respiratory system. function responsible for supplying oxygen (gas) and disposing carbon...

NOSE-NOSE-

FUNCTION- warms, cleans and humidifies FUNCTION- warms, cleans and humidifies airair

NOSTRILS (EXTERNAL NARES)- NOSTRILS (EXTERNAL NARES)- NASAL CAVITY- interior of the noseNASAL CAVITY- interior of the noseNASAL SEPTUM- midline that NASAL SEPTUM- midline that

separates the nasal cavityseparates the nasal cavity

3 ways nasal cavity protects the 3 ways nasal cavity protects the lungslungs

1.1. RESPIRATORY MUCOSA- lines the RESPIRATORY MUCOSA- lines the nasal cavity and warms and moistens the nasal cavity and warms and moistens the air as it flows pastair as it flows past

2.2. CILIA- (pseudostratified columnar CILIA- (pseudostratified columnar epithelial) filter bacteria and other epithelial) filter bacteria and other contaminants to the throat- (except on contaminants to the throat- (except on cold days when the cilia become slow and cold days when the cilia become slow and allow mucus to drip- “runny nose”allow mucus to drip- “runny nose”

3 ways nasal cavity protects the 3 ways nasal cavity protects the lungslungs

3. CONCHAE- 3 levels of projections or 3. CONCHAE- 3 levels of projections or lobes that greatly increase the surface lobes that greatly increase the surface area to allow mucosa to take affect area to allow mucosa to take affect SUPERIOR CONCHAE, MIDDLE SUPERIOR CONCHAE, MIDDLE CONCHAE, and INFERIOR CONCHAE CONCHAE, and INFERIOR CONCHAE

PARANASAL SINUSES-PARANASAL SINUSES-

cavities in the skull which lighten the skull cavities in the skull which lighten the skull and used for speech resonance (sound and used for speech resonance (sound different with plugged nose) different with plugged nose)

PHARYNX-(THROAT)PHARYNX-(THROAT)

muscular passageway that carries food muscular passageway that carries food and airand air

NASOPHARYNX- top near the nostrilsNASOPHARYNX- top near the nostrilsOROPHARYNX- back of the mouthOROPHARYNX- back of the mouthLARYNGOPHARYNX- bottom where LARYNGOPHARYNX- bottom where

esophagus and trachea meet esophagus and trachea meet

LYMPHATIC TISSUE IN THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE IN THE PHARYNXPHARYNX

FIGHTS OF INFECTIONSFIGHTS OF INFECTIONS

PHARYNGEAL TONSILS (ADENOIDS)- PHARYNGEAL TONSILS (ADENOIDS)- located high in the nasopharynxlocated high in the nasopharynx

PALATINE TONSILS-located at the end of PALATINE TONSILS-located at the end of the soft palatethe soft palate

LINGUAL TONSILS- located under the LINGUAL TONSILS- located under the tonguetongue

LARYNX- (VOICE BOX)- Eight rigid hyaline LARYNX- (VOICE BOX)- Eight rigid hyaline cartilages and EPIGLOTTIS (elastic cartilage cartilages and EPIGLOTTIS (elastic cartilage flap over) routes air and food into the proper flap over) routes air and food into the proper channel. channel.

THYROID CARTILAGE- Adam’s Apple- largest of THYROID CARTILAGE- Adam’s Apple- largest of the cartilage and does the most protectionthe cartilage and does the most protection

TRUE VOCAL CORDS- (VOCAL FOLDS) vibrate TRUE VOCAL CORDS- (VOCAL FOLDS) vibrate with airflow movementwith airflow movement

Pitch controlPitch control

Intrinsic muscles control tension of the Intrinsic muscles control tension of the vocal cords vocal cords

High tension = high pitchHigh tension = high pitchLow tension = low pitchLow tension = low pitch

TRACHEA- (WINDPIPE)- travels TRACHEA- (WINDPIPE)- travels from larynx to bronchifrom larynx to bronchi

- 10-12 cm (4 inches) - 10-12 cm (4 inches) - walls are reinforced - walls are reinforced

with C-shaped rings with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilageof hyaline cartilage

-open parts of the ring -open parts of the ring are against the are against the esophagus and allow esophagus and allow us to swallow large us to swallow large portions of foodportions of food

TRACHEATRACHEA

-lined with mucosa and cilia which sweep -lined with mucosa and cilia which sweep upwards away from the lungs upwards away from the lungs In smokers the cilia becomes damaged In smokers the cilia becomes damaged and the mucus can only be removed by and the mucus can only be removed by coughing (smoker’s cough)coughing (smoker’s cough)

Choking occurs in the trachea due Choking occurs in the trachea due to its rigidityto its rigidity

HEIMLICH MANEUVER-HEIMLICH MANEUVER- make a fist and make a fist and press inward and upward just below the press inward and upward just below the xiphoid process of the sternumxiphoid process of the sternum

TRACHEOSTOMYTRACHEOSTOMY- a surgical procedure - a surgical procedure used when the airway is obstructed - cut a used when the airway is obstructed - cut a hole through the trachea just below the hole through the trachea just below the larynx and insert a solid tube to allow larynx and insert a solid tube to allow breathingbreathing

BRONCHIBRONCHIPRIMARY BRONCHIPRIMARY BRONCHI- -

formed by a division formed by a division of the trachea. of the trachea.

Right primary bronchusRight primary bronchus- - is wider, shorter and is wider, shorter and straighter than the leftstraighter than the left

-Bronchi enter the lungs -Bronchi enter the lungs at the center of the at the center of the lobes called the lobes called the HILUS.HILUS.

BRONCHIAL TREES (respiratory tree)BRONCHIAL TREES (respiratory tree)

-Once the bronchi come in contact with the -Once the bronchi come in contact with the lungs then it divide into smaller and lungs then it divide into smaller and smaller branches called smaller branches called secondary secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi etc…bronchi, tertiary bronchi etc…

-The smallest are called -The smallest are called bronchioles bronchioles

LungsLungs

LUNGSLUNGSLUNGSLUNGS - 5 lobes total- 3 on the right and 2 on the - 5 lobes total- 3 on the right and 2 on the

leftleft--MEDIASTENUMMEDIASTENUM- gap between the lungs that - gap between the lungs that

houses houses the heartthe heart APEXAPEX- is the top the lungs located just under - is the top the lungs located just under

the claviclethe clavicle BASE- BASE- is the bottom of the lungs and rests on the is the bottom of the lungs and rests on the

diaphragmdiaphragm- lungs are covered in - lungs are covered in Visceral PleuraVisceral Pleura and the and the -thoracic cavity is lined with -thoracic cavity is lined with Parietal Pleura- Parietal Pleura-

(these reduce friction)(these reduce friction)

ALVEOLIALVEOLI- air sacs- air sacs

- 300 to 500 million in the average adult- 300 to 500 million in the average adult-provide the only site of gas exchange -provide the only site of gas exchange

between the external environment and the between the external environment and the bloodstreambloodstream

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGYRESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGYHow does oxygen (gas) from the environment get How does oxygen (gas) from the environment get

to the cells and how does carbon dioxide (gas) to the cells and how does carbon dioxide (gas) exit the cells and get placed back into the exit the cells and get placed back into the environment?environment?

RESPIRATION- 4 step processRESPIRATION- 4 step process1.1. PRIMARY VENTILATION- (BREATHING) PRIMARY VENTILATION- (BREATHING)

moving air into and out of the lungs to moving air into and out of the lungs to continually supply alveoli with fresh aircontinually supply alveoli with fresh air

2.2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION- Diffusion (gas EXTERNAL RESPIRATION- Diffusion (gas exchange) between the pulmonary blood and exchange) between the pulmonary blood and alveolialveoli

RESPIRATION CONT.RESPIRATION CONT.

3.3.RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT- RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT- Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be carried to and from the various cells of the carried to and from the various cells of the body via the bloodstreambody via the bloodstream

4.4.INTERNAL RESPIRATION- Diffusion (gas INTERNAL RESPIRATION- Diffusion (gas exchange) between the blood and exchange) between the blood and individual cells (CELLULAR individual cells (CELLULAR RESPIRATION)RESPIRATION)

MECHANICS OF BREATHING- MECHANICS OF BREATHING- increasing and decreasing lung increasing and decreasing lung

volumevolume

VOLUME CHANGES LEAD TO VOLUME CHANGES LEAD TO PRESSURE CHANGES, WHICH LEAD PRESSURE CHANGES, WHICH LEAD TO THE FLOW OF GASES TO TO THE FLOW OF GASES TO EQUALIZE THE PRESSURE.EQUALIZE THE PRESSURE.

INSPIRATION - air moving into INSPIRATION - air moving into the lungsthe lungs

- DIAPHRAGM - contracts and moves inferiorly - DIAPHRAGM - contracts and moves inferiorly and flattens out from its dome shapeand flattens out from its dome shape

-EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS- contract and lift the -EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS- contract and lift the rib cage and thrust the sternum forwardrib cage and thrust the sternum forward

- lungs which adhere tightly to the thoracic cavity - lungs which adhere tightly to the thoracic cavity walls expand increasing the volumewalls expand increasing the volume

- as volume increases the gas spreads out causing - as volume increases the gas spreads out causing a partial vacuum which sucks air into the lungs a partial vacuum which sucks air into the lungs to equalize the pressure with the atmospheric to equalize the pressure with the atmospheric pressurepressure

EXPIRATION – air moving out of EXPIRATION – air moving out of the lungsthe lungs

DIAPHRAGM- relaxes back to its bell shapeDIAPHRAGM- relaxes back to its bell shapeEXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS- relax EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS- relax

lowering the rib cagelowering the rib cage- lungs are forced more closely together and - lungs are forced more closely together and

pressure rises causing air to be expelledpressure rises causing air to be expelledIn a FORCED EXPIRATION- Internal In a FORCED EXPIRATION- Internal

intercostals muscles are activated to help intercostals muscles are activated to help depress the ribcage and abdominal depress the ribcage and abdominal muscles contract to help force air out.muscles contract to help force air out.

RESPIRATORY VOLUMESRESPIRATORY VOLUMES

TIDAL VOLUME- (VT) -During TIDAL VOLUME- (VT) -During normalnormal breathing approximately 500 mL of air breathing approximately 500 mL of air move in and out of the lungs.move in and out of the lungs.

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME- the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME- the amount of air a person can inhale more amount of air a person can inhale more than the tidal volume- typically between than the tidal volume- typically between 2100 and 3200 mL2100 and 3200 mL


EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME- the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME- the amount of air that can be expelled after amount of air that can be expelled after tidal expiration- typically 1200mLtidal expiration- typically 1200mL

RESIDUAL VOLUME- even after the RESIDUAL VOLUME- even after the most strenuous expiration you have about most strenuous expiration you have about 1200mL of air1200mL of air

Residual volume is important because Residual volume is important because it allows gas exchange to go on even it allows gas exchange to go on even between breaths and keeps alveoli inflatedbetween breaths and keeps alveoli inflated


VITAL CAPACITY-(VC) the volume of air VITAL CAPACITY-(VC) the volume of air that can be expelled after the deepest that can be expelled after the deepest inhalation and the greatest exhalation- inhalation and the greatest exhalation- (everything but the residual volume) (everything but the residual volume)

-found by the sum of the tidal volume , -found by the sum of the tidal volume , inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory

reserve volume reserve volume - typically about 4800 mL in healthy adult - typically about 4800 mL in healthy adult

malesmales

Lung CapacityLung Capacity

LUNG CAPACITYLUNG CAPACITY

SPIROMETER- measures respiratory SPIROMETER- measures respiratory capacities by measuring air volumecapacities by measuring air volumeRESPIRATORY SOUNDS-RESPIRATORY SOUNDS-

BRONCHIAL SOUNDS- occur as air BRONCHIAL SOUNDS- occur as air rushes through the trachea and bronchi rushes through the trachea and bronchi (high pitch and louder)(high pitch and louder)

VESICULAR SOUNDS- occurs as air VESICULAR SOUNDS- occurs as air fills the alveoli (lower pitch, softer and fills the alveoli (lower pitch, softer and resemble a muffled breeze)resemble a muffled breeze)

BREATHING RATES AND BREATHING RATES AND BREATHING PROBLEMSBREATHING PROBLEMS

EUPNEA- normal respiration rateEUPNEA- normal respiration rateHYPERPNEA- breathe more vigorously HYPERPNEA- breathe more vigorously and deeplyand deeply

HYPOXIA- lack of oxygen getting to the HYPOXIA- lack of oxygen getting to the cellscells

BREATHING RATES AND BREATHING RATES AND BREATHING PROBLEMSBREATHING PROBLEMS

APNEA- brief periods where breathing is APNEA- brief periods where breathing is stopped (causes can be anxiety attacks, stopped (causes can be anxiety attacks, sleep disorders)sleep disorders)CYANOSIS- can occur with extended lack CYANOSIS- can occur with extended lack of oxygen- (bluish coloration of the skin)of oxygen- (bluish coloration of the skin)

FACTORS INFLUENCING FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPIRATORY RATESRESPIRATORY RATES

1.1. PHYSICAL FACTORS- increased body PHYSICAL FACTORS- increased body temperatures, talking, coughing, and sneezing temperatures, talking, coughing, and sneezing

2.2. CONSCIOUS CONTROL- (during singing, CONSCIOUS CONTROL- (during singing, swallowing, and holding of breath) voluntary swallowing, and holding of breath) voluntary control is limited because when oxygen supply is control is limited because when oxygen supply is getting low or blood pH falls medulla will take getting low or blood pH falls medulla will take over)over)

3.3. EMOTIONAL FACTORS- stress, upset, or EMOTIONAL FACTORS- stress, upset, or scared are some of the examples scared are some of the examples

4.4. CHEMICAL FACTORS- levels of carbon dioxide CHEMICAL FACTORS- levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood (there is an oxygen and oxygen in the blood (there is an oxygen sensor in the aortic arch and carotid artery)sensor in the aortic arch and carotid artery)


*Having high levels of carbon dioxide is *Having high levels of carbon dioxide is more of a signal to the brain than low more of a signal to the brain than low levels of oxygen* levels of oxygen*

As CO2 levels rise and pH levels As CO2 levels rise and pH levels drop in the blood you begin to breathe drop in the blood you begin to breathe more deeply and more rapidly this is called more deeply and more rapidly this is called --- --- HYPERVENTILATIONHYPERVENTILATION


EXCEPTION- People who retain high EXCEPTION- People who retain high levels of carbon dioxide due to levels of carbon dioxide due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Their emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Their brain no longer reads the high levels of brain no longer reads the high levels of CO2 as important as the low levels of CO2 as important as the low levels of oxygen. This is why patients who oxygen. This is why patients who require oxygen are given low levels of require oxygen are given low levels of oxygen because if they were given high oxygen because if they were given high levels they would stop breathing. levels they would stop breathing.

DISORDERSDISORDERS

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING-CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING- hypoxia that occurs because carbon hypoxia that occurs because carbon monoxide gas binds more readily to monoxide gas binds more readily to hemoglobin than oxygen does. So this hemoglobin than oxygen does. So this crowds out (low amounts of CO) or even crowds out (low amounts of CO) or even totally displaces the oxygen (high amounts totally displaces the oxygen (high amounts of CO)of CO)

DISORDERSDISORDERS

CHRONIC BRONCHITISCHRONIC BRONCHITIS- mucosa of the - mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed and produces excessive severely inflamed and produces excessive amounts of mucus. The excess mucus amounts of mucus. The excess mucus impairs ventilation and increases the risk impairs ventilation and increases the risk of lung infections. Hypoxia and carbon of lung infections. Hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention occurs.dioxide retention occurs.

DISORDERSDISORDERS

ASTHMAASTHMA – hypersensitive bronchial – hypersensitive bronchial passages that quickly inflame due to passages that quickly inflame due to irritants (dust mite, dog dander, fungi) irritants (dust mite, dog dander, fungi)

DISORDERSDISORDERS

EMPHYSEMA- the alveoli enlarge and EMPHYSEMA- the alveoli enlarge and become less elastic (fibrosis) and cause become less elastic (fibrosis) and cause the airways to collapse during exhale- the airways to collapse during exhale- (patients give incredible amounts of (patients give incredible amounts of energy to exhale)energy to exhale)

DISORDERSDISORDERS

CYSTIC FIBROSIS- (genetic) 1 out of CYSTIC FIBROSIS- (genetic) 1 out of 2400- oversecretion of a thick mucus that 2400- oversecretion of a thick mucus that clogs the respiratory system.clogs the respiratory system.

CARBON DIOXIDE- is transported in plasma as a CARBON DIOXIDE- is transported in plasma as a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

*CO2 leaves the individual cells and bonds with water in *CO2 leaves the individual cells and bonds with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid which quickly the plasma to form carbonic acid which quickly separates into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions HCO3 – separates into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions HCO3 – This is what causes the pH levels to drop and become This is what causes the pH levels to drop and become more acidic in blood more acidic in blood

CO2 + H2O CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ HCO3- + H+ *For carbon dioxide to be released for diffusion from its *For carbon dioxide to be released for diffusion from its bicarbonate ion form it must first bond with a hydrogen bicarbonate ion form it must first bond with a hydrogen atom to form carbonic acid (H2CO3 ). Then the atom to form carbonic acid (H2CO3 ). Then the carbonic acid breaks down to form CO2 and H2O and carbonic acid breaks down to form CO2 and H2O and can be released into the lungscan be released into the lungs

HCO3- + H+ HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O CO2 + H2O

GAS TRANSPORTGAS TRANSPORT

SURFACTANTSURFACTANT- covers the alveoli reducing - covers the alveoli reducing the surface tension which prevents the the surface tension which prevents the alveoli from collapsing during expirationalveoli from collapsing during expiration

OXYGEN is carried through the bloodstream OXYGEN is carried through the bloodstream attached to hemoglobin to form attached to hemoglobin to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbO2) - (small OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbO2) - (small amount of oxygen is dissolved in the amount of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma)plasma)

GAS TRANSPORTGAS TRANSPORT

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANERESPIRATORY MEMBRANE- where gases flow - where gases flow on one side and blood flows on the other side.on one side and blood flows on the other side.-Walls of alveoli are composed largely of a -Walls of alveoli are composed largely of a single, thin layer of squamous single, thin layer of squamous epithelial epithelial cells. (Much thinner than a piece of paper)cells. (Much thinner than a piece of paper)-Pulmonary capillaries (one cell thick) cover the -Pulmonary capillaries (one cell thick) cover the external surfaces of the alveoli for gas exchangeexternal surfaces of the alveoli for gas exchange-Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the -Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the one celled membranes by diffusion. one celled membranes by diffusion.

DISORDERSDISORDERSCHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE- CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE-

*chronic bronchitis and emphysema *chronic bronchitis and emphysema • major cause of death and disabilitymajor cause of death and disability

4 features in common with COPD4 features in common with COPD1. 1. patients almost always have a history of patients almost always have a history of SMOKINGSMOKING2.2. DYSPNEA- labored breathing DYSPNEA- labored breathing occurs and becomes occurs and becomes

progressively worseprogressively worse3.3. coughing and frequent pulmonary infectionscoughing and frequent pulmonary infections4.4. retain carbon dioxide (HYPOXIC ) and have respiratory retain carbon dioxide (HYPOXIC ) and have respiratory

acidosisacidosis

respiratory system. function responsible for supplying oxygen (gas) and disposing carbon...

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