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Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
An oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + glucose ATP
3
Plants and Animals
Both Plants and Animals will use cellular respiration for energy.
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Mitochondria
Organelle where cellular respiration takes place.
Inner
membrane
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane spaceMatrix
Cristae
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Redox Reaction
Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.
Two types:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
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Oxidation Reaction
The loss of electrons from a substance.
Or the gain of oxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose ATP
Oxidation
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Reduction Reaction
The gain of electrons to a substance.
Or the loss of oxygen.
glucose ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Reduction
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Breakdown of Cellular Respiration
Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of glucose)
a. This occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria.
2. Grooming Phase
a. The two ½ glucose molecules
migration from cytoplasm to the matrix.
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Breakdown of Cellular Respiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
a. This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
a. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)
(G3P or GAP)
2 ATP - used
0 ATP - produced
0 NADH - produced
2ATP
2ADP + P
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
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1. Glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)
(G3P or GAP)
The 2 products produced…
2 Pyruvates (2 3C molecules)
0 ATP - used
4 ATP - produced
2 NADH - produced4ATP
4ADP + P
C-C-C C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
GAP GAP
(PYR) (PYR)
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Fermentation
Occurs in cytoplasm when “NO Oxygen”is present (called anaerobic).
Glycolysis is part of fermentation.
Two Types:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Alcohol Fermentation
Plants and Fungi beer and wine
glucose
Glycolysis
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C2 Pyruvic
acid
2ATP2ADP
+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
C
C
2 Ethanol2CO2
released
2NADH 2 NAD+
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).
2 Lactic
acid
2NADH 2 NAD+
C
C
C
Glucose
GlycolysisC
C
C
2 Pyruvic
acid
2ATP2ADP
+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
C
C
C
C
C
C
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2. Grooming Phase
Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).
2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)molecules.
CytoplasmC
C
C2 Pyruvate
2 CO2
2 Acetyl CoA
C-C
2NADH2 NAD+
Matrix
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2. Grooming Phase
End Products: grooming phase
2 - NADH
2 - CO2
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Location: mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.
Mitochondrial
Matrix
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Krebs
Cycle
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH
FAD
FADH2
ATP ADP + P
(one turn)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
2 CO2
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Krebs
Cycle
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH
2 FAD
2 FADH2
2 ATP 2 ADP + P
(two turns)
OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)
4 CO2
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle)
1. 2 - ATP
2. 6 - NADH
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (Chemiosmosis)
Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
Uses ETC and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
ETC pumps H+ (protons) across inner membrane (lowers pH in inner membrane space).
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (Chemiosmosis)
The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to makeATP.
All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration.
Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).
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Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
2 ATP(substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
2NADH
6NADH
Krebs
Cycle
2FADH2
2 ATP(substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
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Catabolism of VariousFood Molecules
Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids