respiratory system anatomy and physiology by dr.niveditha

48
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DR.R.NIVEDITHA

Upload: drniveditha-reddy

Post on 18-Dec-2014

257 views

Category:

Health & Medicine


3 download

DESCRIPTION

respiratory system anatomy and physiology

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

DR.R.NIVEDITHA

Page 2: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Organs of the Respiratory system

Slide 13.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Nose· Pharynx· Larynx· Trachea· Bronchi· Lungs –

alveoli

Figure 13.1

Page 3: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Division of respiratory tract upper and lower respiratory tract

Page 4: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Respiratory System Functions

1. Olfactory receptors in nose for perception of smell2. Exchange of gases supplies the body with oxygen

and disposes of carbon dioxide.

3. Phonation-voice production by larynx.

4. Maintains body temperture-insensible water loss.5. helps regulate blood pH

Page 5: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production

Trachea: transports air to and from lungs

Bronchi: branch into lungs

Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Lower Respiratory Tract

Page 6: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Respiratory mucosa

A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus

Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea

Mucus can trap contaminantsCilia move mucus up towards

mouth

Page 7: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Introduction

The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi.

Page 8: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

conical shape. It has concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.

the apex projects superiorly

Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage.

mediastinum.

The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the lung.

Page 9: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Lungs

Slide 13.12a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Occupy most of the thoracic cavity· Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)

· Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)

· Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

· Left lung – two lobes

· Right lung – three lobes

Page 10: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Pleura and Pleural Cavities

The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura.

visceral pleura.

parietal pleura. .

Page 11: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Coverings of the Lungs

Slide 13.13

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface

· Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

· Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

Page 12: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Pleural Cavities

The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity.

The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid- acts as lubricant

Pleural effusion –collection of fluid in the pleural cavity in excess with inflammation due to infection.

Page 13: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Nose and nasal cavity

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system

. The nose is a structure of the face made of cartilage, bone, muscle, and skin that supports and protects the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.

Page 14: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
Page 15: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Functions of Nose

• moistens and warms entering air

• filters and cleans inspired air

• resonating chamber for speech Receptors for smell

Page 16: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

mouth

MouthThe mouth, also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract.

the mouth does not warm and moisturize 

lacks the hairs and sticky mucus that filter air passing through 

Page 17: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Paranasal Sinuses

Slide 13.5a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity· Frontal sinus

· Sphenoid sinus

· Ethmoid sinus

· Maxillary sinus

Page 18: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Paranasal sinuses

Page 19: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Pharynx (Throat)

Slide 13.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

· Three regions of the pharynx· Nasopharynx – superior region behind

nasal cavity· Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth· Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached

to larynx· The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are

common passageways for air and food

Page 20: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
Page 21: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Structures of the Pharynx

Slide 13.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx

· Tonsils of the pharynx· Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the

nasopharynx

· Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx

· Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

Page 22: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Larynx (Voice Box)

Slide 13.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Routes air and food into proper channels

· Plays a role in speech

· Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Page 23: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
Page 24: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Structures of the Larynx

Slide 13.9a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Thyroid cartilage· Largest hyaline cartilage

· Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

· Epiglottis· Superior opening of the larynx

· Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea

Page 25: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Structures of the Larynx

Slide 13.9b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Vocal cords (vocal folds)· Vibrate with expelled air to create sound

(speech)

· Glottis – opening between vocal cords

Page 26: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Trachea

TracheaThe trachea, or windpipe, is a 5-inch long tube made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into the thorax. 

Page 27: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Functions of trachea

 provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs

trachea produces mucus that traps dust and other contaminants and prevents it from reaching the lungs.

Page 28: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Bronchi and bronchioles

The left and right bronchi run into each lung before branching off into smaller secondary bronchi.

The secondary bronchi carry air into the lobes of the lungs—2 in the left lung and 3 in the right lung.

The secondary bronchi in turn split into many smaller tertiary bronchi within each lobe.

Page 29: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

The tertiary bronchi split into many smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs.

Each bronchiole further splits into many smaller branches less than a millimeter in diameter called terminal bronchioles.

Finally, the millions of tiny terminal bronchioles conduct air to the alveoli of the lungs.

Page 30: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Basics of the Respiratory SystemFunctional Anatomy

The Respiratory Tree Upper respiratory tract is for all intensive

purposes a single large conductive tube

Page 31: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Respiratory tree

The lower respiratory tract starts after the larynx and divides again and again…and again to eventually get to the smallest regions which form the exchange membranes Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles with

start of alveoli outpouches Alveolar ducts with outpouchings

of alveoli

conductive portion

exchange portion

Page 32: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
Page 33: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

components of Respiration

Slide 13.20a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs

· External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

Page 34: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

components of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Slide 13.21b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· respiratory system uses both a negative pressure system and the contraction of muscles to achieve pulmonary ventilation

· Two phases· Inspiration – flow of air into lung· Expiration – air leaving lung

Page 35: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Pulmonary ventilation-

1.Inspiration

Slide 13.22a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

· The size of the thoracic cavity increases

· External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume

Page 36: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Inspiration

Slide 13.22b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 13.7a

Page 37: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Exhalation

Slide 13.23a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

· Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity

· As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs

· Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

Page 38: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Exhalation

Slide 13.23b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 13.7b

Page 39: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

NORMAL FLORA

Micro-organisms frequently found on within the body of healthy persons

Upper respiratory tract has a lot of normal flora- Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Diphtheroids etc

Lower respiratory tract is sterile

Page 40: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

samples got for processing

1.Sputum deep coughed , should not be mixed with

saliva or oropharyngeal secretions-LRTI

2.Naso Pharyngeal swabs-pharyngitis(ex.streptococcal infection)

3.Oro pharyngeal swabs

Page 41: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

samples got for processing

4.Nasal swabs-MRSA carrier

5. Throat swab and Throat membranes-diphtheria-cornybacterium

6.Tracheal or bronchial aspirate

7.Broncho alveolar lavage, broncial wash

Page 42: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Samples got for processing

8.Endo tracheal aspirates. –ICU patients who are intubated-VAP

9.Pleural fluids –pleural effusion

10.Sinus aspirates-Chronic sinusitis

11.Nasal tissue- fungal organisms(mucormycosis)

Page 43: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE AND ASPIRATE

Page 44: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

NASO PHARYNGEAL SWABS

Page 45: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Throat swabs

Page 46: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Sputum container

Page 47: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Check yourself-Label the parts neatly

Page 48: respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Click icon to add picture