ISSN : 2349-1264(RRJoT)May - August 2014

ü Development of Cotton and Cotton Gauze Fabricü An Outline of Poisoning at Kadapa ü Rotenone Beyond Just an Insecticideü Oxidative Stress and Organ Dysfunction

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

Research & Reviews

A Journal of Toxicology

STM Publication, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private ltd.(Estd. 2006) was launched in the

year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory board members from renowned

institutes.

Objectives of STM Publication(s):

?Scientific, Technical and Medical research promotions.

?Publication of genuine Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through proper review

process.

?Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

?Preparing online platform for other print Journals.

?Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical and Medical

domains.

?Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects which mainly falls in the category of

Nanotechnology, Scientific and technical writing & Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features:

?A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical & Medical domains.

?Employs Open Journals System (OJS) A Journal Management & Publishing System.

?The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad for its quality

and coverage.

?Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal acceptance/ finalization.

?Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

?Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology

Focus and Scope Covers

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology is published (frequency: three times a year) in India by STM Journals

(division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. Pvt.) The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily

reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products

described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in

this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written

permission of the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the

beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals (info@stmjournals.com)

(ISSN: 2349-1264)

?Automatism (Toxicology)

?Ecotoxicology and Entomotoxicology

?Environmental Toxicology

?Enzyme Inhibition

?Forensic Toxicology

? Toxicity and Toxicogenomics

?Vitro Toxicology

STM Publication(s)

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office

No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal.

Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM

Journals unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order:

Cost of Journal:

? National Subscription: Rs. 3750/- per Journal (includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1500/copy

? International Subscription:

? Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 3 print issues)

? Online + Print-$199 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@stmjournals.com

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India includes speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change

without notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of

Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access

Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at

nominal cost as follows

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B). For Subscribers:

? Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

? The access will be blocked:

? If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.

? Due to technical issue.

? Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent

media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars

etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each

published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are

also very welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

? Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.

? Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

? Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

? Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.

? Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:

info@stmjournals.com; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Chairman

Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET)

Noida ,India

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Puneet Pandeya

ManagerMonika Malhotra

Assistant Manager

Assistant Editors

Aditya Sanyal

Anupama Garg

Himani Pandey

Publication Management Team

Internal Members

External Members

Dr. Bimlesh Lochab

Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

Department of Physics,

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

School of Materials Science and Technology,

Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of

Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

Patna, India

Associate Editors

Gargi Asha Jha

Nupur Anand

Priyanka Aswal

Sona Chahal

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev Raj

Former Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India.

Chairman, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela, India.

Prof. D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,

AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community

Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Pankaj PoddarScientist, Physical & Materials ChemistryDivision, National Chemical Laboratory,

Pune, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal

University, Baru Sahib, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAssociate Professor,

National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral

Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials

Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head Department, Govt.College of Engineering Station Road,

Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootHead Research & Development,

Nurture Earth R&D Pvt LtdMIT Campus, Beed bypass road,

Aurangabad, India.

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor,

Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

Dr. Priyavrat TharejaHead, Materials and Metallurgical

Engineering Department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Editorial Board

Dr Selvaraj Milton prabuDepartment of zoology,Annamalai

university., India.

Dr. Iqbal AhmadHead, Fibre Toxicology Division Indian

Institute of Toxicology Research Lucknow- India.

Dr. Rajnish Kumar ChaturvediScientist Developmental Toxicology

Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR)-Lucknow, India.

Dr Seema Akbar AssistantDirector, Regional Research Institute

of Unani Medicine, the University of Kashmir Campus, Srinagar JK India.

Kausar Mahmood AnsariScientist Indian Institute of Toxicology

Research (IITR)-Lucknow, India.

Dr. Subrahmanyam Venkata Satya Vangala

Sai Advantium Pharma Ltd., India.

Dr. Ilora Ghosh MondalEnvironmental Sciences, JNU New

Delhi, India.

Dr. Krishna P GuptaIndian Institute of Toxicology Research

Carcinogenesis Division, India.

Dr. Urmi ChatterjiDepartment of Zoology; University of

Calcutta 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, India.

Dr. Devyani HaldarPrincipal Research Scientist,University of

Hyderabad Campus, India.

Dr. Ashok K. VaidChairman, Medical Oncology &

Haematology Medanta Cancer Institute Medanta – The Medicity Sector-38,

Gurgaon, Haryana, India.

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (2)] of Research &

Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology The intension of RRJoT is to create an atmosphere that stimulates

creativeness, research and growth in the area of Toxicology.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoT provides an outlet for Research findings and

reviews in areas of Toxicology found to be relevant for National and International recent

developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Toxicology.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Development of Cotton and Cotton Gauze Fabric Coated with Swietenia microphylla Bark as a Wound Contact Layer K. Sangeetha, P. Yasotha 1

2. An Outline of Poisoning at Kadapa (South India) Mohan B., Thomas S., Basha S. A., Parveen S., Reddenna L., Kumar E. S. J. 5

3. Rotenone Beyond Just An Insecticide: A ReviewGhosh I. , Maurya N., Agarwal N. R. 8

4. Cadmium Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Organ DysfunctionNazima B., Manoharan V., Prabu S. M. 14

ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology

RRJoT (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Development of Cotton and Cotton Gauze Fabric

Coated with Swietenia microphylla Bark as a

Wound Contact Layer

K. Sangeetha1*, P. Yasotha

2

1PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

2Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract The present work discusses the development of cotton and cotton gauze-based bandage

using mahogany. The biological properties of mahogany bark extract have been

identified. The 25% concentration of mahogany extract have been treated directly and kept at room temperature for conditioning. Further the antibacterial activity of

mahogany-treated samples have been evaluated against wound infecting pathogens (AATCC- 147) Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella

pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. It was found that

mahogany has good antibacterial property against wound infecting pathogens.

Keywords: Herbs, Mahogany, Pathogens, Wound contact layer

RRJoT (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

An Outline of Poisoning at Kadapa (South India)

Mohan B.*, Thomas S., Basha S. A., Parveen S., Reddenna L., Kumar E. S. J. Department of Pharm-D, P. Rami Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh

516003, India

Abstract The epidemiology of poisoning can be studied from different perspectives. Early correct

diagnosis and appropriate treatment, conversely, are often lives saving. Therefore, the

knowledge of the general pattern of poisoning in a particular region would help in early diagnosis and management of poisoning, which in turn should result in a reduction of

morbidity and mortality. Retrospective observational Study was conducted for a period of six months in the general medicine and emergency (ICU) units at

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Kadapa. In our study we found that

the poisoning was due to various products such as paraphenylene diamine (a hair dye), Gammexane, Kerosene, Nail polish, Rat poisons, petrol, etc. There is high incidence of

0.7 came in the vasmol poison. A total of 08 (7.2%) deaths were reported throughout the

study period and remaining were shifted to general medicine wards and got discharged after complete recovery and some were absconded, referred to higher institution for

better care. Psychological counseling may be helpful in elimination in the poisoning consumptions.

Keywords: epidemiology, poisoning, paraphenylene diamine

RRJoT (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Rotenone Beyond Just An Insecticide: A Review

Ghosh I.*, Maurya N., Agarwal N. R. Environmental Toxicology and Biochemistry, School of Environmental Science,

Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

Abstract Pesticides have received the most attention due to their global application and

widespread implications on human health. In recent years, both epidemiological and toxicological studies have provided evidence that pesticides have the potential to act as

toxicants contributing to the development of pathogenesis such as neuronal degenerations as well as may be utilized to induce signalling for reversal, suppress or prevent

carcinogenic progression. Rotenone, an isoflavones naturally found in the roots and

stems of several plants, is used as a broad-spectrum pesticide. Surprisingly, being a

known toxicant, rotenone is used in organic food farming, based on its label as a natural

product. Highly lipophilic, it easily crosses the cellular membrane without depending on

a transmembrane protein. Once inside the cell, it accumulates at mitochondrial complex I where it is known to inhibit the transfer of electrons and increases reactive oxygen

species (ROS) production, causing oxidative damage to DNA and proteins. More recently, rotenone was also shown to inhibit proteosome activity and catalyze the

degradation of ubiquitin tagged proteins which may be implicated in pathogenesis of

diseases. Numerous plant derived flavonoids compounds, with mitochondrial electron transport chain interrupter, such as rotenone, are currently used by cancer patients as

dietary supplements to complement chemotherapy. Excess generation of ROS and its involvement in down-regulation of cellular proliferation by rotenone may be significant in

chemotherapeutic assistance in prolonged treatment of tumourigenesis in future.

Keywords: Rotenone, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Cancer, Mitochondrial

dysfunction

RRJoT (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print)

Volume 4, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Cadmium Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Organ

Dysfunction

Nazima B., Manoharan V., Prabu S. M.*

Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar,

Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Due to continued anthropogenic mobilization, cadmium accumulation in the environment causes various health problems because of its diverse toxic effects, extremely lingering

biological half life (20–30 years), low rate of excretion from the body and storage

predominantly in soft tissue primarily liver and kidney. Cadmium is known to have numerous noxious effects, including nephrotoxicity, hepatoxicity, osteoporosis,

cardiovascular toxicity, lung toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. The biologically

significant ionic form of cadmium, Cd2+

, binds to many bio-molecules and these interactions underlie the toxicity mechanisms of cadmium. Some of the molecules (Mg

2+,

Ca 2+)

and transition metal ions (e.g., Zn 2+

, Cu 2+

, Fe 3+/2+

) is particularly sensitive to the presence of Cd

2+ because they enclose cationic sites to which the toxic metal can bind.

Alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during chronic exposures are

less significant compared to the acute cadmium toxicity probably due to induced adaptation mechanism such as metallothionein and glutathione which in turn diminish

cadmium induced oxidative stress. Many low molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbic

acid, vitamin E, glutathione, Flavonoids) and other antioxidants are capable of chelating cadmium ions reducing their catalytic activity to form ROS. This mini review focused on

direct evidence on cadmium induced ROS production, how different organ system responds to cadmium stress and pathological outcomes. For the treatment of cadmium

intoxications a therapy with chelating agents has been applied. A better understanding of

cadmium toxicity to tackle the environmental challenges lying ahead thus requires properly designed studies implementing biologically relevant cadmium concentrations on

different cell types and use of these data in a theoretical framework integrating all cellular aspects of cadmium effects.

Keywords: Cadmium, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, ROS, Chelation