The Era of

Jefferson

The Election of 1800

Significance of the Election of 1800

• Results– Thomas Jefferson – 73– Aaron Burr – 73– John Adams – 65– Charles Pinckney – 64– John Jay – 1

• House of Representatives votes for Jefferson– 6 days, 36 different

votes

• Jefferson wins..How?• Results in the

– Electors would vote separately for President and Vice-President

12th Amendment

A ‘Lil Bit of Trivia

• Alexander Hamilton brokered the deal for T.J. to win the presidency…– Why? NOT because he like

T.J., but because he couldn’t stand Aaron Burr

• Leaves Aaron Burr really stoked

• July 1804, Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel…yep, a duel!

“REVOLUTION OF 1800”

• Federalists ceded power to Democratic Republicans peacefullyWars typically erupted in Europe caused

from exchange of power

• Jefferson brought major change to the federal governmentLimited the powers of federal government of

states and citizens and…

LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM

LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM

• Literally translates to : “Leave Alone!”• Government should stay out of economic

affairs• Very similar to today’s Republicans– Spending on social programs =– Government aid to corporations =– Government regulations on businesses =

No!Nein!

Nyet!

Jefferson’s Limitations on the Federal Government

1. Reduced the number of people actually working in the government– Fired tax collectors, cut the number of US

diplomats overseas

2. Eliminated all federal taxes– Included the Whiskey Tax– All government funding comes from tariffs

3. Reduced the size of the navy and army– Army = 4,000 to 2,500

4. Pardoned those prosecuted under the Sedition Act

Federalist Policies Jefferson Kept• Kept the National Bank of the US• Continued paying down the national debt• Retained most Federalist officeholders

Haters gonna hate...but I know the meaning of

throwing the opposition a bone!

How did the Supreme Court become stronger?• In election of 1800,

Republicans gained control of Legislative and Executive Branches– Federalists controlled the

courts• Before Jefferson took over,

Adams passed a bill allowing more judges in federal courts– Adams appointed 16 circuit

court judges and 42 justices of the peace in his last months in office

How did the Supreme Court become stronger?

• Lifetime positions• John Marshall was appointed

Chief JusticeThe most influential of Adams'

final judicial appointments Held that position until his

death in 1835 Shaped the court's decisions

and dramatically raised its stature.

Defined the basic relationship of the judiciary to the rest of the federal government.

“Midnight Appointments”

• William Marbury (“midnight judge”) appointed justice of the peace for Washington D.C. the night before Adam’s leaves office

• The practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice, of appointment– Secretary of State, James Madison refuses

• William Marbury sues Madison under the Judiciary Act of 1789

The Politics of Politics

• “Yep, Marbury should be placed in his commission and T. Jeff doesn’t actually do what we say (which would’ve prolly happened), we would look weak.”

• “Nope, Marbury doesn’t have the right to the commission, then the we look like pansies…like we’re afraid of T. Jeff.” – What to do?!?

If the Supreme Court rules…

T. Jeffe

rson… Supreme Court

In Both Scenarios…

Judiciary Act of 1789

• Spelled out the practice of delivering commissions for judges and justices of the peace

• Also discussed something called a writ of mandamus (“we command”) , which basically says that the Supreme Court could hear cases for the “first time” (original jurisdiction)

• The Constitution says the Supreme Court DOES NOT have that right to do that! – Supreme Court only has appellate jurisdiction

2 Types of Courts in the US• Trial Courts– Courts with original

jurisdiction have the power to hear a case for the first time

– Evidence, testimony, witnesses…Law & Order

• Appellate Courts– Only review decisions

and change outcomes of decisions of lower courts

– No witnesses, no testimony, just a review of the facts

Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution: The Supreme Court only has appellate jurisdiction…So, the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional! (or

at lease the writ of mandamus)

The Ruling in Marbury vs. Madison

• Court rendered a unanimous (4–0) decision– Marbury had the right to his commission but

the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission

• Instead ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

• Establishes the principle of Judicial Review– Legislative and executive actions are subject to

review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary

John Marshall• Longest serving Chief

Justice in the country’s history (34 years)

• Before J.M. the judiciary was the weakest branch of the government

• After J.M. it was an equal player– Marbury vs. Madison

establishes the right for the courts to say a law is NOT in alignment with the Constitution…a safeguard in the system of “checks and balances”!

You’ve just been

“lawyered”….Boo-ya!

Why was the Mississippi so important in the early 1800’s?

• Farmers who lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi used the Mississippi River to get supplies to the Atlantic Coast (cost effective) • Stored supplies in New Orleans while waiting for ships

Who controlled the Mississippi?

•Spain and the United States were on good termsPinckney Treaty gave us use of the Mississippi River and New Orleans

Spain

Spain and France •Spain signs a secret treaty and sells Louisiana to France

Napoleon, who had now risen to power in the French Revolution, threatened to block American access to the important port of New Orleans on the Mississippi River.

Jefferson fearful of losing the use of the port of New Orleans; considered switching his foreign policy

From France to Britain allianceSent Monroe to France to offer money to buy Louisiana and sent diplomats to

Britain to pursue other options• Napoleon offers to sell all of the Louisiana Territory due to

Haiti Revolt (no possible chance to acquire land from US) Needed money to continue war with Britain Offers to sell all of the territory( Mississippi to Rockies) for 15 million (4 cents/acre)

• United States doubles in size

Constitutional?

How did Jefferson justify the purchase of Louisiana Territory?

TREATIES

Lewis and Clark Expedition•Even before the purchase occurred, Jefferson had planned to send an expedition west.

•Named his private secretary and Virginia neighbor, Meriwether Lewis who chose William Clark as his colleague.

•The Louisiana Purchase was not publicly announced until July 3, just two days before Meriwether Lewis left Washington, D.C., for Pittsburgh to begin purchasing supplies and hiring men for the expedition.

•For Lewis, the purchase changed what would have been a semi-covert mission through foreign territory into a bold survey of American-owned land.

Jefferson’s Goals of the Expedition

•Record information about the geography, resources, and animals of the West.

•Discover a route to the Pacific

•Make contact with the Native Americans

Unlimited credit given by Jefferson to the Corps.

The Main Players•Meriwether Lewis ( August 18, 1774-October 11, 1809

Served in armyCaptain on ExpeditionEarned $1,228 and 1600 acres of landAppointed governor of Louisiana TerritoryPersonal secretary to JeffersonCommitted suicide

•William Clark( August 1, 1770- September 1, 1838 served in armycaptaincartographer on expeditionTook York his childhood slave with him on the expeditionReturned to Missouri and owned 1600 acres of landBecame governor of Missouri

Supplies for the ExpeditionMathematical Instruments:surveyor’s compass hand compass telescope Camp Supplies:hatchets two dozen tablespoons mosquito curtains 10 1/2 pounds of fishing hooks and fishing lines 12 pounds of soap 193 pounds of "portable soup" (a Presents for Indians:12 dozen pocket mirrors 4,600 sewing needles tomahawks that doubled as pipes vermilion face paint 33 pounds of tiny beads of assorted colors

Clothing:

45 flannel shirts Arms and Ammunition:15 prototype Model 1803 muzzle-loading .54 caliber rifles 500 rifle flints 176 pounds of gunpowder packed in 52 lead canisters 1 long-barreled rifle that fired its bullet with compressed air, rather than by flint, spark and powder Medicine and Medical Supplies:50 dozen Dr. Rush’s patented "Rush’s pills" 1,300 doses of physic 3,500 doses of diaphoretic (sweat inducer) Traveling Library:Barton’s Elements of Botany Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz’s History of Louisiana Richard Kirwan’s Elements of Mineralogy A map of the Great Bend of the Missouri River

The Lewis and Clark Expedition1804-1806

Summer of 1803 Lewis oversees construction of keelboat in Pittsburgh and buys Seaman; takes boat down Ohio and meets Clark and York( Clarks’ slave)March 10Lewis and Clark attend ceremonies in St. Louis formally transferring Louisiana Territory from France to United States.May 14Leaves Camp Woods sails up Missouri July 4Expedition marks first Fourth of July ever naming a creek (near what is now Atchinson, Kansas) Independence CreekOctober 24Build Fort Mandan across the river from the main Mandan and Hidastas

November 4 Hire Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trader living and his wife Sacagawea, as interpreters. Having been told that the Shoshones live at the headwaters of the Missouri and have many horses, the captains believe the two will be helpful when the expedition reaches the mountains.

February 11Sacagawea gives birth to a baby boy, Jean Baptiste. Lewis assists in speeding the delivery by giving her a potion made by crushing the rings of a rattlesnake’s rattle into powder.

April 7Lewis and Clark dispatch the big keelboat and roughly a dozen men back downriver, along with maps, reports, Indian artifacts, and boxes of scientific specimens for Jefferson (Indian corn, animal skins and skeletons, mineral samples, and five live animals including the prairie dog).

May 20The captains name a river “Sah-ca-gah-we-a or bird woman’s River, after our interpreter the Snake [Shoshone] woman.” As they map new territory, the captains eventually give the names of every expedition member to some landmark.

May 29Clark comes across a stream he considers particularly clear and pretty, and names it the Judith River, in honor of a young girl back in Virginia he hopes will one day marry him.August 12The shipment sent from Fort Mandan finally arrives in the East. Jefferson will plant the Indian corn in his Monticello garden, hang elk antlers in his foyer, and send the surviving animals – a magpie and the prairie dog – to a natural science museum located in Philadelphia’s Independence Hall. Reading Lewis’s confident letter, he would imagine the expedition having already reached the Pacific. That same day, Lewis ascends the final ridge toward the Continental Divide August 17Having discovered a village of Shoshones. Sacagawea is brought in to help translate. Remarkably, the Shoshone chief, Cameahwait, turns out to be her brother.September 11The Corps of Discovery ascends into the Bitterroot Mountains,November 24To make the crucial decision of where to spend the winter, the captains decide to put the matter to a vote. Significantly, in addition to the others, Clark’s slave, York, is allowed to vote – nearly 60 years before slaves in the U. S. would be emancipated and enfranchised. Sacagawea, the Indian woman, votes too – more than a century before either women or Indians are granted the full rights of citizenship. The majority decides to cross to the south side of the Columbia, near modern-day Astoria, Oregon, to build winter quarters.

January 4In the East, President Jefferson welcomes a delegation of Missouri, Oto, Arikara, and Yankton Sioux chiefs who had met Lewis and Clark more than a year earlier. Jefferson thanks them for helping the expedition and tells them of his hope “that we may all live together as one household.” The chiefs respond with praise for the explorers, but doubts about whether Jefferson’s other “white children” will keep his word. July 3After re-crossing the Bitterroots, the expedition splits into smaller units, in order to explore more of the Louisiana Territory.August 14They arrive back at the Mandan villages. John Colter is given permission to leave the expedition and return to the Yellowstone to trap beaver (and become one of the first American “mountain men”). The captains say good-bye to Charbonneau, Sacagawea, and Baptiste.September 23Their last day as the Corps of Discovery. They reach St. Louis. Having been gone nearly two and a half years, they had been given up for dead by the citizens, who greet the explorers enthusiastically. “Now,” young John Ordway writes, “we intend to return to our native homes to see our parents once more, as we have been so long from them.”

Zebulon Pike 1805-1807Explored the upper Mississippi River, Arkansas River, and present-day Colorado and New Mexico

What were the Barbary States?

• North African pirates were disrupting trade in the Mediterranean– Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia, Tripoli– Barbary States

• Most countries were paying a tribute to stop the raids– Money paid for protection

• American warship Philadelphia was taken and sailors were imprisoned

• Stephen Decatur purposely destroyed the Philadelphia• U.S. marines invaded Tripoli

American Neutrality is Challenged• As war continued between Britain and France, American

merchants were making large profits???• Britain and France were looking for ways to weaken one

another• The French and British continued seizing ships and supplies

– 1803-1807• France seized 500 ships• Britain seized 1,000 ships

• Britain continued to practice impressment

• Americans Wanted War!

What is Jefferson’s response?Embargo Act

A ban on trading with any countryDeprive Britain and France of badly needed American goods

Does the Embargo Act work?American Exports

1807 $109,000,0001808 $25,000,000

Prices declined; jobs were lostSome Americans turned to smuggling

Illegally importing or exporting goods

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• More and more Americans are moving west– Taking indian lands– Diseases: measles, small-pox, influenza– Farmers are clearing lands– Driving away animals

• Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)– Begin traveling around urging Native American resistance– William Henry Harrison (governor of Indiana territory) defeats Native

Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe– Tecumseh continues fighting for several years

What does Florida have to do with the War of 1812?

• Frontiersman in the “North” wanted the US to acquire Canada, while the South wanted the United States to acquire Spanish Florida which was Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana– Indians would raid north into white settlements – Slaves would escape

• In 1810, American settlers in West Florida( Mississippi and Louisiana) seized the Spanish fort at Baton Rouge and asked federal government to annex territory to the United States

• President Madison happily agreed and began planning rest of Florida too.

• This was another motivation for war with Britain. Spain was Britain’s ally.

What are the people called who favored war?

WAR HAWKS

•Clay became speaker of the House in 1811Appointed people to committees who shared his

eagerness for warAppointed Calhoun to the Committee of Foreign

Affairs

June 18, 1812It Begins... or Does It?

•President Madison declares war after giving into pressure from Congress.• British were not eager for war. In fact , the British ignored the Americans for some time.

•British occupied with Napoleon and France•By 1813, France was weakened, so the British turned their attention to America.

Why?

What was Britain’s main strategy?Blockades

Key Battles•USS Constitution defeats the Guierre

•Put In Bay Lake ErieWin for USOliver Hazard Perry

•Battle at River ThamesWin for US in CanadaDeath of Tecumseh•Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Slaughtered Native AmericansBroke resistance of Creeks which Tecumseh help uniteAndrew Jackson led•Washington DC

•Battle of Horseshoe BendSlaughtered Native AmericansBroke resistance of Creeks which Tecumseh help uniteAndrew Jackson led

•Washington DCBurn many buildings in nation’s capital including the White House in

retaliation for the earlier burning of the Canadian capital at York (Toronto) Move on to Baltimore

•Fort McHenry Bombarded the fort through the night on September 13,1814Francis Scott Key, a lawyer, was on a British ship trying to have an American

prisoner released• watched the entire night; wrote the poem “ The Star Spangled Banner”

•Battle of New OrleansTreaty of Ghent signed several weeks before battle foughtAndrew Jackson led

What were the effects of the war?

Native Americans•Disaster

Lost land Lost strongest Native

American, Tecumseh Lost ally, Britain

AmericansGained a sense of nationalismGained landGained respect from other countries