review – carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins. biochemistry theme – structure dictates function...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins
![Page 2: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BiochemistryTHEME – Structure Dictates Function
Main Ideas
1)
2)
3)
structure
transmission of genetic info.metabolism
![Page 3: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
10.1 Introduction to CarbohydratesMono di oligo poly saccharides
![Page 4: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
10.1 Introduction to CarbohydratesGlucose:
___ C’s
aldehyde/ketone
Fructose
___ C’s
aldehyde/ketone
![Page 5: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Stereoisomers# isomers = optionspositions
![Page 8: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
9.1 Review of Isomerism
![Page 9: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
10.2 MonosaccharidesRecognizing structural relations:For each of the following pairs of compounds, indicate whether the pair
consists of different compounds that are (1) constitutional isomers or (2) stereoisomers that are enantiomers or (3) stereoisomers that are diastereomers or (4) not isomers.
(a) D-Glucose and D-mannose
(b) D-ribose and D-xylulose
(c) D-fructose and D-arabinose
(d) D-sorbose and L-sorbose
(e) D-sorbose and D-fructose
(3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers
(1) Constitutional isomers; D-ribose is an aldopentose and D-xylulose is a ketopentose
(4) Not isomers; D-fructose is a hexose and D-arabinose is a pentose
(2) Enantiomers; they are nonsuperimposable mirror images
(3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers
![Page 10: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures
Aldoses exist primarily as hemiacetals.
Fischer Projection
Haworth Projection
![Page 11: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures
Ketoses exist primarily as hemiacetals.
Fischer Projection
Haworth Projection
![Page 12: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides -
solubility in water ________________
phase at room temp. ________________
highly concentration solutions are ____________
solubility in alcohols ________________
solubility in ethers & hydrocarbons _______________
taste ________________
![Page 13: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
The Oxidation of the Aldehyde group/Benedicts TestAldose + Cu2+ carboxylic acid + Cu2O
-hydroxy ketones like fructose are converted to aldoses in the alkaline Benedicts soln, thus give a __________ test.
![Page 14: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
starch (a polymer) gives a ______________ test
Maltose (a disaccharide) gives a ___________ Benedict’s test.
![Page 15: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
,Linkages and Benedicts Test Review
![Page 16: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ch. 11-What you really need to know…
1) What is a lipid (recognize structure)?2) What is a fatty acid? (draw structure)3) Write the reaction for forming a triglyceride
and the saponification of a triglyceride.4) What’s the difference between a saturated
and an unsaturated fat? How does that relate to their m.p. and what phase they are at room temperature?
5)Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins?
![Page 17: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Roles of BiomoleculesCarbohydrates & Lipids -
Proteins –
Nucleic Acids -
Provide energy, precursors to biomolecules, construct cell membranes
transmission of genetic info.
Catalytic, transport, regulatory, structural, contractile, protective, storage
Both Energy
fat 9.2 kcal/g carbs 4 kcal/g
Variety of roles due to complexity/diversity of structure in protein folding
![Page 18: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
KEY: Know structure of fatty acids and
triglycerides. The rest are simply “mostly
nonpolar”
![Page 19: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
11.2 Fatty AcidsFatty Acid -
Almost exclusively the linear (unbranched) acids with even #’s C’s
C=C almost always cis
![Page 20: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
11.2 Fatty AcidsTrans-fats?
![Page 21: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
11.3 The Structure and Physical Properties of Triacylglycerols
![Page 22: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
11.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
Hydrolysis:
![Page 24: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Amino Acid Structure
![Page 25: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of -amino acids
• amino acids can react with themselves to form a zwitterion
![Page 26: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of -amino acids
• pH changes affect the structure of amino acids
![Page 29: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
12.3 PeptidesPeptide –
Polypeptide –
Protein –
peptide
formation:
a polyamide formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds
a few to hundreds/thousands of amino acids
Usually 2+ polypeptides (along with other molecules or ions)
![Page 30: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
12.3 Peptides
![Page 31: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
Simple Protein –
Conjugated Protein
![Page 32: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
Levels of Structure
Primary (1º)
Secondary (2º)
Tertiary (3º)
Quaternary (4º) 3D relation among diff. proteins
Amino acid sequence
Conformation in a local region
When diff. 2 structures in diff. local regions interact
![Page 33: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What gives rise to conformation stability1) Shielding of nonpolar amino acids from water
2) Hydrogen bonding between peptide groups
3) Attractive interactions between side groups of amino acids.
4) Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water
5) Disulfide bridges
![Page 34: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins3)Attractive interactions between side groups of
amino acids.
a. Hydrophobic attractions
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Salt-bridge
4)Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water
ex. globular proteins
fibrous proteins
![Page 35: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
12.5 The 3-D Structure of ProteinsWhat type of attraction would exist between side
chains of the following amino acids?
a)Pro-His
b)Ser-Tyr
c)Pro-Phe
d)Lys-Glu
e)Ser-Val
![Page 36: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Positive Test ColorsTEST Positive Color
Iodine
Benedicts
Ninhydrin
Biuret
blue/black
red
blue
purple
For starch
For a-hydroxy aldehydes and ketones
For amino group on amino acids
For peptide group on proteins
![Page 37: Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins. Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) 2) 3) structure transmission of genetic info](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e8a5503460f94b8fa9a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sudan III
Dissolves in nonpolar solvents (lipids)