Respiratory SystemJr. / Sr.

Anatomy and Physiology

Ms. Walstedt

Functions•Brings oxygen from the air into the body and expels carbon dioxide from the body

Accomplished with the help of the circulatory system

Upper Respiratory System

•Consists of the nose, (snout, nostrils, etc) mouth, pharynx, epiglottis and larynx.

Vocabulary•Mucous membranes:

Lining of respiratory tract that secretes mucous

Mucus:Slimy secretion that helps to warm, moisten and filter air

Vocabulary Cont.•Cilia: Tiny wave-like hairs that line the nostrils and help to filter air.

•Pharynx: Shared by the respiratory and digestive systems

•Epiglottis:Tiny flap that covers the larynx during swallowing

Vocabulary Cont.

•Larynx: “voice box”, that contains vocal chords that vibrate when air passes through.

Lower Respiratory System

•Trachea: “Windpipe”….. rings of cartilage keep its shape

•Bronchi: branches at the bottom of the trachea that are contained in the lungs. Singular: Bronchus

Lower Respiratory System Cont.

•Bronchial Tree:Describes how branches of the bronchi get continually smaller , like a tree branch

Lower Respiratory Cont.

•Bronchioles:Smallest branches of the bronchial tree.

Alveoli: Grape-like clusters at the ends of the bronchiole. Exchange of gas occurs here

Lower Respiratory Cont.

•Lungs:Paired organs containing bronchi that are divided into clearly defined lobes.

Lower Respiratory Cont.

•Diaphragm:A muscle located below the lungs that contracts causing the lungs to fill with air.

Breathing•Inhalation:Drawing in of a breath•Exhalation:Release of a breath

Breathing

Apnea:Not breathingDyspnea:Difficult breathing

Breathing•Bradypnea:Abnormally slow breathingTachypnea:Abnormally fast breathing rate

Breathing Cont:

•Respiration:Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the lungs

Inner WorkingsTrachea is composed of:•Fibrous Connective Tissue

•Smooth Muscle•A series of chondral rings that are c-shaped

Inner Workings Cont

•These rings provide:Semi-rigid support for the trachea.

Inner Workings Cont.

•Dorsal Border of trachea is achondral to allow for expansion of esophagus during the passage of food

Inner Workings Cont:

•If the trachea were completely rigid, food would become lodged in the esophagus.

Inner Workings Cont:

•Endotracheal mucosa is made up of:

Inner Workings Cont:

•Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Inner Workings Cont.

•At the caudal end of the trachea, is the tracheal bifurcation ( fork in the road)

Inner Workings Cont.

•This marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi.

Inner workings Cont.

•Primary bronchi are quite large.

•Have c-shaped chondral rings like the trachea

Inner workings Cont.

•Secondary bronchi:

Next branches, are covered with;

Inner Workings Cont.

•Small irregularly shaped plates

•They provide structure for complete circumference of the secondary bronchi

Inner Workings Cont:

•Tertiary Bronchi:•Airways become smaller

•Lose more cartilage

Inner Workings Cont:

•Tertiary bronchi:•Chondral Plates do not completely surround the airways.

Inner Workings Cont:

•As we progress further:•Bronchioles have no cartilage.

•Composed entirely of:

Inner Workings Cont:

•Smooth muscle•Connective Tissue•Mucous membranes are Cuboidal epithelium

Inner Workings Cont:

•Terminal bronchioles lead to:

• Alveolar ducts

Inner Workings Cont:

•Alveolar Ducts:

•Portals to the alveoli

Inner Workings Cont.

•Alveoli:•Delicate clusters of sacs composed of :

Inner Workings Cont:

•Simple squamous epithelium.

Inner Workings Cont.

•Each alveoli is surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. This is where the gas exchange occurs

Lung Lobe Variation

•Most domestic animals have the configuration of the cat………..

Lung Lobe Variation

•Cranial•Middle •Caudal •All these are bilateral along with an accessory lung dorsocaudal to the heart

Lung Lobe Variation

•The exception is the horse:……they only have right and left lung lobes

Inner Workings Cont.

•Pleural Cavity:Term for thoracic cavity.Called this due to the tissue that lines the cavity and covers the viscera.