respiratory system anatomy and physiology by dr.niveditha
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respiratory system anatomy and physiologyTRANSCRIPT
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
DR.R.NIVEDITHA
Organs of the Respiratory system
Slide 13.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Nose· Pharynx· Larynx· Trachea· Bronchi· Lungs –
alveoli
Figure 13.1
Division of respiratory tract upper and lower respiratory tract
Respiratory System Functions
1. Olfactory receptors in nose for perception of smell2. Exchange of gases supplies the body with oxygen
and disposes of carbon dioxide.
3. Phonation-voice production by larynx.
4. Maintains body temperture-insensible water loss.5. helps regulate blood pH
Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production
Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
Lower Respiratory Tract
Respiratory mucosa
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Mucus can trap contaminantsCilia move mucus up towards
mouth
Introduction
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi.
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
conical shape. It has concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
the apex projects superiorly
Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage.
mediastinum.
The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the lung.
Lungs
Slide 13.12a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Occupy most of the thoracic cavity· Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
· Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)
· Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
· Left lung – two lobes
· Right lung – three lobes
Pleura and Pleural Cavities
The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura.
visceral pleura.
parietal pleura. .
Coverings of the Lungs
Slide 13.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
· Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
· Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding
Pleural Cavities
The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity.
The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid- acts as lubricant
Pleural effusion –collection of fluid in the pleural cavity in excess with inflammation due to infection.
Nose and nasal cavity
Nose and Nasal Cavity
The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system
. The nose is a structure of the face made of cartilage, bone, muscle, and skin that supports and protects the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
Functions of Nose
• moistens and warms entering air
• filters and cleans inspired air
• resonating chamber for speech Receptors for smell
mouth
MouthThe mouth, also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract.
the mouth does not warm and moisturize
lacks the hairs and sticky mucus that filter air passing through
Paranasal Sinuses
Slide 13.5a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity· Frontal sinus
· Sphenoid sinus
· Ethmoid sinus
· Maxillary sinus
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx (Throat)
Slide 13.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
· Three regions of the pharynx· Nasopharynx – superior region behind
nasal cavity· Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth· Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached
to larynx· The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food
Structures of the Pharynx
Slide 13.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
· Tonsils of the pharynx· Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the
nasopharynx
· Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
· Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
Larynx (Voice Box)
Slide 13.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Routes air and food into proper channels
· Plays a role in speech
· Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
Structures of the Larynx
Slide 13.9a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Thyroid cartilage· Largest hyaline cartilage
· Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
· Epiglottis· Superior opening of the larynx
· Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
Structures of the Larynx
Slide 13.9b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Vocal cords (vocal folds)· Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)
· Glottis – opening between vocal cords
Trachea
TracheaThe trachea, or windpipe, is a 5-inch long tube made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into the thorax.
Functions of trachea
provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs
trachea produces mucus that traps dust and other contaminants and prevents it from reaching the lungs.
Bronchi and bronchioles
The left and right bronchi run into each lung before branching off into smaller secondary bronchi.
The secondary bronchi carry air into the lobes of the lungs—2 in the left lung and 3 in the right lung.
The secondary bronchi in turn split into many smaller tertiary bronchi within each lobe.
The tertiary bronchi split into many smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs.
Each bronchiole further splits into many smaller branches less than a millimeter in diameter called terminal bronchioles.
Finally, the millions of tiny terminal bronchioles conduct air to the alveoli of the lungs.
Basics of the Respiratory SystemFunctional Anatomy
The Respiratory Tree Upper respiratory tract is for all intensive
purposes a single large conductive tube
Respiratory tree
The lower respiratory tract starts after the larynx and divides again and again…and again to eventually get to the smallest regions which form the exchange membranes Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles with
start of alveoli outpouches Alveolar ducts with outpouchings
of alveoli
conductive portion
exchange portion
components of Respiration
Slide 13.20a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs
· External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
components of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)
Slide 13.21b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· respiratory system uses both a negative pressure system and the contraction of muscles to achieve pulmonary ventilation
· Two phases· Inspiration – flow of air into lung· Expiration – air leaving lung
Pulmonary ventilation-
1.Inspiration
Slide 13.22a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
· The size of the thoracic cavity increases
· External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume
Inspiration
Slide 13.22b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 13.7a
Exhalation
Slide 13.23a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity
· As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs
· Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
Exhalation
Slide 13.23b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 13.7b
NORMAL FLORA
Micro-organisms frequently found on within the body of healthy persons
Upper respiratory tract has a lot of normal flora- Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Diphtheroids etc
Lower respiratory tract is sterile
samples got for processing
1.Sputum deep coughed , should not be mixed with
saliva or oropharyngeal secretions-LRTI
2.Naso Pharyngeal swabs-pharyngitis(ex.streptococcal infection)
3.Oro pharyngeal swabs
samples got for processing
4.Nasal swabs-MRSA carrier
5. Throat swab and Throat membranes-diphtheria-cornybacterium
6.Tracheal or bronchial aspirate
7.Broncho alveolar lavage, broncial wash
Samples got for processing
8.Endo tracheal aspirates. –ICU patients who are intubated-VAP
9.Pleural fluids –pleural effusion
10.Sinus aspirates-Chronic sinusitis
11.Nasal tissue- fungal organisms(mucormycosis)
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE AND ASPIRATE
NASO PHARYNGEAL SWABS
Throat swabs
Sputum container
Check yourself-Label the parts neatly
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