respiration chapter 6. cellular respiration - basics releases energy from glucose released energy is...
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiration
Chapter 6
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Cellular Respiration - Basics
• releases energy from glucose• released energy is chemical energy• occurs in cell
cytoplasmmitochondria
• works better with oxygen (aerobic) than without oxygen (anaerobic)
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Cellular Respiration - Process
glucose oxygen +water energycarbon dioxide ++
CO2C6H12O6 H2OO2 ATP+ + +
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Aerobic Respiration
aerobic = with oxygenC6H12O6 + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Three process occur in aerobic respiration1. Glycolysis
occurs in the cytoplasm
oxygen is not requiredelectron acceptor is nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotideNAD --> NADH
glucose 2 pyruvic acid
CCC
CCC
CCC C
CC
PEP
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CO2
Aerobic Respiration cont’d
2. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
pyruvic acid(3C)
(in cytoplasm)
acetyl-coenzymeA(2C)
(in mitochondron)
Krebs Cycle
CO2
CO2
ATP
NADH
FADH2
occurs in:
mitochondria
electron acceptors are
NAD and FADH2
CCC
CC
C
C
C
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Kreb’s Cycle
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Aerobic Respiration cont’d
3. Electron transport• electrons transferred from
NADH, FADH2 to oxygen and water is formed
• oxidative phosphorylation• ATP synthase complex• protons pumped across
membrane
• occurs in mitochondria• conversion equivalents:
NADH = 3 ATPFADH2 = 2 ATP
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Aerobic Respiration cont’d
• Energy from aerobic respiration• Glycolysis
• net gain of 6 ATP
• pyruvic acid --> acetyl-CoA• 2 NADH = 6 ATP
• Krebs Cycle• 2 ATP
• Electron Transport• 6 NADH = 18 ATP• 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
• oxidative phosphorylation
•Total = 36 ATP / glucose
•39% of energy available
•61% of energy is lost as heat
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Anaerobic Respiration
(without oxygen)
1. ethanol fermentation
glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> ethyl alcohol + CO2 + ATP
C6H12O6 ----> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 3ATP
• 25% of energy of aerobic respiration
• occurs in some plants and microorganisms including yeasts
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Alcohol Fermentation• Ancient Eqyptian wall painting: historical record of wine-
making• ~ 5000 yrs ago, perhaps earlier• Grapes were picked, crushed by foot, juice collected in jugs,
then fermented producing wine.
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Anaerobic Respiration cont’d
2. lactic acid fermentation glucose ---> pyruvic acid ---> lactic acid + ATP
C6H12O6 ----> 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP
• 22% of energy of aerobic respiration
• mammalian muscle and some microorganisms
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Organic Macromolecules
• four groupsCarbohydrates
built from monosaccharidesProtein
built from amino acidsLipids
built from glycerol & fatty acidsNucleic acids
built from nucleotides
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Carbohydratesmonosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharide
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Lipids
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Protein
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Biochemical Pathways
• note catabolic and anabolic pathways
• note production and use of:• proteins• lipidsbesides carbohydrates
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Biochemical Pathways
• note catabolic and anabolic pathways
• note production and use of:• proteins• lipidsbesides carbohydrates
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Biochemical Pathways
• note catabolic and anabolic pathways
• note production and use of:• proteins• lipidsbesides carbohydrates
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Biochemical Pathways
• note catabolic and anabolic pathways
• note production and use of:• proteins• lipidsbesides carbohydrates
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Biochemical Pathways
• note catabolic and anabolic pathways
• note production and use of:• proteins• lipidsbesides carbohydrates
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What is the connection between respiration and photosynthesis?
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• Is atmospheric CO2 in “equilibrium”?• Absorption by plants and the oceans• Accumulating in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide
• CO2 emission into the atmosphere by fossil fuel combustion dramatically changed “equilibrium”CARBON (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) + OXYGEN + COMBUSTION -> CO2 + heat
Carbon Cycle
Numbers = approximate carbon exchange (Gt/year)
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Air samples at Mauna Loa, Hawaii are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration
Conclusion: carbon released from the burning of fossil fuels has increased exponentially over the last century!
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Global Warming Contributors
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Consequences of CO2 increase• CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas
• third most abundant gas in atmosphere
• absorbs heat energy reflected by earth• acts as a blanket around earth• produces the greenhouse effect
• This is normal, and good!
• Excessive greenhouse gas accumulation?• increase GH gas; increase
heat absorption• increased heat of earth• Global Warming
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CO2 in atmosphere
key component of nature’s thermostat
If carbon cycle removes excessive
CO2
earth cools
If carbon cycle generates excessive
CO2
earth warms
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Carbon Flow: Living Systems
• Life is carbon based• All organisms use carbon compounds for
• Energy: • Glucose primarily, is converted to ATP in cells
• Structural components:• Cell membrane & wall; cellulose, proteins,
• Regulatory components:• DNA,enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.
• Thus: • energy flow is tied to carbon• life is tied to carbon
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Carbon Flow: Living Systems
• Goals for you as student:• Trace carbon • from atmosphere• through photosynthesis in autotrophs• through cellular respiration in autotrophs
and heterotrophs• back into atmosphere