review of paleozoic invertebrate lecture major theme of esci 102: plate tectonics drives biology...
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Review of Paleozoic Invertebrate lecture
• Major theme of ESCI 102: plate tectonics drives biology
• Oceans open and close,changing climate, creating & destroying ecological niches
• Paleozoic starts with Cambrian period– Cambrian explosion– appearance of multicelled
organisms/Homeobox/hox genes
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Mass extinctions are followed by adaptive
radiations• Big three Cambrian organisms:
– Trilobites, brachiopods, archaeocyathids• After Cambrian comes Ordovician
– transgression -> adaptive radiation• Ordovician ends with a mass
extinction• Silurian, Devonian
– Ordovician, Devonian extinctions followed by adaptive radiation
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The situation was bad as the Permian ended, and then it got
worse.
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Tetrapod trackway at Valentia Island Ireland
These fossilized fooprints– 365 million years old – evidence of one of the
earliest four-legged animals on land
Paleozoic Life History — Vertebrates and Plants
Photo courtesy of Ken Higgs, U. College Cork, Ireland
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• 12% of geologic time
Cenozoic Era 65-0– Recent Life
Mesozoic Era 245-65– Middle Life
Paleozoic Era 544-245– Ancient life
– better resolution reflects fossil preservation
Phanerozoic Eon
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Vertebrates: chordates whose notochord is a
spinal column• Phyllum Chordata:
– notochord• physical rod supporting nerve cord
– dorsal hollow nerve cord• bundled nerve fibers connect brain to
muscles
– gill slits (pharyngeal slits)• Openings connecting inside throat to
outside neck
– tail
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• The most primitive vertebrates are fish – oldest fish remains are in Upper Cambrian
rocks
• All known Cambrian and Ordovician fossil fish – found in shallow nearshore marine deposits – earliest nonmarine fish remains in Silurian
strata
• suggests saltwater origins
Fish started in saltwater
– fragment of a plate from Anatolepis cf. A. Heintzi , Upper Cambrian marine Deadwood Formation of
Wyoming: a primitive member of the class Agnatha
(jawless fish)
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• Fish range from the Late Cambrian to the present
• The oldest and most primitive of the class Agnatha: the ostracoderms, “bony skin”
• These are armored jawless fish that first evolved during the Late Cambrian– reached their zenith during the Silurian and Devonian– and then became extinct
Ostracoderms — “Bony Skinned” Fish
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Devonian Seafloor
ostracoderm (Hemicyclaspis)
placoderm (Bothriolepis)
acanthodian (Parexus)
ray-finned fish (Cheirolepis)
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• Major evolutionary advantage – jawless ancestors could only feed on detritus– jawed fish could chew food and become active
predators, thus opening many new ecological niches
• The vertebrate jaw is an excellent example of evolutionary opportunism– the jaw probably evolved from the first three
gill arches of jawless fish
Evolution of Jaws
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• The fossil remains of the first jawed fish are found in Lower Silurian rocks and belong to the acanthodians:
• large spines• scales covering much of the body• jaws• teeth
• and reduced body armor
Acanthodians
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Geologic Ranges of Major Fish Groups
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• The other jawed fish that evolved during the Late Silurian were the placoderms, “plate-skinned”
• Placoderms were heavily armored jawed fish – lived in both freshwater and the ocean– like the acanthodians, reached their peak of abundance and
diversity during the Devonian
Other Jawed Fish
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Geologic Ranges of Major Fish Groups
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• A Late Devonian marine scene from the midcontinent of North America
Late Devonian Marine Scene
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• Many fish evolved during the Devonian Period including – the abundant acanthodians– placoderms– ostracoderms– other fish groups
Age of Fish
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• Class Chrondrichthyes, – represented today by sharks, rays, and skates, – first evolved during the Middle Devonian
• Cartilaginous fish have never been as numerous nor as
diverse as their cousins, the bony fish, – but they are important members of the marine vertebrate
fauna
Cartilaginous Fish
http://www.iopus.com/iim/demo/slideshow.htm
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• Because bony fish are the most varied and numerous of all the fishes – and because the amphibians evolved from
them, – their evolutionary history is particularly
important
• There are two groups of bony fish– the common ray-finned fish – and the less familiar lobe-fined fish
Bony Fish
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• Arrangement of fin bones for
(a) a ray-finned fish
(b) a lobe-finned fish– muscles extend
into the fin allowing greater flexibility
Ray-Finned and Lobe-Finned Fish
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• Began in freshwater in the Devonian
• predicessors of familiary fish like trout, bass, perch, salmon, and tuna
– rapidly diversified to dominate the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Seas
Ray-Finned Fish Rapidly Diversified
http://www.ariverneversleeps.com/backissues/may00/images/trout.jpg
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Geologic Ranges of Major Fish Groups
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• The crossopterygians are an important group of lobe-finned freshwater fish because amphibians evolved from them
• During the Devonian, two separate branches of crossopterygians evolved– one led to the amphibians
– while the other invaded the sea
Amphibians Evolved from Crossopterygians
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• The crossopterygians that invaded the sea – called the coelacanths – were thought to have become extinct at the end of the
Cretaceous
• In 1938, however, a fisherman caught a coelacanth off Madagascar – since then several dozen more have been caught both there
and in Indonesia
Coelacanths
http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/archive/headline_science/coelacanth_010601.html
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• Eusthenopteron, – a member of the rhipidistian crossopterygians – had an elongate body – and paired fins – that it could use to move about on land
• The crossopterygians are thought to be amphibian ancestors
The crossopterygians that became amphibians were the Rhipidistians.
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• Similarities between the crossopterygian lobe-finned fish and the labyrinthodont amphibians
Fish/Amphibian Comparison
• Their skeletons were similar
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• Comparison of the limb bones of a crossopterygian (left) and an amphibian (right)
• Color identifies the bones that the two groups have in common
Comparison of Limbs
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• Although amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land, they were not the first land-living organisms
• Land plants, which probably evolved from green algae, first evolved during the Ordovician
• Furthermore, insects, millipedes, spiders, and snails invaded the land before amphibians
Amphibians—Vertebrates Invade the
Land