rhetoric
DESCRIPTION
Notes for Mrs. Harjo Sophomore Persuasive Essay!TRANSCRIPT
1) Notes: Persuasive Paper
2) Go over DCA persuasive essay assignment guidelines and
expectations
3) Prewriting and rough draf
Today: November 10, 2011
Persuasion: The Art of AristotleLogos, Pathos, Ethos
….and MORE!
Rhetoric
Aristotle's Rhetoric is an ancient Greek treatise on the art of persuasion, dating from the fourth century BCE.
The Rhetoric is regarded by most rhetoricians as "the most important single work on persuasion ever written."
LOGOS Definition: Logic An argument based on logos needs to be logical,
and in fact the term logic derives from it. Logos normally implies numbers, polls, and other mathematical or scientific data.
Logos has many advantages: Data is hard to manipulate, so it is harder to argue
against a logos argument. Logos makes the speaker look prepared and
knowledgeable to the audience, enhancing ethos.
Pathos Definition: An appeal to emotion Emotional appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of
ways: By metaphor or story telling, common as a hook, By a general passion in the delivery and an overall amount of
emotional items in the text of the speech, or in writing. In rhetoric, pathos is the use of emotional appeals to alter the
audience's judgment. A common use of pathos in argument is creating a sense of rejection if the audience doesn't agree. Creating a fear of rejection is in essence, creating a pathos argument.
Pathos (continued) Many refer to Pathos as the "band-wagon"
appeal, or trying to convince the audience to join in on the speaker's belief. By making the statement in a way that cannot be argued, the audience feels driven to believe the speaker's opinion as a fact, thus joining the speaker in belief as it being a commonly accepted idea. This is a major theme used in any form of propaganda.
Ethos Definition: Ethics At first speakers must establish ethos. On
the one hand, this can mean merely "moral competence", but Aristotle broadens this word to encompass expertise and knowledge.
“Trust me, I have been there before”
Rhetorical Questions A rhetorical question is a figure of speech
in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than to receive an answer.
They encourage the listener to reflect on what the implied answer to the question must be.
Alternate ViewPoints A.K.A. REBUTTAL, OPPOSING
ARGUMENTS What those who oppose your position would
argue If you are arguing in FAVOR of the death penalty,
what might some counter-arguments be? If you are arguing in FAVOR of open lunch for
sophomores, what might some counter-arguments be?
Counter-argument But…you CAN’T just state the counter-
argument…you must rebut it (tell WHY those who disagree with your position are wrong)
Modern Day “Rhetoric” The MULTI-BILLION dollar industry of
advertisement, still utilizes the philosophies that Aristotle put forth in in the fourth century BCE.
Slogans What is a slogan?
A phrase expressing the aims or nature of an enterprise, organization, or candidate; a motto
Can you name some famous slogans?
Top Slogans of the Past Decade DeBeer’s Diamonds: Frosted Flakes M&M’s Miller Lite Wheaties Energizer Batteries Life Alert Las Vegas #1 (Any guesses????)
Slogans Gone Bad The NOVA AWARDS!
http://www.tallrite.com/LightRelief/AdvertisingSlogans.htm
Definition: the substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener
Euphemisms
Advertising A “pre-owned vehicle” is really just a ____ Persuasion/Propaganda: A “conflict” or an “operation” is really just a
___________.
Used in:
Job Titles: A “maintenance engineer” is a________ A “canine relocation specialist” is a ______ A “domestic assistant” is a ___________. A “vision clearance engineer” is a _________. A “correctional facilities loss prevention
manager is a ______________.
Used in: (continued)
Definition: is language deliberately constructed to disguise or distort its actual meaning with the aim to deceive
Examples: “downsizing” George Bush says that we use “Advanced
interrogation techniques” instead of____ He also said that returning soldiers from the
middle east experience “operational exhaustion”
Doublespeak
Let’s take a look at the assignment: You may NOT use the first or second
person! (No I, me, my, you, your) You HAVE to take a stand (choose ONE
side of the issue and prove it) You HAVE to address the alternate
viewpoints You MUST turn it in on time!