rfid prince dudhatra 9724949948
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30 March 2011 RFID applications - Alumni Meet 1
A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO RFID
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS
USE IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
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In 2003, RFID appeared f rom nowhere, and into the spot light as one of the hottest technologies
around.
Equally surpr ising is that RFID is not new, its
been around f or well over 10 year s, and is
already in use in applications like access
control and transpor t.
Creation of the EPC (Electronic Product Code) coupled with lower tag costs, and the mandated
adoption of RFID by Wal-Mar t and Tesco f or all
their supplier s by 2005-06.
Introduction
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What is RFID?
RFID means Radio Frequency IDentification.
It is a means of identifying a per son or objectusing a radio f requency transmission.
The technology can be used to identify,track, sor t or detect a wide var iety of objects.
Communication takes place between a reader (interrogator) and a transponder (Silicon Chip connected to an antenna) oftencalled a tag.
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What is RFID? ( contd )
Tags can either be active (powered by batter y) or passive (powered by the reader field), and come
in var ious f orms including Smar t cards, Tags,
Labels, watches and even embedded in mobile
phones.
The communication f requencies used depends to
a lar ge extent on the application, and range f rom
125KHz to 2.45 GHz.
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M ost commonly used RFID frequencies
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H ow RFID works?
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H ow RFID works? ( contd )
Tags are attached to objects. Each tag has a
cer tain amount of inter nal memor y in which it
stores inf ormation about the object, such as its
unique ID (ser ial) number , or in some casesmore details including manuf acture date and
product composition.
When these tags pass through a field generated by a reader , they transmit this inf ormation back
to the reader , thereby identifying the object.
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H ow RFID works? ( contd )
When the reader is switched on, it star ts emittinga signal at the selected f requency band (typically860 - 915MHz f or UHF or 13.56MHz f or HF).
Any corresponding tag in the vicinity of the reader will detect the signal and use the ener gyf rom it to wake up and supply operating power to its inter nal circuits.
Once the Tag has decoded the signal as valid, itreplies to the reader , and indicates its presence by modulating (aff ecting) the reader field.
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Anti-collision problem in RFID
If many tags are present, they will all reply at the same time, which at the reader end is seen as a signal collision
and an indication of multiple tags.
Reader manages this problem by using an anti-collision
algor ithm designed to allow tags to be sor ted and
individually selected.
There are many diff erent types of algor ithms (Binar y
Tree, Aloha....) which are defined as par t of the protocol
standards.
The number of tags that can be identified depends on the f requency and protocol used, and can typically range
f rom 50 tags/s f or HF and up to 200 tags/s f or UHF.
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H ow RFID works? ( contd )
Once a tag is selected, the reader is able to per f orm a number of operations such as read the tags identifier number , or in the case of a read/wr ite tag wr ite inf ormation to it.
After finishing dialoging with the tag ,the reader can then either remove it f rom the list, or put it onstandby until a later time.
This process continues under control of the anticollision algor ithm until all tags have beenselected.
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H ig h Frequency T ags
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U ltr a H ig h Frequency T ags
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Active v/s P assive T ags
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R FID Label Printers
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C omparison of Bar codes and R FID
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Benefits of RFID in Supply C hain
Advanced Shipping Notices (ASN)RFID is able to automatically detect when either a pallet or shipment has left the warehouse or Distr ibution Center.
Allow to not only generate an electronic ASN and notify the recipient, but also to bill clients in real time instead of waitinguntil the end of the week or month, and doing a batch operation.
Pr oduct LossOne of the major problems in the supply chain is product loss
or shr inkage, which can account f or anything f rom 2 to 5 % of stock. The causes may var y f rom misplaced order s, employee and customer theft or inefficient stock management.
RFID with its super ior tracking and identification capability willbe able to localize where losses are occurr ing.
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Benefits of RFID in Supply C hain
Returned GoodsFull visibility and automation can be potentially
achieved on retur ned goods thereby reducing f raud.
Anti-counterfeitIllegal duplication and manuf acture of high value
products, is one of the industr ies most well known
problems.
By integrating a tag into items, f or example the body of an expensive ladies handbag, RFID has the potential
to authenticate a product, and combat the sale of f alse
goods on the black mar kets.
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Benefits of RFID in Supply C hain
Supply Chain efficiencyRFID will enable the traceability and reduction in the
number of discrepancies between what a supplier
invoiced, and what a customer actually received.
Improved stock managementManaging stock is the key pr ior ity f or many retailer s.
Implementing RFID at the item level and on shelveswill give an automatic way of knowing and managing
stock levels.
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Benefits of RFID in Supply C hain
Reduction in labour costsAt Distr ibution Centres, labour accounts f or near ly
70% of costs.
RFID could reduce this by near ly 30% by removing
the need f or manual intervention and use of barcodes
when loading cases or stocking pallets.
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