h - bull - Cmiddotmiddot ti d h 1 d d ~I Id t e aumml8middotatlon o Justlce le con ne to t e prlVl ege an tJ

hierarehy of power excludee the large majority oC tbe oaUves Crom dietinction ) and autbority A moral phalallX oC opposition eonsisting oC the planten and tradere of the eeeondary rauk and many of tbe inCerior ollioemiddotholder- has tbue beeu eonstituted powerful througb ita numllere talente and energy-an op- position howver unuttered and unspokeu Crom tbe -(aot that they eannot oommaod the voiee oC airees to comment on the doings of a euperior authority aa dark remorseless an irresponsible u ever wu the tribunal oC the dreaded Teu within the limita oCVeniee Theee with the large body oC the Creol_ the white ohildren oC the eoil wbo are ecluded br the iroJIacute poliey aud tbe

hoary deepotism of Spain the white sone oC tbe soll who are doomed to live lmiddot undiStinguiahed with a brand and mark of inCeriority on tbeir brow unlese they have learned to betray-these are tbe progreeelv88 and revolutioniste oC tbe ieland who in bitternell8 oC heart and brolltennees oC epirit await eome day ol daliverauee

But the adminietration of tbe island iJIustrates ite oppreesiveuees m08t sigo nally in the expenditurce of the public revenue Autheutio tables ehow that the reeeipta into the treasury oC the island Cor 1849 18110 1851 and 1852 consisto ing of ilie revenue and epeeial deposite amouuted to the sum oC $53991714 OC this sUDl e3219894 was epended in the eoet oC eolleetion 1271167 in tbe oost oC publie worship aud 626713 Cor the admiuietration of justiee while e21913961 were expended Cor tbe eupport oC the arroy and $7122976 for that oC the navy Can any oue louk at tbis table 01 8pendituree and say that Spain holda Cuba otherwiee than iu the iron grasp oC powerl Rer amppies are in alm08t every hOll8ehold to catch the firet whisperings oC revolt and she has

more than thirty thOU8ampDd eoldiere there to tread the people aown into enbjeeshyJon Thia ie tbe adminietrative eoouomy oC the Island of Cuha There ie notbing tb en middotin the population or Governmnt m8ehioery oC the island to aeriouely embalT888 ite acquisilion

Have we anything to apprehend Crom Great Britain aud France in oor e1forts to aoquire Cubal We can aequire itonly by one oC two modea purchaee or eonlluest If Spain would seU the islaud tbe great Powers oC Europe conld not Illterfere But will Spain eell Cuba I There ie no probability that ahe will becaDee Cuba is one of her sonrces oC revenne eepeeially Cor the mainteshynanee 01 her navy tbe support oC her colonial deCenee_and the defrayal of her diplomatie atul consular servioeacute on the eacuteontinent oC America The great Caacutemishylies oC Sjgtain also have large eetates in the ieland and her beggared nobility are sent tbereto repair their sbattered fortun88 You must remember too Lbe deelaration of Luzuriagamp iu tbe Spanish Cortes tbat Spain can never either a~ieuate or 11811 Cuba under anl conditione or terma becauee eueh eale would be- tantamount to the barter o her honor Against sale aleo the traditione and the pride oCSpainiexclrotest Protampt th08e traditiDns stillinstinet with the

bull grandeur oC that perio when the Spanieh empire wos so worldwid~ that Arshygensolamp io dedicating his eplended ehi-onieles to the monareh could with jueshytiee say 1 depose thie work at the Ceet oC your majesty OVer wh0ge dominshyiDns the eun never sete Protesta that Iride as haughtr now aa on the QlIY when Grimaldi told tbe minister oC vietonoue Franee UrglDg Spaiu to sell Loushyisiana fO ue The king my master is aceueEomed to oonqu~r and deCend ter- ritories at the point oC the sword but fO eell them never No Cuba will nol come fO us by 11lrcbaee

Can we acqulle it outoC the coudition oC purehaee withollt war with Great Britain and FraDeel Thevhave eacuteompaeted witb Spaiu toguaraDty and mainshytain her eovereignty over ihe territory oC the ialand and tbe gathering oC their naes in the watere oC the GulC and West India aeu -indicate no disp08ition to reeede Crom the guaranteeThe propoeition was made to ns to enter iDto tbis compacto but it wae rejected by Mr Fillmores administration In eonneetion with tbis question we must alltgt reool1eot thia deelaration made by a pnblio

bull funetionary oCthe Netberlands Chevalier Lobamp in 1856 1Il Europe Fnnoe aud El1gland airead elaDd Ibrfb as TIalblo 1lIlnImenlo oC Prerldenee

Cor uulted ODem tb bave aulgned boctlo lbe amblllon ol lile Curo r dmllf1oatboie Powen lb bayo declared In tbe lace of lbe orld fU aleo malnlampln tbe prfnelpl ot tmparllal aud ft JIIbleldlniexcl lbe weat agalnsllbe T1oleuC8 and lbe auemplamp oC InshyqDlloua Inndera

As if in prooC ~f this deelaration Lord elarendoD about tbe same time sampid In tbe Bri tlh Parliament in subatanee ce tbat aotion shonld not b eirenIDshysorihed by Europe but that suob protective action reeolved upon by England and France by virtue of tbeir close and cordial alliance should be extended over the whole globe In view Df thia deolarationof Lord Clarendon Chevashylier Lobeacute Curther e8Y

WereopeetfnllybegEDglandand Jlran as allO tiIoutr ~ fM4MeOacuter 1JVb1ldy bavden ID Ibelr _uleeeeD08 In lboselnamplaquoDanlmoua senllmenlo 1110 pooder lbe fale blcb lb cablne18 oC 81 Pelenburgb and Waah1Dgton b In lore lorbe nallOIl8 ot tbe 5paniab race on lbe Amerlean conllnenampmiddotmiddot

But tliere are mysteriee oC poliey whioh liehahind the etipulatione oC tiexcleaties aod the deelarations oC miDlstera and wbich shad light upon this iDq uiry Louis Napoleon is striving to ereate and establiah a splendid colonial empire by enslaving ampUd binding together tbe West India Ialaud To do thill he muet hem in or eripple the pOwer oC theacute United States and thle he hopes to accomshyplish through the coOperatioD oC Great Britain With a splendid tropical emmiddot pire he would be the rival oC the United Statea in lhe markete or tlie world and would clutch the leeptre now pusiDg into ourmiddot hand With his power eonllOlidated and every regiacuteon tributary to him lis arm wouldbe invineible MolICow has alreadY been avenged in the Crimea Waterloo would then find ite day oC retribution

The policy or Great Britain in resieting om oeeupation oC Cuba is only exmiddot plieable upon the tbeory oC subeervienee to Frante In tifty yeara ber Vampat eolonial poeaeesione in tbe Eaet wiacutell be st4iken Crom her grasp and ahe eaunot redrees the balance or her power by inoreasing het empire on this eontinent

_ 1 __

I

iexcl ----~r~ 1

I 12 lmiddot bull

fiexcl Bcr restleaa and embroiliDg diplomaey too ia fll8t arraying the World againntilde her During tbe lnat twenty yean ahe eeema to han even loet sight of the

I~ end of diplo~y whieh iamiddotto keep np the relationa of peace and wara off the r chancea of war Espeeially is it ite duty to emooth asperities at least DOt fiexcl() bull

I JlreMnpon tbem Reeoneiling intereala witb honor and in fairneee ite objeot shonld conetantly be to avoidwitbin human power aoytbing that may drive Goverumeate to reeort to tbe tdti ltio-the ever dangerona logie of war-middot arar Tbe mindol every agent8houldbe thoronghlyimbued witb tbeidea tbnt a reeortto fOreemiddotia the penalty ol national wrong and tbat iL beeom81 lawful oDly wben all peacerul etorte to vindicate tbe right and to seeue redr_ haO profed abortive

Bnt ia tbis theory realized in Britiah diplomaeyl How octen do we find her agente not qnenching the Bames bnt applying the incendiary torch I How orany queetloDlhae ariscn which the finger or British diplomacy has tonched for no otber purpoee it wonldseem but tbat or bristliacuteng it with diftieultiesl There are eseeptions it is true and the United States cheerrully teetifies to one iIrthe peraon or tbe British Minister atWashington He connecte tbe preaent with the earlier past or Britlshdiplomaey when ite eharaeter and spint were widely different and itos-annals bore tbe record ol high and brilliant nam But iL is none the less trne tbatEo1IAlId for a quarter of a eentnry has set np and pnnned a system or armed diplomaey N01 ia it lesa true tbat ehe ia aro raying the world againather Wtare her naturnlally and why should she resist OOJ oeenpation of Cuba at the hazard of warl Tbe answer ean only be found in her cordial alliauee with Franee and her subs~vienceto the latter Power And have we not causes of war witb Spain suflieieut to justify us in the judgshyment of hiatory I Have not our rigbte becn invaded our honor touehed lUId oorilaglnSlllted whiacuteleall redress hasbeen deniedl Our eommereial re1atioDS witbmiddottMmiddotiamp1and 8le vitalalldeomplieacuteatediexcl andyet the systemof iteadminiatra- tinD is 80 adjnsted as to embaMll88 mmiddot at every point Nor while the presentoi sylitem oC administration eontibu is it poeeible to avoid diflieultiea In oonmiddot

l aequence of our intimate relatious witb the isIand and the speeial powera 8ler- eised by the Captain General it wonld seem tbatiD general matten or bnainese j ADd in particular cases ol emergeney approaeh to him ehould be conceded too

I wr eonaularrepresentative atHavanamp And yt suchmiddot ia not his prerogative One oc the long standing subjecte 0( the iost eomplainta of our Government

l is the obstinate rernaal to allow our eonsul dileot aceces in oflieial intereouree iexcl to the supreme autbority or the eolony

Ir this be ever done It is done t Qfltia aud not in dererenee te a right seshyCUTed to him by thecomity or nations and onr treaty compacta 1 have said that the positlon or the Captain General over the island is tbatmiddot of a supreme- _ 1 ruler over anyotber Government By a system or inrerenee if not orp~ra1lel he seems to thlnk that na the representamptiacuteve or one Governmenl aceledlted to another does not direetly address the ehief or tbe State but approaehes him tbrongh tbe ehannel or his minister 80 tbe eonsUlar ageut or the United Statea 1 ha no rilht immediately to eommuuieate with him but that he mnat do so v1oarioos)y throogh tbe medinm or his eolonJalsccretalY And ret there Mema to be a distiacutenetion made in behaIr or the British eOn3ul who unlC$S 1 greatly err enjoys the speeial privilege or a direet offieial intercoune with bis vice rovaltv

Butnot nnly in the form and right or eoinmuuieation is this distinetion made betweeo our and othel eonsular agente It is likewisemiddot and offensively estendshyed to the Tery title whieh our Government sees fit to invest ite eonsular represhysentative ato Havaua In order te nnderstand tbe injustiee or a eonrse 80 stril ingly deroglttory both to the eommercial importanee and dignity or the United States we must refer bllek te the growth or roreiga eommeree with tbe ialand or Cuacuteba It iebarely thirty-f~ur rears aiacutenee a publie aet or Ferdinand Vll opened that eommeree to the world in spite or the obstacles and intrigues of tire commercial boaros or the Peninsula Previous to that perioa the porte and tbe territory or the iexclsland had been walled up against the eornmereial conshytaet or nations under the unreluing rigon of a monopoly soleronly u it wu ehamernlly sanetioned by the eongress pr Utreeht But with the prevalenee o( tbe more liberal spirit and sounder iews or sueh funetionaries as Arango ampDd Ramirez England and Franee and tbe Netherlands in 1824 and snbse-

I I 131 i quently pressed forwara to tblll ne avenne or trade aud by virtne of acomshy1 parative freedomor commeroe aecnred tbeprivilege orMndiDg and maintaiDshyiexcl lDg COfloftUacute genenol middotat Bavanamiddot

~ Tbis priVllege is toacute every otber nation anclparticnlarlythe United Statee formally and persistently deniedmiddot We willsaye Speiacuten allow routotrade in onr porta We wi1l middotin onrmiddot colonial terirtori middot allow middotyon to a~iiJt

guardians or theristeand of tbe property of yonroitiZIC1I8 bnt tilia permHampIacuteon

muBt be voneheefAid withmiddot auob distfuetiona aDd dieeriminitious we Diay be pleasedto impoaeiexcl Your Con~ maymiddotereate tbeoffiCllmiddotofmiddotconaa general for Cuba your Presideat in tbe diseharge of hiaduty may commiasion a consu1

general rOl the bullever-faithfol eity but iexclour agent hall 110t come witbiacutenita walle he aba not reeeive hia exequator Ullderany other title t1Ian that or plaiu conanL Tbe higher titIe and bro6der prerogativee of the bulleonsul general ~ intended not fltr yon but for our royal colllIacutena of Franee England lUId the Netherlaoda Sic tIOlo riC jllb4o lUJl pro tiotw olUfUacuteGamp

Sneb sir woo1d seem to he the import of tbe eonduct of Spain translated into ords Tbis impli~d iDlUlt to ourmiddot inlportanc~ ampDd dignity ia- inllieted in the faee or the ract that Ve stand higher than eitber England 01 Franca and indeed higher than Siexclgtain herseIr in onr contributioos to tbe proeperity or tbe islancL Tbe eommereial traoaaetioDS ofGreat Britain in 1868 earried on by three hnndred and sisty-eigbt v-le amonnted to 814000000 thOl8 or Franee iaone hundredandtwentymiddotsis veaele contrived to halt np to 85000000 those ortheUnited States represented by tvo thonaand t1Iree hondred and eeven vesseb 8welled it to $19000000 Yet Spain allows tothe formeJ a consul genernl whie1l may be an empty honor butone rorvhicb empty honor tbough it be We onght to oavil with har middoton tbe nintb part of a hampir u a lDatter or right She alloWs it to tbem whi1e to UlI it ia deniecl She allowsit to theNetberlADds eTen whiacutele to DI it ia denied Sho a1lowa itto the lethershylanda the whole valne or whose amplIDnal commeree with the ialand falla far below

tbe actual COlt or roany a one of the tUteen hundred sugar plantationa which our enterprise and aetivity Lbrough our conaumption make contributive to her treesury She allos it to t1Ie Netber1ands with her importe or 688816 and herex~rts of 8246661 making up tbe pitifulmiddottota1of $885586 represented by tweDty-(onr vessels with an utraVagant oalculation or twenty-seven tboDland twlt) hooored tons whiLst ehe eontemptuously rerusea middotitmiddot to tbe United States witb their$7oooOOO or importa and 812OOOOOOor exporte wafted to and fro by two thousandthreemiddothundredand seven vesselamiddot ith their two lIundred aud ntildefty-fonr tbouaaod aod eighteen tona of merehantshipping

And how is thia insu1ting discrimination madel la it merely nnder a witbmiddot holding of the eomity oiacute nations I la it _del tbe exerciae oC tbe municipal power which erery Government poasesses or giving a eonauampr exequaLnr for JU5t such consolar privilegee asmiddotit sball chooeemiddotto deaiguateJ Under noneTof theaesir is this fnsult oftered to a poople whOl8 rank in tbe hierarehy of riampshytioos it is now too late to qOCltion But it is offered iD direot and systemati4 violation or treatyeompacla The niDeteentb arlicle or the treaty ol San LoshyrtlllZO of tbe 21th of Oetober 1195 amply and cbnclnaively provides for tbe ease That artiele stipulates tbat onr eDRsoIs shall be pnt on the middotme rooung with those ur tbe most ravored Governmepta But providentially rOl the eatlse of internationAI oblilJationa Spaacutein had parted under the la of contiageney witb hermunieipalmiddotnghts longberore tlIe prhilege was aetuallyextendedto England France and tbe iacuteetberlanda They never eeenred tbe indiIidoal premiddotrogath~ oc a eonsul general nntil tbe opening of the colonial eommorce in 1824 whilst we sixty rean previouslv in 1196 had atipulated for a frnnehiae whieh 1s noV obstinately deDled not oo1y to the requirements of our commereial bnt denied also to t1Ie honor of onr pnblic eharaeter Trifling u this question or tbe mere rank or a consnl maymiddotbe illthe abstraet it points to an inherent relashytion with the prioe and importance or ourmiddot people Iodividnals may hold off rom the vindieation or individual charaetlr and individual righte and they may not snffer from tbe forbearanee but no people espeeially tbt whieh is eaIled the Americau people dare overlook attempta at insol 01 indiguity Ilnd hope that ite inilnenee and ita honor can escape unaeathed

And if for these indignities and wronga we snbmitted 001 disputeswith Spain to the arbitrallelt or the sword and tore Cuba from her grasp what

r-shyiexclf

iacute

I I

i t

I j iacute r

shy

14

nauumlon ooald rebu1le lIS or charge ue witb territorial epolintion I Could Engmiddot

Iand do it I Are tbe annale oC the world deCacad I Has the etory oC the deeoshylation ud woea which han CoUowed in ber remorllel_ traed p-d away Crom tbe memory oC mol -Han the recorde oC her own higb coorte oC imshyllUChment doing at times compol8Ory homage to juetico been destroyad I lIan tbe abrieb oC millione oC victims ceased to appeal againet the eoormities oC thia habitual violator oC aU aanctities lmiddot Hae tl1e bloOO oC thoee millione oiacute victilM ebad in the proeecotion oiacute her Ineatiate and etin ineatiable ambition been to her a ngenerating baptiem tbat hae 80 wubad away her poliacutetical lepshyroay that to Wl--to ue who have more tban once Coregone the integrity oC our righte tlat we might indo1ge tbe boaet oC generoeity-that to us ehe ehould f1ing tbe night-abade imputatione oC unjnetifiable acta oCepoliation and gross and ~t erime I We are tbe eobvertera oC righte we tIle oppresson oC the eartb ana England is the witness and judge oC our guilt I She never robbed pillaged and murdered in every ltJuarter oC the globe She never carried deBOshyIation on botb eidee oC the Atlantiacutec and Pacific watera Sbe never bornt OBrshytIlagena eackad Sto Jego and pillaged Sto Domingo in time oC peace Her Beampshyrobben and land-pirates onder eecret commiseione never ecattered terror along tIle coaete They never in tbeir personality oC Cree-bocters created a epecific zace oC maraudere which tbe ignorant Spaniarde connrted into F7iboutr_ a nam_her own name-whicb ehe now eo generooely conCen upon those oC na whose greatest wrong is to have CoUowed her eoggestin exemple The waten oC VeptCord never witneeead the congeeo and bowings oC the Hawkinsea and Drakeaiexcl tooching with tbeir red hands-red with the blood oC despoilad tbouaande-tbe dainty fingen oC the vingin Qoeen or laying at her Ceet tIle crimeon trophies oC areon murder and theft Oh no Americane alone are fillibuateroe AmericaDll alone are tramplen oC the rights oC natione alone agente oheoliation and perpetraton oC cnme Henene abon I England moutbshying prinClples oC juetice between natiou and nntion llCropulouely observadl and her ilfticiale again inaugl1rated in the Bay Islande encroachmnt England imputing to ue constructive epoliacuteatiollS and her armamenta crowding every sea in eeareh oC epil and conqu~tI Is abe obliacutevioue or mad or both I Or in charging os Wltb the guilt oC epoliation and f1agrant crime does ehe hellelf claim an eaeement Cor her virtue in the example oC the harlot oC Holy Writ who eatetb wipeth her month and 6llith 1 have done no harml IC England woald reboke ue ehe muet bum up the hiotory oC the last three hl1ndred yeare etifte tbe cries oC tIle pillaged Eaot and unloooe the cincture with which ehe has bound the empire oC the earth Then when her robeo are cleaneed Crom blood her recorde uneullied by uourpation and her Came aseoilzied Crom etain ehe may rebllke us for guilty ambition and territorial wrong I

But it is not Cor tbe mere purpoee oC expanllIacuteon that oor hand moet be laid upon Cuba it ie a etepping-8tone in the pathway oC oor progreseiexcl and it muet be oura or we muet etomhle agilinst it The commeree oC the world is bunt ing old barrien and hontlng new ootlete Great Britain is binding the world in a cinctore oC Iittle Gibraltan as citadels oC her poVer and eaCegoard8 oC her oommerce Her hand is lilid upon the rock oC Perim i and she will raise it into a miacutenatore Gibraltar to commnnd the posaible outlet oC the Mediterranean throogh the Red sea as ehe now holdo the hoge Gibraltar to master the inlet to tbe Cormer waten She isavene to the eommingling oC the bloe waten oC tIle Mediterranean with the red waten oC the Erythrean eea throogh the canal oC Soez bot her aveniollS do not extend to the commingling oC the billowe oC the Atlanic witll tboee oC the Pacific through a like cannl joining San Joan del Norte witb San Joan del Sur By eoch an appliance ehe weU knowe oor eommercial intereste our Pacific poss_ione and oor Cotore eulargementa are all to be alfected lnetinct with thie generous idea he immediately mOOifiee her eyetem oC geodetic forveya Her geographical crupleo are incontinently r~oved and her hydraulic theoriell u rapidly changed On tIle bnre oo~g~sshytion oC a hnngry French adnntorcr-whose name emacn eloqoently oC ho Illshy

tincte one MollSIacuteeor BeUy-Lord Mnlmebury finde no diflicolty in the eonstrueshytion oC a Nicaragoan canal though England etrongly objecta to the canal oC Soez Bnt ae eoch an appliance i decidedly to affect oor Pacilic p08llessiobo oor general eommerce and conseqoently OUI eulargiug prosperitiee hilordship eqoally Cound that tIle protectorate o[the caual by lrance Englnnd aud Sar

bull ____ --_ _ ------- __i- _ ~ --- f~middot----shy

15

dinla ~lgbt not ungraeeCully oomeacute -liuder tIle etipulatioDe oC the Cl~yton-B1ilshywer treatI-an inetrument wbich under tbe eincereat reapect to tbe memory oC tlie dead 1belien to be tbe beet epriDge to cateh woodcocb enr contrivea by YUlpiDe cnnning on tbe one aud blioked by onnreening confidence un the

other ude oC au internationalnegotiation But sir 1 trut tbat botb tb_ eplendid enterpri- oC eeieuceana energy

wm be aceompliehed in our age 1 trust tbat thie nineteentb century whiacutech hu inecribed tbe annals oC Time witb a record oC gigantici figbts among tbe natlone oC tbe earth will witn_ tbe triomph oC tbe work oC eivilization iD the darker placee oC tbe westem aacutend oC tbe eutem hemiapberes Tbe geniUII oC man daily weaponed by new dillConriee ia in our daya a Tery conqoeror oomshymanding creative meane attracting continente and uniting eeae Tbe MacadoshyDIacutean whose arme cbanged the channele oC the commerce oC the world once eutertBined tIle idea oC re8toring wbat enn in DlII daya had been the canal oC PelUBillD1 whicb bad linked tbe Red eea to tbe Nilo and tben oC eetablishing a communication ~itb hia city oC AlellBndria wbicb be had reared at once into a Hat oC learning and an emporinm oC commerce middotDeatb bnlked him in bis

giaInt Purpoeesd1 b b Cb - hi h -d bull 1n oor ay truet t at t e eplnt o umanlty w c 18 an un Yng epln will dare in epite oC an obstacles tbrongb tbe tnple power oC ecience wealtll1and oommon eenee Creely expreased to restore Egypt to the eivilizing arts o liCe wbieb ehe once diopeneed There are boly eiUladee to be carried on in peaco in bebalC oC homan civilization and they most ban everiexcl Cacility and enriexcl way Cor their workinge onr tbe world 1 trust tbere(ore that tIlat epirit in nry defiance oC Englande obstaclee will open tbe Istbmos oCSues to nnigation and eborten bI one-balC tbe way oC tbe enlightened Weet to tb barbaric Eaet Bot eopecially do 1 truot tbat by the openill~ and CoeteriDg and tbe protecting at aU bnzarde of tbe Ietbmian l1igbwaye WblCb tIle finger oC God within oor own bemiaphere bu irrevOably marked oot Cor uor tread we ebaU etill more redoce the di_nce tbat eenn os Crom the Catbays and Taproshybnae tbe Ormoe and Ind oC wbicb the inetiilcte oC tbe middle agee had dreamed and wbich our own hardy and indeCatigable exploren hayc eettled into realitiee

Still 1 do not He how we may internue in tbe CJueetion oC SueE eave in the honeet tribote oC oor wiobee and tbe investment oC mdividual meana

Bot bowenr we may ehelter the matter under tIle bints oC a Jllonroe doctrine tIle naked and obAtinate Cact ie tbat we do not want and we cannot nUow tb middotEuropean natione to come to tbis contineot to cot tbroogh or regulate or 1roshytect our isthmuses The traneection oC the Isthmll8 oC Suez hu been tbe eooJect

oC long and etonny Cabinet cooncilo oC an tbe Goycrnmenta oC Enrope For ite execotion tbeir onanimoUl coneent bad to be oJgttained OUIll on wbicb oC

tbem we may aettle are eobject to no euch oondition The eame Providence wbicb in ita uneearchable decreee brougbt tbe American rllce to tbie continent tbe same Providencc which raiead them Crom dependence into eelC-eustaining ability tbe eame Providence wbicb bad confirmad their political power when tJ~ original oolonista oC thia continent were oompolsorily resigning tbeire tbat eame 1rclidence points oot to oe bow e are to ebape onr eyetem oC dovelshyopmenL ampIW exhaust ~or deetiny oC greatnesa It points to tbe obvioue waya oC trall8it in 010 onward patb wbich nature and neeeeeiacutety whicb tbe law oC proshygrese tbe demande oC commerce nnd the reqoiremente oC civilization liave Corelaid Cor 08 upon tbe continuatione oC oor own eoiL It controle tbe convicshytione oC eYery mind and etin up the echol8 oC eYCry heart and eacb ecbo anshyewere in theacute worde oC the Lomoard leader GOO bas marked it oot Cor me woe be to bim who toocheo Gode giCt to mel

To acbieve oor destiny tbe waten oC the GolC oC Mexico must be mare nOIshytrum To tbie the tradltione oC tbe Repoblie-trnditiono that are tbe living testimdny oC tbe pas tbat can no longer speak otbenvise Cor itselC-and the neceesitiee oC proj1rell8 now conepire The commeree oC the world e brellking tbrough old barrien and feeking new channel Up to tbe beginning oC tbe periOO within wbicb we derived our colonial exiotence and Crom whicb we atrngglillgly let not ignobly rOBe into tbe dignity oC eople whooe voice ie not unbe~(Jed ln tbe cOl1ncdo oC llatoll Asa had been the grcat selt oC trade bot its~Ilnnctioc5 l)ound to the delro oC l tedioo and ullafe S~R Dnvigatioll

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apd land ellrriagecom1gtidJIe~~~PY r~rj~tlordfltlt)iexcle~1Jthe~~~f Europ Jlod UuiWatere of tbeM4diterraneaD~)itM-=- __ middot i I 13ut tJ1fI~ew Wllrld tJll more llbUacutell8 middot~e~~tbe_tmiddot lar iexcli~ ijiexcleunxshyplored traeltwaye llf th~ 8l1~ Fro1Oacute t~e yf(lI~) pll~llf EllJPpe ~~t new Vorld dillCllvered aod frlliD theperiltldiexclq( $bJII~~Ifi~ hu rea~ipJ1

(the~8lItini of b~th Mia n~~ropemiddot~lIltI)ediexcllpf Flifpiei~tll thoee llf VeIOllCe at the time llC the ~Tery ofA~neatJieK~tenaoeeq8eatclgetberyith Iacutehe laod ro~whi$jlliDed itlltJle AJ~liexcliauacute aIIdPereiacuteot Gulf haa coo- etitvted the middotoamlW paee~li~cb uuml~ted ~4f ~~teftatillnaltradui tthjllVllrldllf l~eampixteeoth ceoturiexclfbull WitIuacuten thtepncll~rnizaiacuteon hadfor thopeaude llf real8 beroretakenlte roo~anJdndwithio~e measure oC theirr8llQurc~ bull had thenmiddotahdthere WlOught wllnderamiddotwbiobth ~illCovery of thiecoutinenttbe pellpling llC ite wuteetbeplanting llf itecllIllRI~peoiallvmiddotthe COllluillf tbelloacutellandi8b Frecb apdEogliehtoe~r~nll~re-p~duoing in brllampder l fllftl1 in Cartbeqmiddotqhea and far b)lIacuteghter pr9~is~middot~~t~peeiallybadAia eJiexclercised al1 iWUepIle lln thed~nyll f ~Qe w4icb ~h the disollvery lC llur jl()Dtinent~~~ away Jever ~be retljeve4gt JIiexclee$ger band oC YllUllg AmericiLiev6U ato tbo present dayreaching tllmiddot pluck the jeweled~llarfJQm tbeJ1IiJ~ther wbllmthe earliesUra9itiane gr~~8Itbe dllwIger llftliuarth lt ~nd Mjl~t ~~herYiexclllutbful1lJ1lldi~emhlcb wltll the primogenitur oC l~iexcl)li oncmiddotproelaimed Asia th~tre81 llC fohe Cllmmerce oC tbe wllrld Y4middotlIacuterdi~ ~e~cepti0l ofI1D4iexcl~galfampniied intll rexi6tence bymiddottIt Cltolmiddot flliexcl1iltifi-Vbullo~ ~fgland1d jtP1ay he Chiua and Japanmiddotlately start1ed ~Jiexcliexcl$qA~iexcl~fiacutemiddot9J th~ lDtrueioDlof ~~ (llnrm~tpcgtwerfn1 naticm~ llC the weet N~aiaieiexclbl1rieclH~devllStJeLhargy au~ife particlpation lloce 11) aotive in th l bull operati9J1J qftlt1M1eacutehu almlllt entir~ C88l4ld Eveo hu the lOacuteutheutern exshy~r~tyJ(iexcl~peCQlle witbin the i~I(luepcellfthfittllrPlrl On the veryconshy ntildeDeIacuteIiexclWt~th~ Imown divlsillDa df~e WClrldwhicb werellncbulltIle JllIt aetiveth~tel8 oC thriftytrade th~Tery lClnlnee were tbe bigbClt delelllpeshymiddot ment of comine~ had been witn Bnd where it seeUlod destipedtll gll 00 iexcl in nnmeuur~extent igD()raoce llCn~88Smiddot andpcgtverty bave beens)l~tituQld

ll)M1c~wgy llnd wealth whieh~Jmarked~e1lmiddotrortbedwelliog place llf poli~tfwerbull With the dilCllvery oC thi oontinent sir Italy not eub)ugated

~ 1i~~e~eacute)iexclriacuteOete1Yinllther in all tbo usefularte llC ~cialand poJitieallife l()St her preimi~nQemiddotand her prosperityin tb ~Illlreial acale when with

middotthe discllvery llCAmerica tb priocipal lI)urc4ls lgtCthat prosperity were middotBudmiddot denly clC1S8d The very geoius llC her slln was Catalmiddot to hel whilet tbemiddotdiscove- bull bull rie~Q~ bis daring spirit brllught her dowu Crom the height llC that ellmmrcial piexcl-eemIDenc t bull

Witb tilo mutery llC cllmmeree (whicbsbe bad held io her handsJor neJJy bull BU centulics) her llther elemente llC greatness dieappeared ye~ tbey merely dieappered in achange llC middotplacemiddot Other fields fllr lte rcsllllrces were llpeniog att1iellCrytilJle wIJich marked bermiddotdecay na the eontroller llC Ole trade llC th

world and beralded llUl advent intll the fomily ll[ natillos togetber withthe bistllry ~C llur pr()Sperity aod commerce Otl1er tbatere Cllr its actillnhad been prepared in tbe Cuture clllllnies and States of tbe American cllntinent rhe eeeptre llf modern eqmmeree waa resigoed by the middotre1uetaut bandllfItalymiddot out

reslgncdtobe greedily Bnakhed at byPprtugal iexcllll1aod aDd Spain hiexcl whicb it wasalternatelymiddotswayed until intriuBie CaUl8Bll( deClidency RlIda fatal Cllmmiddot bioatiooacute llC circumetanceeput it iu the hands llf England Crllm whieb with middottbdcelnration llrmiddotour independen~cwebnve lVrested it Cllr a perpetualheirshyloom intbe great Comily llf AmerkanStatee

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I 12 lmiddot bull

fiexcl Bcr restleaa and embroiliDg diplomaey too ia fll8t arraying the World againntilde her During tbe lnat twenty yean ahe eeema to han even loet sight of the

I~ end of diplo~y whieh iamiddotto keep np the relationa of peace and wara off the r chancea of war Espeeially is it ite duty to emooth asperities at least DOt fiexcl() bull

I JlreMnpon tbem Reeoneiling intereala witb honor and in fairneee ite objeot shonld conetantly be to avoidwitbin human power aoytbing that may drive Goverumeate to reeort to tbe tdti ltio-the ever dangerona logie of war-middot arar Tbe mindol every agent8houldbe thoronghlyimbued witb tbeidea tbnt a reeortto fOreemiddotia the penalty ol national wrong and tbat iL beeom81 lawful oDly wben all peacerul etorte to vindicate tbe right and to seeue redr_ haO profed abortive

Bnt ia tbis theory realized in Britiah diplomaeyl How octen do we find her agente not qnenching the Bames bnt applying the incendiary torch I How orany queetloDlhae ariscn which the finger or British diplomacy has tonched for no otber purpoee it wonldseem but tbat or bristliacuteng it with diftieultiesl There are eseeptions it is true and the United States cheerrully teetifies to one iIrthe peraon or tbe British Minister atWashington He connecte tbe preaent with the earlier past or Britlshdiplomaey when ite eharaeter and spint were widely different and itos-annals bore tbe record ol high and brilliant nam But iL is none the less trne tbatEo1IAlId for a quarter of a eentnry has set np and pnnned a system or armed diplomaey N01 ia it lesa true tbat ehe ia aro raying the world againather Wtare her naturnlally and why should she resist OOJ oeenpation of Cuba at the hazard of warl Tbe answer ean only be found in her cordial alliauee with Franee and her subs~vienceto the latter Power And have we not causes of war witb Spain suflieieut to justify us in the judgshyment of hiatory I Have not our rigbte becn invaded our honor touehed lUId oorilaglnSlllted whiacuteleall redress hasbeen deniedl Our eommereial re1atioDS witbmiddottMmiddotiamp1and 8le vitalalldeomplieacuteatediexcl andyet the systemof iteadminiatra- tinD is 80 adjnsted as to embaMll88 mmiddot at every point Nor while the presentoi sylitem oC administration eontibu is it poeeible to avoid diflieultiea In oonmiddot

l aequence of our intimate relatious witb the isIand and the speeial powera 8ler- eised by the Captain General it wonld seem tbatiD general matten or bnainese j ADd in particular cases ol emergeney approaeh to him ehould be conceded too

I wr eonaularrepresentative atHavanamp And yt suchmiddot ia not his prerogative One oc the long standing subjecte 0( the iost eomplainta of our Government

l is the obstinate rernaal to allow our eonsul dileot aceces in oflieial intereouree iexcl to the supreme autbority or the eolony

Ir this be ever done It is done t Qfltia aud not in dererenee te a right seshyCUTed to him by thecomity or nations and onr treaty compacta 1 have said that the positlon or the Captain General over the island is tbatmiddot of a supreme- _ 1 ruler over anyotber Government By a system or inrerenee if not orp~ra1lel he seems to thlnk that na the representamptiacuteve or one Governmenl aceledlted to another does not direetly address the ehief or tbe State but approaehes him tbrongh tbe ehannel or his minister 80 tbe eonsUlar ageut or the United Statea 1 ha no rilht immediately to eommuuieate with him but that he mnat do so v1oarioos)y throogh tbe medinm or his eolonJalsccretalY And ret there Mema to be a distiacutenetion made in behaIr or the British eOn3ul who unlC$S 1 greatly err enjoys the speeial privilege or a direet offieial intercoune with bis vice rovaltv

Butnot nnly in the form and right or eoinmuuieation is this distinetion made betweeo our and othel eonsular agente It is likewisemiddot and offensively estendshyed to the Tery title whieh our Government sees fit to invest ite eonsular represhysentative ato Havaua In order te nnderstand tbe injustiee or a eonrse 80 stril ingly deroglttory both to the eommercial importanee and dignity or the United States we must refer bllek te the growth or roreiga eommeree with tbe ialand or Cuacuteba It iebarely thirty-f~ur rears aiacutenee a publie aet or Ferdinand Vll opened that eommeree to the world in spite or the obstacles and intrigues of tire commercial boaros or the Peninsula Previous to that perioa the porte and tbe territory or the iexclsland had been walled up against the eornmereial conshytaet or nations under the unreluing rigon of a monopoly soleronly u it wu ehamernlly sanetioned by the eongress pr Utreeht But with the prevalenee o( tbe more liberal spirit and sounder iews or sueh funetionaries as Arango ampDd Ramirez England and Franee and tbe Netherlands in 1824 and snbse-

I I 131 i quently pressed forwara to tblll ne avenne or trade aud by virtne of acomshy1 parative freedomor commeroe aecnred tbeprivilege orMndiDg and maintaiDshyiexcl lDg COfloftUacute genenol middotat Bavanamiddot

~ Tbis priVllege is toacute every otber nation anclparticnlarlythe United Statee formally and persistently deniedmiddot We willsaye Speiacuten allow routotrade in onr porta We wi1l middotin onrmiddot colonial terirtori middot allow middotyon to a~iiJt

guardians or theristeand of tbe property of yonroitiZIC1I8 bnt tilia permHampIacuteon

muBt be voneheefAid withmiddot auob distfuetiona aDd dieeriminitious we Diay be pleasedto impoaeiexcl Your Con~ maymiddotereate tbeoffiCllmiddotofmiddotconaa general for Cuba your Presideat in tbe diseharge of hiaduty may commiasion a consu1

general rOl the bullever-faithfol eity but iexclour agent hall 110t come witbiacutenita walle he aba not reeeive hia exequator Ullderany other title t1Ian that or plaiu conanL Tbe higher titIe and bro6der prerogativee of the bulleonsul general ~ intended not fltr yon but for our royal colllIacutena of Franee England lUId the Netherlaoda Sic tIOlo riC jllb4o lUJl pro tiotw olUfUacuteGamp

Sneb sir woo1d seem to he the import of tbe eonduct of Spain translated into ords Tbis impli~d iDlUlt to ourmiddot inlportanc~ ampDd dignity ia- inllieted in the faee or the ract that Ve stand higher than eitber England 01 Franca and indeed higher than Siexclgtain herseIr in onr contributioos to tbe proeperity or tbe islancL Tbe eommereial traoaaetioDS ofGreat Britain in 1868 earried on by three hnndred and sisty-eigbt v-le amonnted to 814000000 thOl8 or Franee iaone hundredandtwentymiddotsis veaele contrived to halt np to 85000000 those ortheUnited States represented by tvo thonaand t1Iree hondred and eeven vesseb 8welled it to $19000000 Yet Spain allows tothe formeJ a consul genernl whie1l may be an empty honor butone rorvhicb empty honor tbough it be We onght to oavil with har middoton tbe nintb part of a hampir u a lDatter or right She alloWs it to tbem whi1e to UlI it ia deniecl She allowsit to theNetberlADds eTen whiacutele to DI it ia denied Sho a1lowa itto the lethershylanda the whole valne or whose amplIDnal commeree with the ialand falla far below

tbe actual COlt or roany a one of the tUteen hundred sugar plantationa which our enterprise and aetivity Lbrough our conaumption make contributive to her treesury She allos it to t1Ie Netber1ands with her importe or 688816 and herex~rts of 8246661 making up tbe pitifulmiddottota1of $885586 represented by tweDty-(onr vessels with an utraVagant oalculation or twenty-seven tboDland twlt) hooored tons whiLst ehe eontemptuously rerusea middotitmiddot to tbe United States witb their$7oooOOO or importa and 812OOOOOOor exporte wafted to and fro by two thousandthreemiddothundredand seven vesselamiddot ith their two lIundred aud ntildefty-fonr tbouaaod aod eighteen tona of merehantshipping

And how is thia insu1ting discrimination madel la it merely nnder a witbmiddot holding of the eomity oiacute nations I la it _del tbe exerciae oC tbe municipal power which erery Government poasesses or giving a eonauampr exequaLnr for JU5t such consolar privilegee asmiddotit sball chooeemiddotto deaiguateJ Under noneTof theaesir is this fnsult oftered to a poople whOl8 rank in tbe hierarehy of riampshytioos it is now too late to qOCltion But it is offered iD direot and systemati4 violation or treatyeompacla The niDeteentb arlicle or the treaty ol San LoshyrtlllZO of tbe 21th of Oetober 1195 amply and cbnclnaively provides for tbe ease That artiele stipulates tbat onr eDRsoIs shall be pnt on the middotme rooung with those ur tbe most ravored Governmepta But providentially rOl the eatlse of internationAI oblilJationa Spaacutein had parted under the la of contiageney witb hermunieipalmiddotnghts longberore tlIe prhilege was aetuallyextendedto England France and tbe iacuteetberlanda They never eeenred tbe indiIidoal premiddotrogath~ oc a eonsul general nntil tbe opening of the colonial eommorce in 1824 whilst we sixty rean previouslv in 1196 had atipulated for a frnnehiae whieh 1s noV obstinately deDled not oo1y to the requirements of our commereial bnt denied also to t1Ie honor of onr pnblic eharaeter Trifling u this question or tbe mere rank or a consnl maymiddotbe illthe abstraet it points to an inherent relashytion with the prioe and importance or ourmiddot people Iodividnals may hold off rom the vindieation or individual charaetlr and individual righte and they may not snffer from tbe forbearanee but no people espeeially tbt whieh is eaIled the Americau people dare overlook attempta at insol 01 indiguity Ilnd hope that ite inilnenee and ita honor can escape unaeathed

And if for these indignities and wronga we snbmitted 001 disputeswith Spain to the arbitrallelt or the sword and tore Cuba from her grasp what

r-shyiexclf

iacute

I I

i t

I j iacute r

shy

14

nauumlon ooald rebu1le lIS or charge ue witb territorial epolintion I Could Engmiddot

Iand do it I Are tbe annale oC the world deCacad I Has the etory oC the deeoshylation ud woea which han CoUowed in ber remorllel_ traed p-d away Crom tbe memory oC mol -Han the recorde oC her own higb coorte oC imshyllUChment doing at times compol8Ory homage to juetico been destroyad I lIan tbe abrieb oC millione oC victims ceased to appeal againet the eoormities oC thia habitual violator oC aU aanctities lmiddot Hae tl1e bloOO oC thoee millione oiacute victilM ebad in the proeecotion oiacute her Ineatiate and etin ineatiable ambition been to her a ngenerating baptiem tbat hae 80 wubad away her poliacutetical lepshyroay that to Wl--to ue who have more tban once Coregone the integrity oC our righte tlat we might indo1ge tbe boaet oC generoeity-that to us ehe ehould f1ing tbe night-abade imputatione oC unjnetifiable acta oCepoliation and gross and ~t erime I We are tbe eobvertera oC righte we tIle oppresson oC the eartb ana England is the witness and judge oC our guilt I She never robbed pillaged and murdered in every ltJuarter oC the globe She never carried deBOshyIation on botb eidee oC the Atlantiacutec and Pacific watera Sbe never bornt OBrshytIlagena eackad Sto Jego and pillaged Sto Domingo in time oC peace Her Beampshyrobben and land-pirates onder eecret commiseione never ecattered terror along tIle coaete They never in tbeir personality oC Cree-bocters created a epecific zace oC maraudere which tbe ignorant Spaniarde connrted into F7iboutr_ a nam_her own name-whicb ehe now eo generooely conCen upon those oC na whose greatest wrong is to have CoUowed her eoggestin exemple The waten oC VeptCord never witneeead the congeeo and bowings oC the Hawkinsea and Drakeaiexcl tooching with tbeir red hands-red with the blood oC despoilad tbouaande-tbe dainty fingen oC the vingin Qoeen or laying at her Ceet tIle crimeon trophies oC areon murder and theft Oh no Americane alone are fillibuateroe AmericaDll alone are tramplen oC the rights oC natione alone agente oheoliation and perpetraton oC cnme Henene abon I England moutbshying prinClples oC juetice between natiou and nntion llCropulouely observadl and her ilfticiale again inaugl1rated in the Bay Islande encroachmnt England imputing to ue constructive epoliacuteatiollS and her armamenta crowding every sea in eeareh oC epil and conqu~tI Is abe obliacutevioue or mad or both I Or in charging os Wltb the guilt oC epoliation and f1agrant crime does ehe hellelf claim an eaeement Cor her virtue in the example oC the harlot oC Holy Writ who eatetb wipeth her month and 6llith 1 have done no harml IC England woald reboke ue ehe muet bum up the hiotory oC the last three hl1ndred yeare etifte tbe cries oC tIle pillaged Eaot and unloooe the cincture with which ehe has bound the empire oC the earth Then when her robeo are cleaneed Crom blood her recorde uneullied by uourpation and her Came aseoilzied Crom etain ehe may rebllke us for guilty ambition and territorial wrong I

But it is not Cor tbe mere purpoee oC expanllIacuteon that oor hand moet be laid upon Cuba it ie a etepping-8tone in the pathway oC oor progreseiexcl and it muet be oura or we muet etomhle agilinst it The commeree oC the world is bunt ing old barrien and hontlng new ootlete Great Britain is binding the world in a cinctore oC Iittle Gibraltan as citadels oC her poVer and eaCegoard8 oC her oommerce Her hand is lilid upon the rock oC Perim i and she will raise it into a miacutenatore Gibraltar to commnnd the posaible outlet oC the Mediterranean throogh the Red sea as ehe now holdo the hoge Gibraltar to master the inlet to tbe Cormer waten She isavene to the eommingling oC the bloe waten oC tIle Mediterranean with the red waten oC the Erythrean eea throogh the canal oC Soez bot her aveniollS do not extend to the commingling oC the billowe oC the Atlanic witll tboee oC the Pacific through a like cannl joining San Joan del Norte witb San Joan del Sur By eoch an appliance ehe weU knowe oor eommercial intereste our Pacific poss_ione and oor Cotore eulargementa are all to be alfected lnetinct with thie generous idea he immediately mOOifiee her eyetem oC geodetic forveya Her geographical crupleo are incontinently r~oved and her hydraulic theoriell u rapidly changed On tIle bnre oo~g~sshytion oC a hnngry French adnntorcr-whose name emacn eloqoently oC ho Illshy

tincte one MollSIacuteeor BeUy-Lord Mnlmebury finde no diflicolty in the eonstrueshytion oC a Nicaragoan canal though England etrongly objecta to the canal oC Soez Bnt ae eoch an appliance i decidedly to affect oor Pacilic p08llessiobo oor general eommerce and conseqoently OUI eulargiug prosperitiee hilordship eqoally Cound that tIle protectorate o[the caual by lrance Englnnd aud Sar

bull ____ --_ _ ------- __i- _ ~ --- f~middot----shy

15

dinla ~lgbt not ungraeeCully oomeacute -liuder tIle etipulatioDe oC the Cl~yton-B1ilshywer treatI-an inetrument wbich under tbe eincereat reapect to tbe memory oC tlie dead 1belien to be tbe beet epriDge to cateh woodcocb enr contrivea by YUlpiDe cnnning on tbe one aud blioked by onnreening confidence un the

other ude oC au internationalnegotiation But sir 1 trut tbat botb tb_ eplendid enterpri- oC eeieuceana energy

wm be aceompliehed in our age 1 trust tbat thie nineteentb century whiacutech hu inecribed tbe annals oC Time witb a record oC gigantici figbts among tbe natlone oC tbe earth will witn_ tbe triomph oC tbe work oC eivilization iD the darker placee oC tbe westem aacutend oC tbe eutem hemiapberes Tbe geniUII oC man daily weaponed by new dillConriee ia in our daya a Tery conqoeror oomshymanding creative meane attracting continente and uniting eeae Tbe MacadoshyDIacutean whose arme cbanged the channele oC the commerce oC the world once eutertBined tIle idea oC re8toring wbat enn in DlII daya had been the canal oC PelUBillD1 whicb bad linked tbe Red eea to tbe Nilo and tben oC eetablishing a communication ~itb hia city oC AlellBndria wbicb be had reared at once into a Hat oC learning and an emporinm oC commerce middotDeatb bnlked him in bis

giaInt Purpoeesd1 b b Cb - hi h -d bull 1n oor ay truet t at t e eplnt o umanlty w c 18 an un Yng epln will dare in epite oC an obstacles tbrongb tbe tnple power oC ecience wealtll1and oommon eenee Creely expreased to restore Egypt to the eivilizing arts o liCe wbieb ehe once diopeneed There are boly eiUladee to be carried on in peaco in bebalC oC homan civilization and they most ban everiexcl Cacility and enriexcl way Cor their workinge onr tbe world 1 trust tbere(ore that tIlat epirit in nry defiance oC Englande obstaclee will open tbe Istbmos oCSues to nnigation and eborten bI one-balC tbe way oC tbe enlightened Weet to tb barbaric Eaet Bot eopecially do 1 truot tbat by the openill~ and CoeteriDg and tbe protecting at aU bnzarde of tbe Ietbmian l1igbwaye WblCb tIle finger oC God within oor own bemiaphere bu irrevOably marked oot Cor uor tread we ebaU etill more redoce the di_nce tbat eenn os Crom the Catbays and Taproshybnae tbe Ormoe and Ind oC wbicb the inetiilcte oC tbe middle agee had dreamed and wbich our own hardy and indeCatigable exploren hayc eettled into realitiee

Still 1 do not He how we may internue in tbe CJueetion oC SueE eave in the honeet tribote oC oor wiobee and tbe investment oC mdividual meana

Bot bowenr we may ehelter the matter under tIle bints oC a Jllonroe doctrine tIle naked and obAtinate Cact ie tbat we do not want and we cannot nUow tb middotEuropean natione to come to tbis contineot to cot tbroogh or regulate or 1roshytect our isthmuses The traneection oC the Isthmll8 oC Suez hu been tbe eooJect

oC long and etonny Cabinet cooncilo oC an tbe Goycrnmenta oC Enrope For ite execotion tbeir onanimoUl coneent bad to be oJgttained OUIll on wbicb oC

tbem we may aettle are eobject to no euch oondition The eame Providence wbicb in ita uneearchable decreee brougbt tbe American rllce to tbie continent tbe same Providencc which raiead them Crom dependence into eelC-eustaining ability tbe eame Providence wbicb bad confirmad their political power when tJ~ original oolonista oC thia continent were oompolsorily resigning tbeire tbat eame 1rclidence points oot to oe bow e are to ebape onr eyetem oC dovelshyopmenL ampIW exhaust ~or deetiny oC greatnesa It points to tbe obvioue waya oC trall8it in 010 onward patb wbich nature and neeeeeiacutety whicb tbe law oC proshygrese tbe demande oC commerce nnd the reqoiremente oC civilization liave Corelaid Cor 08 upon tbe continuatione oC oor own eoiL It controle tbe convicshytione oC eYery mind and etin up the echol8 oC eYCry heart and eacb ecbo anshyewere in theacute worde oC the Lomoard leader GOO bas marked it oot Cor me woe be to bim who toocheo Gode giCt to mel

To acbieve oor destiny tbe waten oC the GolC oC Mexico must be mare nOIshytrum To tbie the tradltione oC tbe Repoblie-trnditiono that are tbe living testimdny oC tbe pas tbat can no longer speak otbenvise Cor itselC-and the neceesitiee oC proj1rell8 now conepire The commeree oC the world e brellking tbrough old barrien and feeking new channel Up to tbe beginning oC tbe periOO within wbicb we derived our colonial exiotence and Crom whicb we atrngglillgly let not ignobly rOBe into tbe dignity oC eople whooe voice ie not unbe~(Jed ln tbe cOl1ncdo oC llatoll Asa had been the grcat selt oC trade bot its~Ilnnctioc5 l)ound to the delro oC l tedioo and ullafe S~R Dnvigatioll

-j iexcll~iexcl$~

ltl16

apd land ellrriagecom1gtidJIe~~~PY r~rj~tlordfltlt)iexcle~1Jthe~~~f Europ Jlod UuiWatere of tbeM4diterraneaD~)itM-=- __ middot i I 13ut tJ1fI~ew Wllrld tJll more llbUacutell8 middot~e~~tbe_tmiddot lar iexcli~ ijiexcleunxshyplored traeltwaye llf th~ 8l1~ Fro1Oacute t~e yf(lI~) pll~llf EllJPpe ~~t new Vorld dillCllvered aod frlliD theperiltldiexclq( $bJII~~Ifi~ hu rea~ipJ1

(the~8lItini of b~th Mia n~~ropemiddot~lIltI)ediexcllpf Flifpiei~tll thoee llf VeIOllCe at the time llC the ~Tery ofA~neatJieK~tenaoeeq8eatclgetberyith Iacutehe laod ro~whi$jlliDed itlltJle AJ~liexcliauacute aIIdPereiacuteot Gulf haa coo- etitvted the middotoamlW paee~li~cb uuml~ted ~4f ~~teftatillnaltradui tthjllVllrldllf l~eampixteeoth ceoturiexclfbull WitIuacuten thtepncll~rnizaiacuteon hadfor thopeaude llf real8 beroretakenlte roo~anJdndwithio~e measure oC theirr8llQurc~ bull had thenmiddotahdthere WlOught wllnderamiddotwbiobth ~illCovery of thiecoutinenttbe pellpling llC ite wuteetbeplanting llf itecllIllRI~peoiallvmiddotthe COllluillf tbelloacutellandi8b Frecb apdEogliehtoe~r~nll~re-p~duoing in brllampder l fllftl1 in Cartbeqmiddotqhea and far b)lIacuteghter pr9~is~middot~~t~peeiallybadAia eJiexclercised al1 iWUepIle lln thed~nyll f ~Qe w4icb ~h the disollvery lC llur jl()Dtinent~~~ away Jever ~be retljeve4gt JIiexclee$ger band oC YllUllg AmericiLiev6U ato tbo present dayreaching tllmiddot pluck the jeweled~llarfJQm tbeJ1IiJ~ther wbllmthe earliesUra9itiane gr~~8Itbe dllwIger llftliuarth lt ~nd Mjl~t ~~herYiexclllutbful1lJ1lldi~emhlcb wltll the primogenitur oC l~iexcl)li oncmiddotproelaimed Asia th~tre81 llC fohe Cllmmerce oC tbe wllrld Y4middotlIacuterdi~ ~e~cepti0l ofI1D4iexcl~galfampniied intll rexi6tence bymiddottIt Cltolmiddot flliexcl1iltifi-Vbullo~ ~fgland1d jtP1ay he Chiua and Japanmiddotlately start1ed ~Jiexcliexcl$qA~iexcl~fiacutemiddot9J th~ lDtrueioDlof ~~ (llnrm~tpcgtwerfn1 naticm~ llC the weet N~aiaieiexclbl1rieclH~devllStJeLhargy au~ife particlpation lloce 11) aotive in th l bull operati9J1J qftlt1M1eacutehu almlllt entir~ C88l4ld Eveo hu the lOacuteutheutern exshy~r~tyJ(iexcl~peCQlle witbin the i~I(luepcellfthfittllrPlrl On the veryconshy ntildeDeIacuteIiexclWt~th~ Imown divlsillDa df~e WClrldwhicb werellncbulltIle JllIt aetiveth~tel8 oC thriftytrade th~Tery lClnlnee were tbe bigbClt delelllpeshymiddot ment of comine~ had been witn Bnd where it seeUlod destipedtll gll 00 iexcl in nnmeuur~extent igD()raoce llCn~88Smiddot andpcgtverty bave beens)l~tituQld

ll)M1c~wgy llnd wealth whieh~Jmarked~e1lmiddotrortbedwelliog place llf poli~tfwerbull With the dilCllvery oC thi oontinent sir Italy not eub)ugated

~ 1i~~e~eacute)iexclriacuteOete1Yinllther in all tbo usefularte llC ~cialand poJitieallife l()St her preimi~nQemiddotand her prosperityin tb ~Illlreial acale when with

middotthe discllvery llCAmerica tb priocipal lI)urc4ls lgtCthat prosperity were middotBudmiddot denly clC1S8d The very geoius llC her slln was Catalmiddot to hel whilet tbemiddotdiscove- bull bull rie~Q~ bis daring spirit brllught her dowu Crom the height llC that ellmmrcial piexcl-eemIDenc t bull

Witb tilo mutery llC cllmmeree (whicbsbe bad held io her handsJor neJJy bull BU centulics) her llther elemente llC greatness dieappeared ye~ tbey merely dieappered in achange llC middotplacemiddot Other fields fllr lte rcsllllrces were llpeniog att1iellCrytilJle wIJich marked bermiddotdecay na the eontroller llC Ole trade llC th

world and beralded llUl advent intll the fomily ll[ natillos togetber withthe bistllry ~C llur pr()Sperity aod commerce Otl1er tbatere Cllr its actillnhad been prepared in tbe Cuture clllllnies and States of tbe American cllntinent rhe eeeptre llf modern eqmmeree waa resigoed by the middotre1uetaut bandllfItalymiddot out

reslgncdtobe greedily Bnakhed at byPprtugal iexcllll1aod aDd Spain hiexcl whicb it wasalternatelymiddotswayed until intriuBie CaUl8Bll( deClidency RlIda fatal Cllmmiddot bioatiooacute llC circumetanceeput it iu the hands llf England Crllm whieb with middottbdcelnration llrmiddotour independen~cwebnve lVrested it Cllr a perpetualheirshyloom intbe great Comily llf AmerkanStatee

r-shyiexclf

iacute

I I

i t

I j iacute r

shy

14

nauumlon ooald rebu1le lIS or charge ue witb territorial epolintion I Could Engmiddot

Iand do it I Are tbe annale oC the world deCacad I Has the etory oC the deeoshylation ud woea which han CoUowed in ber remorllel_ traed p-d away Crom tbe memory oC mol -Han the recorde oC her own higb coorte oC imshyllUChment doing at times compol8Ory homage to juetico been destroyad I lIan tbe abrieb oC millione oC victims ceased to appeal againet the eoormities oC thia habitual violator oC aU aanctities lmiddot Hae tl1e bloOO oC thoee millione oiacute victilM ebad in the proeecotion oiacute her Ineatiate and etin ineatiable ambition been to her a ngenerating baptiem tbat hae 80 wubad away her poliacutetical lepshyroay that to Wl--to ue who have more tban once Coregone the integrity oC our righte tlat we might indo1ge tbe boaet oC generoeity-that to us ehe ehould f1ing tbe night-abade imputatione oC unjnetifiable acta oCepoliation and gross and ~t erime I We are tbe eobvertera oC righte we tIle oppresson oC the eartb ana England is the witness and judge oC our guilt I She never robbed pillaged and murdered in every ltJuarter oC the globe She never carried deBOshyIation on botb eidee oC the Atlantiacutec and Pacific watera Sbe never bornt OBrshytIlagena eackad Sto Jego and pillaged Sto Domingo in time oC peace Her Beampshyrobben and land-pirates onder eecret commiseione never ecattered terror along tIle coaete They never in tbeir personality oC Cree-bocters created a epecific zace oC maraudere which tbe ignorant Spaniarde connrted into F7iboutr_ a nam_her own name-whicb ehe now eo generooely conCen upon those oC na whose greatest wrong is to have CoUowed her eoggestin exemple The waten oC VeptCord never witneeead the congeeo and bowings oC the Hawkinsea and Drakeaiexcl tooching with tbeir red hands-red with the blood oC despoilad tbouaande-tbe dainty fingen oC the vingin Qoeen or laying at her Ceet tIle crimeon trophies oC areon murder and theft Oh no Americane alone are fillibuateroe AmericaDll alone are tramplen oC the rights oC natione alone agente oheoliation and perpetraton oC cnme Henene abon I England moutbshying prinClples oC juetice between natiou and nntion llCropulouely observadl and her ilfticiale again inaugl1rated in the Bay Islande encroachmnt England imputing to ue constructive epoliacuteatiollS and her armamenta crowding every sea in eeareh oC epil and conqu~tI Is abe obliacutevioue or mad or both I Or in charging os Wltb the guilt oC epoliation and f1agrant crime does ehe hellelf claim an eaeement Cor her virtue in the example oC the harlot oC Holy Writ who eatetb wipeth her month and 6llith 1 have done no harml IC England woald reboke ue ehe muet bum up the hiotory oC the last three hl1ndred yeare etifte tbe cries oC tIle pillaged Eaot and unloooe the cincture with which ehe has bound the empire oC the earth Then when her robeo are cleaneed Crom blood her recorde uneullied by uourpation and her Came aseoilzied Crom etain ehe may rebllke us for guilty ambition and territorial wrong I

But it is not Cor tbe mere purpoee oC expanllIacuteon that oor hand moet be laid upon Cuba it ie a etepping-8tone in the pathway oC oor progreseiexcl and it muet be oura or we muet etomhle agilinst it The commeree oC the world is bunt ing old barrien and hontlng new ootlete Great Britain is binding the world in a cinctore oC Iittle Gibraltan as citadels oC her poVer and eaCegoard8 oC her oommerce Her hand is lilid upon the rock oC Perim i and she will raise it into a miacutenatore Gibraltar to commnnd the posaible outlet oC the Mediterranean throogh the Red sea as ehe now holdo the hoge Gibraltar to master the inlet to tbe Cormer waten She isavene to the eommingling oC the bloe waten oC tIle Mediterranean with the red waten oC the Erythrean eea throogh the canal oC Soez bot her aveniollS do not extend to the commingling oC the billowe oC the Atlanic witll tboee oC the Pacific through a like cannl joining San Joan del Norte witb San Joan del Sur By eoch an appliance ehe weU knowe oor eommercial intereste our Pacific poss_ione and oor Cotore eulargementa are all to be alfected lnetinct with thie generous idea he immediately mOOifiee her eyetem oC geodetic forveya Her geographical crupleo are incontinently r~oved and her hydraulic theoriell u rapidly changed On tIle bnre oo~g~sshytion oC a hnngry French adnntorcr-whose name emacn eloqoently oC ho Illshy

tincte one MollSIacuteeor BeUy-Lord Mnlmebury finde no diflicolty in the eonstrueshytion oC a Nicaragoan canal though England etrongly objecta to the canal oC Soez Bnt ae eoch an appliance i decidedly to affect oor Pacilic p08llessiobo oor general eommerce and conseqoently OUI eulargiug prosperitiee hilordship eqoally Cound that tIle protectorate o[the caual by lrance Englnnd aud Sar

bull ____ --_ _ ------- __i- _ ~ --- f~middot----shy

15

dinla ~lgbt not ungraeeCully oomeacute -liuder tIle etipulatioDe oC the Cl~yton-B1ilshywer treatI-an inetrument wbich under tbe eincereat reapect to tbe memory oC tlie dead 1belien to be tbe beet epriDge to cateh woodcocb enr contrivea by YUlpiDe cnnning on tbe one aud blioked by onnreening confidence un the

other ude oC au internationalnegotiation But sir 1 trut tbat botb tb_ eplendid enterpri- oC eeieuceana energy

wm be aceompliehed in our age 1 trust tbat thie nineteentb century whiacutech hu inecribed tbe annals oC Time witb a record oC gigantici figbts among tbe natlone oC tbe earth will witn_ tbe triomph oC tbe work oC eivilization iD the darker placee oC tbe westem aacutend oC tbe eutem hemiapberes Tbe geniUII oC man daily weaponed by new dillConriee ia in our daya a Tery conqoeror oomshymanding creative meane attracting continente and uniting eeae Tbe MacadoshyDIacutean whose arme cbanged the channele oC the commerce oC the world once eutertBined tIle idea oC re8toring wbat enn in DlII daya had been the canal oC PelUBillD1 whicb bad linked tbe Red eea to tbe Nilo and tben oC eetablishing a communication ~itb hia city oC AlellBndria wbicb be had reared at once into a Hat oC learning and an emporinm oC commerce middotDeatb bnlked him in bis

giaInt Purpoeesd1 b b Cb - hi h -d bull 1n oor ay truet t at t e eplnt o umanlty w c 18 an un Yng epln will dare in epite oC an obstacles tbrongb tbe tnple power oC ecience wealtll1and oommon eenee Creely expreased to restore Egypt to the eivilizing arts o liCe wbieb ehe once diopeneed There are boly eiUladee to be carried on in peaco in bebalC oC homan civilization and they most ban everiexcl Cacility and enriexcl way Cor their workinge onr tbe world 1 trust tbere(ore that tIlat epirit in nry defiance oC Englande obstaclee will open tbe Istbmos oCSues to nnigation and eborten bI one-balC tbe way oC tbe enlightened Weet to tb barbaric Eaet Bot eopecially do 1 truot tbat by the openill~ and CoeteriDg and tbe protecting at aU bnzarde of tbe Ietbmian l1igbwaye WblCb tIle finger oC God within oor own bemiaphere bu irrevOably marked oot Cor uor tread we ebaU etill more redoce the di_nce tbat eenn os Crom the Catbays and Taproshybnae tbe Ormoe and Ind oC wbicb the inetiilcte oC tbe middle agee had dreamed and wbich our own hardy and indeCatigable exploren hayc eettled into realitiee

Still 1 do not He how we may internue in tbe CJueetion oC SueE eave in the honeet tribote oC oor wiobee and tbe investment oC mdividual meana

Bot bowenr we may ehelter the matter under tIle bints oC a Jllonroe doctrine tIle naked and obAtinate Cact ie tbat we do not want and we cannot nUow tb middotEuropean natione to come to tbis contineot to cot tbroogh or regulate or 1roshytect our isthmuses The traneection oC the Isthmll8 oC Suez hu been tbe eooJect

oC long and etonny Cabinet cooncilo oC an tbe Goycrnmenta oC Enrope For ite execotion tbeir onanimoUl coneent bad to be oJgttained OUIll on wbicb oC

tbem we may aettle are eobject to no euch oondition The eame Providence wbicb in ita uneearchable decreee brougbt tbe American rllce to tbie continent tbe same Providencc which raiead them Crom dependence into eelC-eustaining ability tbe eame Providence wbicb bad confirmad their political power when tJ~ original oolonista oC thia continent were oompolsorily resigning tbeire tbat eame 1rclidence points oot to oe bow e are to ebape onr eyetem oC dovelshyopmenL ampIW exhaust ~or deetiny oC greatnesa It points to tbe obvioue waya oC trall8it in 010 onward patb wbich nature and neeeeeiacutety whicb tbe law oC proshygrese tbe demande oC commerce nnd the reqoiremente oC civilization liave Corelaid Cor 08 upon tbe continuatione oC oor own eoiL It controle tbe convicshytione oC eYery mind and etin up the echol8 oC eYCry heart and eacb ecbo anshyewere in theacute worde oC the Lomoard leader GOO bas marked it oot Cor me woe be to bim who toocheo Gode giCt to mel

To acbieve oor destiny tbe waten oC the GolC oC Mexico must be mare nOIshytrum To tbie the tradltione oC tbe Repoblie-trnditiono that are tbe living testimdny oC tbe pas tbat can no longer speak otbenvise Cor itselC-and the neceesitiee oC proj1rell8 now conepire The commeree oC the world e brellking tbrough old barrien and feeking new channel Up to tbe beginning oC tbe periOO within wbicb we derived our colonial exiotence and Crom whicb we atrngglillgly let not ignobly rOBe into tbe dignity oC eople whooe voice ie not unbe~(Jed ln tbe cOl1ncdo oC llatoll Asa had been the grcat selt oC trade bot its~Ilnnctioc5 l)ound to the delro oC l tedioo and ullafe S~R Dnvigatioll

-j iexcll~iexcl$~

ltl16

apd land ellrriagecom1gtidJIe~~~PY r~rj~tlordfltlt)iexcle~1Jthe~~~f Europ Jlod UuiWatere of tbeM4diterraneaD~)itM-=- __ middot i I 13ut tJ1fI~ew Wllrld tJll more llbUacutell8 middot~e~~tbe_tmiddot lar iexcli~ ijiexcleunxshyplored traeltwaye llf th~ 8l1~ Fro1Oacute t~e yf(lI~) pll~llf EllJPpe ~~t new Vorld dillCllvered aod frlliD theperiltldiexclq( $bJII~~Ifi~ hu rea~ipJ1

(the~8lItini of b~th Mia n~~ropemiddot~lIltI)ediexcllpf Flifpiei~tll thoee llf VeIOllCe at the time llC the ~Tery ofA~neatJieK~tenaoeeq8eatclgetberyith Iacutehe laod ro~whi$jlliDed itlltJle AJ~liexcliauacute aIIdPereiacuteot Gulf haa coo- etitvted the middotoamlW paee~li~cb uuml~ted ~4f ~~teftatillnaltradui tthjllVllrldllf l~eampixteeoth ceoturiexclfbull WitIuacuten thtepncll~rnizaiacuteon hadfor thopeaude llf real8 beroretakenlte roo~anJdndwithio~e measure oC theirr8llQurc~ bull had thenmiddotahdthere WlOught wllnderamiddotwbiobth ~illCovery of thiecoutinenttbe pellpling llC ite wuteetbeplanting llf itecllIllRI~peoiallvmiddotthe COllluillf tbelloacutellandi8b Frecb apdEogliehtoe~r~nll~re-p~duoing in brllampder l fllftl1 in Cartbeqmiddotqhea and far b)lIacuteghter pr9~is~middot~~t~peeiallybadAia eJiexclercised al1 iWUepIle lln thed~nyll f ~Qe w4icb ~h the disollvery lC llur jl()Dtinent~~~ away Jever ~be retljeve4gt JIiexclee$ger band oC YllUllg AmericiLiev6U ato tbo present dayreaching tllmiddot pluck the jeweled~llarfJQm tbeJ1IiJ~ther wbllmthe earliesUra9itiane gr~~8Itbe dllwIger llftliuarth lt ~nd Mjl~t ~~herYiexclllutbful1lJ1lldi~emhlcb wltll the primogenitur oC l~iexcl)li oncmiddotproelaimed Asia th~tre81 llC fohe Cllmmerce oC tbe wllrld Y4middotlIacuterdi~ ~e~cepti0l ofI1D4iexcl~galfampniied intll rexi6tence bymiddottIt Cltolmiddot flliexcl1iltifi-Vbullo~ ~fgland1d jtP1ay he Chiua and Japanmiddotlately start1ed ~Jiexcliexcl$qA~iexcl~fiacutemiddot9J th~ lDtrueioDlof ~~ (llnrm~tpcgtwerfn1 naticm~ llC the weet N~aiaieiexclbl1rieclH~devllStJeLhargy au~ife particlpation lloce 11) aotive in th l bull operati9J1J qftlt1M1eacutehu almlllt entir~ C88l4ld Eveo hu the lOacuteutheutern exshy~r~tyJ(iexcl~peCQlle witbin the i~I(luepcellfthfittllrPlrl On the veryconshy ntildeDeIacuteIiexclWt~th~ Imown divlsillDa df~e WClrldwhicb werellncbulltIle JllIt aetiveth~tel8 oC thriftytrade th~Tery lClnlnee were tbe bigbClt delelllpeshymiddot ment of comine~ had been witn Bnd where it seeUlod destipedtll gll 00 iexcl in nnmeuur~extent igD()raoce llCn~88Smiddot andpcgtverty bave beens)l~tituQld

ll)M1c~wgy llnd wealth whieh~Jmarked~e1lmiddotrortbedwelliog place llf poli~tfwerbull With the dilCllvery oC thi oontinent sir Italy not eub)ugated

~ 1i~~e~eacute)iexclriacuteOete1Yinllther in all tbo usefularte llC ~cialand poJitieallife l()St her preimi~nQemiddotand her prosperityin tb ~Illlreial acale when with

middotthe discllvery llCAmerica tb priocipal lI)urc4ls lgtCthat prosperity were middotBudmiddot denly clC1S8d The very geoius llC her slln was Catalmiddot to hel whilet tbemiddotdiscove- bull bull rie~Q~ bis daring spirit brllught her dowu Crom the height llC that ellmmrcial piexcl-eemIDenc t bull

Witb tilo mutery llC cllmmeree (whicbsbe bad held io her handsJor neJJy bull BU centulics) her llther elemente llC greatness dieappeared ye~ tbey merely dieappered in achange llC middotplacemiddot Other fields fllr lte rcsllllrces were llpeniog att1iellCrytilJle wIJich marked bermiddotdecay na the eontroller llC Ole trade llC th

world and beralded llUl advent intll the fomily ll[ natillos togetber withthe bistllry ~C llur pr()Sperity aod commerce Otl1er tbatere Cllr its actillnhad been prepared in tbe Cuture clllllnies and States of tbe American cllntinent rhe eeeptre llf modern eqmmeree waa resigoed by the middotre1uetaut bandllfItalymiddot out

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ll)M1c~wgy llnd wealth whieh~Jmarked~e1lmiddotrortbedwelliog place llf poli~tfwerbull With the dilCllvery oC thi oontinent sir Italy not eub)ugated

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middotthe discllvery llCAmerica tb priocipal lI)urc4ls lgtCthat prosperity were middotBudmiddot denly clC1S8d The very geoius llC her slln was Catalmiddot to hel whilet tbemiddotdiscove- bull bull rie~Q~ bis daring spirit brllught her dowu Crom the height llC that ellmmrcial piexcl-eemIDenc t bull

Witb tilo mutery llC cllmmeree (whicbsbe bad held io her handsJor neJJy bull BU centulics) her llther elemente llC greatness dieappeared ye~ tbey merely dieappered in achange llC middotplacemiddot Other fields fllr lte rcsllllrces were llpeniog att1iellCrytilJle wIJich marked bermiddotdecay na the eontroller llC Ole trade llC th

world and beralded llUl advent intll the fomily ll[ natillos togetber withthe bistllry ~C llur pr()Sperity aod commerce Otl1er tbatere Cllr its actillnhad been prepared in tbe Cuture clllllnies and States of tbe American cllntinent rhe eeeptre llf modern eqmmeree waa resigoed by the middotre1uetaut bandllfItalymiddot out

reslgncdtobe greedily Bnakhed at byPprtugal iexcllll1aod aDd Spain hiexcl whicb it wasalternatelymiddotswayed until intriuBie CaUl8Bll( deClidency RlIda fatal Cllmmiddot bioatiooacute llC circumetanceeput it iu the hands llf England Crllm whieb with middottbdcelnration llrmiddotour independen~cwebnve lVrested it Cllr a perpetualheirshyloom intbe great Comily llf AmerkanStatee