cellular respiration glycolysis. “sugar-splitting”, is the first stage of cellular respiration...
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Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
• “sugar-splitting”, is the first stage of cellular respiration
• 10-step process that occurs in the cytoplasm• each of the reactions is catalyzed by a specific
enzyme• is anaerobic because it does not require any
oxygen.
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Glycolysis
• At the end of glycolysis, one 6-carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.
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Glycolysis Overview
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.html
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3 Phases of Glycolysis
• glucose mobilization/activation (reactions #1-3)
• cleavage (reactions #4-5)• oxidation & ATP generation (reactions #6-
10)
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Glucose Activation (#1-3)
• Glucose undergoes:– a phosphorylation (glucose --> glucose 6-phosphate)– an isomerization to fructose (G6P --> fructose 6-phosphate)– a second phosphorylation (F6P --> fructose 1,6-biphosphate)
• 2 ATP are used to power these reactions
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Cleavage (#4-5)
• The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
• DHAP immediately isomerizes into G3P• the products of the cleavage are two G3P molecules
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Cleavage (#4-5)
• DHAP isomerization (to G3P) catalyzed by enzyme triosephosphate isomerase
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Oxidation & ATP generation (#6-10)
• 6. For each G3P molecule, one NAD+ molecule is reduced to NADH and G3P is phosphorylated to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
• 7. 1,3-BPG phosphorylates ADP to ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
• 8. 3PG is isomerized to 2PG
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Oxidation & ATP generation (#6-10)
• 9. 2PG is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through the removal of a water molecule
• 10. PEP phosphorylates ADP to ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in pyruvate.
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Glycolysis Animations
• Overview of Glycolysis (simplified):http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/
Bio231/glycolysis.html
• Glycolysis:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/
student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html
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Glycolysis Overall Reaction:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP
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ATP Yield:
• Glycolysis produces 4 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.
• 2 ATP molecules are used to activate glucose.
There is an overall net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
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What happens to pyruvate?
• depends on whether oxygen is present (aerobic respiration) or not (anaerobic respiration).
• fermentation is the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid.
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Test yourself…
• Try this quiz: http://www.zerobio.com/biofax12.htm
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Further exploration…
• If you want more detail, this animation shows the enzymes involved in glycolysis as well as chemical structure of the intermediates:
• http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html