Chapter 30Chapter 30Revolution & Revolution &

Nationalism Nationalism 1900 – 19391900 – 1939

Examining the Issues What situations might provoke some people to What situations might provoke some people to

take violent steps to achieve change?take violent steps to achieve change? What strengths would a person need to remain What strengths would a person need to remain

nonviolent in the face of violent attacks?nonviolent in the face of violent attacks? How might armed and powerful opponents How might armed and powerful opponents

respond to groups committed to nonviolent respond to groups committed to nonviolent action?action?

Which strategy, violence or nonviolence, would Which strategy, violence or nonviolence, would prove more successful and bring more long prove more successful and bring more long lasting consequences? Why?lasting consequences? Why?

Revolution is Coming

Russian Leaders cruel, Russian Leaders cruel, oppressive rule cause oppressive rule cause many decades of many decades of social unrest leading to social unrest leading to the Russian Revolution the Russian Revolution in 1917.in 1917.

In 1881, In 1881, revolutionaries revolutionaries assassinated the Czar, assassinated the Czar, Alexander II.Alexander II.

Alexander III upholds the Autocracy in Russia.

• Alexander III was determined to strengthen “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality.”

• Alexander III was determined to wipe out revolutionaries.

• He followed a policy of Justification (forcing the Russian culture on all peoples in the Russian empire)

Alexander III upholds the Autocracy in Russia.

Anyone opposed to Alex III was sent to Siberia.

Jews especially felt his wrath.

Pogroms – organized violence against Jews was widespread.

Nicholas II Resists Change Nicholas II Resists Change (1894)(1894)

Alexander's son Nicholas II Alexander's son Nicholas II tried to continue the past tried to continue the past while ignoring the future.while ignoring the future.

Nicholas refused to surrender Nicholas refused to surrender any of his power (changing of any of his power (changing of times).times).

Russia launches a program Russia launches a program to build up heavy industries, to build up heavy industries, particularly steel. particularly steel.

By 1900, Russia became the By 1900, Russia became the 44thth ranking producer of steel. ranking producer of steel.

Life under Nicholas II Foreign Finance Minister Sergey Witte boosted

the growth of the steel industry and saw the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

ItIt connected European Russia in the west with connected European Russia in the west with Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean.Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean.

The Revolutionary Movement Grows

Industrialization has benefits, but also has Industrialization has benefits, but also has disadvantages. disadvantages. What are some negative What are some negative results of industrialization?results of industrialization? Grueling working conditionsGrueling working conditions Miserably low wagesMiserably low wages Child LaborChild Labor

The gap between the rich and poor was The gap between the rich and poor was enormous.enormous.

Poor living conditions stirred the revolutionary movement within Russia.

The Revolutionary Movement Grows

These revolutionaries followed the views of Karl Marx (a 19th Century German philosopher)

He is the author of the Communist Manifesto.

The Revolutionary Movement Grows

The Revolutionary Movement Grows

Marx argued that the workers of the world would one day overthrow the ruling class and share equally in society’s wealth.

Therefore, the workers would rule. 1903, the Russian Marxists split into 2

groups, the Mensheviks or “minority” & the Bolsheviks or “majority” party.

Majority VS Minority

Bolsheviks Actually not the

majority party. Ruthlessly pursued

power, using any means necessary in order to succeed.

Violence is just fine

Mensheviks Favored gradual,

peaceful change, without the violence or terror advocated by the Bolsheviks.

Wanted more popular support.

The Revolutionary Movement

The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Lenin.

He was ruthless leader who lived in western Europe during the czarist regime to avoid arrest.

Crisis at Home & Abroad

Russia & Japan were at odds over control of Korea & Manchuria.

Russia broke the agreement over the two territories & Japan attacked the Russians. (Russo-Japanese War)

Humiliating defeat for the Russians and did not help to stomp the revolutionary ideas.

Bloody Sunday- Revolution of 1905

Jan. 22, 1905 – 200,000 workers & their families approached the czar’s palace at St. Petersburg.

They wanted better working conditions, more freedoms, & an elected legislature.

What they got was soldiers firing into the crowd & many unarmed people were killed on what become known as “Bloody Sunday”

Lenin called the incident aLenin called the incident a “dress rehearsal.”

Bloody Sunday Response October 1905 Nicholas

reluctantly saw the creation of the Duma = Russia’s 1st Parliament.

Leaders wanted Russia to become a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain, but the Duma never had any real power

World War I: the final straw

Russia was unprepared to handle the war’s costs.

1 million soldiers died in the 1st year.

Czar Nicholas II takes over the troops himself & proves to be inept.

The March Revolution Workers have had enough of the war & a riot

erupts due to bread & fuel shortage. Czar Nicholas II is forced from the throne &

eventually killed. 3 centuries of Romanov rule was gone. The Duma establishes a provisional gov’t or a

temporary gov’t

The March Revolution Alexander Kerensky & the provincial gov’t decides

to continue fighting the war. Why would this decision cost him the support of the Russian people?

Soviets – local councils of workers, peasants & soldiers began to take control.

The Germans actually help Lenin return to Russia

The Bolshevik Revolution

Lenin’s slogan - Lenin’s slogan - “Peace, land & bread”“Peace, land & bread” was was gaining widespread appeal throughout Russia.gaining widespread appeal throughout Russia.

November 1917, Bolshevik November 1917, Bolshevik Red GuardsRed Guards (armed (armed factory workers) stormed the Winter Palace factory workers) stormed the Winter Palace and took over the provisional government. and took over the provisional government.

CommunismMarxism Soviet

No state State > individual

(totalitarianism)

Dictatorship of the proletariat (workers)

Dictatorship of communist party

No command economy

Workers produce & share what they need

Command economy

State makes all economic decisions

International = world-wide socialist revolution

USSR – dominant political, economic & military power

The Bolsheviks in Power All farmland be All farmland be

distributed among the distributed among the peasants.peasants.

Ended their involvement Ended their involvement in WWI with the in WWI with the Treaty of Treaty of Brest-LitovskBrest-Litovsk, & lost a , & lost a great deal of territory.great deal of territory.

This triggered widespread This triggered widespread anger among many anger among many Russians, and began to Russians, and began to object to Bolshevik object to Bolshevik policies.policies.

Civil War Rages in Russia TheThe Red ArmyRed Army led by led by

revolutionary leaderrevolutionary leader Leon Leon TrotskyTrotsky helped to defeat helped to defeat thethe White Army White Army (opponents to the (opponents to the Bolsheviks).Bolsheviks).

About 15 million About 15 million Russians died in the Russians died in the three-year struggle and three-year struggle and famine followed. famine followed.

Russian economy was Russian economy was left in ruinsleft in ruins

Lenin Restores Order New Economic Policy

(NEP) – put his state-controlled economy to the side and allowed for small version of capitalism.

What is capitalism? Means of production

are owned mostly privately, and any surplus could be traded for goods or profit in a free market

Political Reforms

1922, the country was named the1922, the country was named the Union of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

MoscowMoscow was the capital citywas the capital city Bolsheviks become theBolsheviks become the Communists.Communists. A constitution based on socialist and A constitution based on socialist and

democratic principals was created =democratic principals was created = Lenin and Lenin and the Bolsheviks obtained more power!the Bolsheviks obtained more power!

Lenin died in 1924, before the economy Lenin died in 1924, before the economy completely turned around =completely turned around = power struggle for power struggle for control of Russia!control of Russia!

Part 2 - Part 2 - TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

Stalinist Stalinist Russia Russia

Stalin

Joseph “Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili” Stalin Becomes

Dictator Totalitarianism-

describes a gov’t that takes total, centralized state control of every aspect of life.

-This goes against every aspect of Western Society.

-Chart on page 875

Totalitarianism

Stalin becomes Dictator

Command economyCommand economy – a system which the government made all economic decisions.

Stalin seizes control of the economy and began an Industrial and Agricultural Revolution in which 10 million people were killed.

It becomes known as his 5 -Year Plans.5 -Year Plans.

Five Year Plans

Stalin’s Agricultural Revolution

Collective Farm-Collective Farm- turned privately owned farms into government owned farms.

Kulaks –Kulaks – wealthy wealthy peasants who peasants who resisted Stalin.resisted Stalin.

Weapons of Totalitarianism Secret Police, Murder,Imprisonment

Weapons of Totalitarianism They used terror and violence to crush

opposition. (Secret Police) Great Purge (1934)-it eliminated anyone who

threatened Stalin’s power. Everyone was suspect.

Ex. – Director of Moscow Zoo was arrested because his monkeys got tuberculosis.

Historians believe Stalin killed

8-13 million people.

The Purges

Propaganda

It was instruction in the government sets of beliefs.

Socialist realism was an artistic style that praised Soviet Life and Communist values.

Censorship The gov’t controlled newspapers, motion

pictures, radio, and TV. Religious Persecution Communism overtook Religion (pp779)

Propaganda

Daily Life Under Stalin Women were very successful in careers such Women were very successful in careers such

as engineering, science, and were forced to as engineering, science, and were forced to become mothers and housewives (patriotic become mothers and housewives (patriotic duty).duty).

EducationEducation Kids learned the virtues of the Communist Kids learned the virtues of the Communist

Party. Secret Police kept watchful eye on Party. Secret Police kept watchful eye on both teachers and students.both teachers and students.