Human Anatomy & PhysiologyCIRCULATORY & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

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Primary Function

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Transport nutrients and waste products through body

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Circulatory System Anatomy

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Lungs

Two Systems:PulmonaryHeart & Lungs

SystemicHeart & rest of Body

Components:

-Heart

-Blood vessels

-Blood

The Heart

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Anatomy:

-Myocardium

-R&L Atria

-R&L Ventricles

-Valves TricuspidMitral

-Pacemaker

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Heart Blood Circulation

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Blood always enters heart through atria

Blood always leaves heart through ventricles

Pulmonary & Systemic Circulation

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Blood Vessels

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Arteries – carry blood AWAY from the heart

large thick-walled flexible tubes (Aorta)Veins – carry blood TOWARDS the heart

thinner-walled tubes with valvesCapillaries – carry blood from arteries to veins, allow exchange of materials at cells

Microscopic at every cell to allow exchange of material

Blood flows away FROM the heart in arteries to cells, where nutrients and wastes are exchanged back to heart in veins

Blood Pressure

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Circulatory Diseases

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AtherosclerosisFat build-up (plaque) on inner walls of arteriesCan lead to stroke, heart attack

Hypertension (High blood pressure)Abnormally high blood pressure (greater than 140/90, normal = 120/80)Greater chance of heart attack, stroke

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)Heart cells die due to lack of oxygen

StrokePlaque breaks free from inner arterial wall and blocks circulation

Blood

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Functions:Supply oxygen & nutrients to cellsRemove carbon dioxide and waste products from cellsCarry white blood cells to areas of infectionCarry hormones to target organsMaintain blood homeostasis (pH, chemical)Maintain body temperatureCarry platelets to aid in clotting

Components:Plasma (55%) water, sugars, proteins, saltsRed blood cells “erythrocytes” (45%) deliver O2, remove CO2 -hemoglobinWhite blood cells “leukocytes” (1%)Disease-fightersPlatelets “thrombocytes” (1%) blood clotting

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RBC – no nuclei

WBC – nuclei

Platelets-“pieces”

Lymphatic System

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Functions:Returns fluid leaked from cells (lymph) into surrounding tissues back into circulatory systemFilters out bacteria, unwanted chemicals from lymphAbsorb nutrients to return to neighboring cells

Anatomy:Lymph vesselsLymph nodesSpleenThymusTonsils

Respiratory System

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Primary Function:Bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air and tissues

Respiratory System Anatomy

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Follow the pathway of an air molecule:-Nasal cavity AND/OR Mouth-Pharynx-Epiglottis-Larynx-Trachea-Lung -Bronchus -Bronchiole -Alveolus

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“Protection”

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Gas Exchange

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Carbon dioxide and oxygen gasses are exchanged at the alveolus and capillary.

Breathing

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Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Inhalation = breathing inExhalation= breathing out

Partial conscious control*Autonomic control*

Respiratory Problems

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Emphysema – loss of elasticity in the lungs making it very difficult to breathe•Cannot get enough O2 to body•Cannot get rid of enough CO2•Caused by smoking•Caused by air pollution

Healthy lungs Smoker’s lungsAsthma – tightness in chest & difficulty breathing (often caused by allergies)Bronchitis - inflammation of mucus membrane of bronchiCystic Fibrosis - mucus membrane produces thick substance clogging airways (genetic)Pneumonia – Inflammation of the lungs (bacterial or viral)Tuberculosis – Inflammation of the lungs (infectious, bacterial)