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Muhammad Al‐Hussaini Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College http://www.arabicus.org/

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Page 1: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Muhammad Al‐Hussaini Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College 

http://www.arabicus.org/

Page 2: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Read  سن – أمس – مع – شمس – رأس – قتل – جيش

שן – אמש – מע – שמש – ראש – קתל – גיש

ذهب – رجل – درس – دخل – خرج – روحזהב – רגל – דרש – דכל – כרג – רוח

Page 3: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Read  سالم – مدينة – ملكة – ربة – كلبة – على – إلى

שלאם – מדינה – מלכה – רבה - כלבה - עלא - אלא

سكن – تحت – عربي – سمع – حسن – شعب

שכן – תחת – ערבי – שמע – חשן – שעב

Page 4: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Consonants  ص ضطظ غ ء

Saad – צ

Daad – צ

Taa – ט

Zaa – צ

Ghayn – ע

Hamza – א

Page 5: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Pronunciation �  The letters ص ض ط ظ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language is in fact referred to classically as lughat al‐daad (the language of Daad) 

�  The cognates of these letters are respectively  however instead of س د ت ذbeing pronounced dentally, the tongue is raised and pressed against the roof of the hard palate to emit the distinctive sound 

�  This causes a change in the following vowel, and it is very important to distinguish these four letters from their correspondents with whom they are frequently confused 

 أرض – دم – صغير – سالمظالم – ذلك – طالب – تل

Page 6: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Hamza – Glottal Stop � Hamza ء is the glottal stop equivalent to Cockney London pronunciation of “bottle” � The rules for writing Hamza are complex, but broadly it may be carried on either an Alif, aWaw or a Yaa or sit on the line on its own 

 رئيس – إبراهيم – رأس – أبصحراء – مؤمن – سؤال – إسرائيل

Page 7: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Saad‐Baa‐’Alif‐Haa 

 صباحmorning

צבאחsabaah

Page 8: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Saad‐Ghayn‐Yaa‐Raa 

 صغيرsmall

צעירsaghiir

Page 9: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Saad‐Haa‐Faa‐Yaa 

 صحفيjournalist

צחפיsahafii

Page 10: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Miim‐Saad‐Raa 

town, state, Egypt

מצרmisr

Page 11: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Alif‐Raa‐Daad 

land (fem.)  ’ ard

Page 12: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Taa‐Yaa‐Baa 

good  tayyib

Page 13: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Taa‐Alif‐Laam‐Baa 

student, seeker

טאלבtaalib

Page 14: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Taa‐Raa‐Yaa‐Qaaf 

 طريقway, path

טריקtariiq

Page 15: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Miim‐Taa‐Raa 

rain

מטרmatar

Page 16: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Dhaa‐Alif‐Laam‐Miim 

wrongdoer

צאלםdhaalim

Page 17: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Raa‐Hamza‐Yaa‐Siin 

president, head  ra’iis

Page 18: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Siin‐Waaw‐Hamza‐Alif‐Laam 

question

שואלsu’aal

Page 19: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Miim‐Waaw‐Hamza‐Miim‐Nuun 

believer

מומןmu’min

Page 20: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Siin‐Miim‐Alif‐Hamza 

sky

שמאsamaa’

Page 21: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Saad‐Haa‐Raa‐Alif‐Hamza 

 صحراءdesert

צחראsahraa’

Page 22: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Faa‐‘Ayn‐Laam 

he did  fa‘ala

Page 23: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Faa‐Taa‐Haa 

he opened, conquered

פתחfataha

Page 24: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Raa‐Jiim‐‘Ayn 

he returned raja‘a

Page 25: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

‘Ayn‐Miim‐Laam 

he did, worked  ‘ amila

Page 26: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

‘Ayn‐Laam‐Miim 

he knew  ‘alima

Page 27: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Kaaf‐Baa‐Raa 

he grew, increased  kabura

Page 28: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

‘Ayn‐Nuun 

about, concerning (+ gen.) 

‘an

Page 29: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Nuun‐Faa‐Siin 

soul, self, person (fem.)  nafs

Page 30: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Qaaf‐Waaw‐Laam 

saying, speech

קולqawl

Page 31: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Qaaf‐Miim‐Raa 

moon

קמרqamar

Page 32: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Jiim‐Baa‐Laam 

mountain jabal

Page 33: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Alif‐Laam‐Dhaal‐Yaa 

which, who (masc.)

אלזיalladhii

Page 34: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Alif‐Laam‐Taa‐Yaa 

which, who (fem.)

אלתיallatii

Page 35: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Read  طالب – سماء – صغير – صحراء – صباح – أرض – مصر

טאלב – שמא – צעיר – צחרא - צבאח - ארצ - מצר

عن – سؤال – صحفي – طريق – طيب – مطر – ظالم

ען – שואל – צחפי – טריק – טיב – מטר – צאלם

Page 36: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Read  قمر – علم – جبل – فعل – فتح – الذي – نفس קמר – עלם – גבל – פעל – פתח – אלזי – נפש

قول – عمل – التي – مؤمن – كبر – رئيس – رجعקול – עמל – אלתי – מומן – כבר – ריש – רגע

Page 37: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Al‐Huruuf Ash‐Shamsiyya, Al‐Huruuf Al‐ Qamariyya – Sun and Moon Letters

Page 38: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Al‐Maadii – Perfect 

 كتبت الملكة katabat al‐malikatu The queen wrote 

 هي كتبتhiya katabat She wrote 

 كتب الملكkataba al‐maliku The king wrote 

 هو كتبhuwa kataba 

He wrote

Page 39: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Al‐Mudaari‘ – Imperfect 

  تكتب الملكةtaktubu al‐malikatu 

The queen was/is/will be writing 

 هي تكتبhiya taktubu 

She was/is/will be writing 

 يكتب الملكyaktubu al‐maliku 

The king was/is/will be writing 

 هو يكتبhuwa yaktubu 

He was/is/will be writing

Page 40: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Al‐Mudaar‘i (Imperfect) – Medial Damma 

 كبرت البنتkaburat al‐bintu 

The girl grew/has grown 

 تكبر البنتtakburu al‐bintu 

The girl was/is/will be growing 

 درس الولدdarasa al‐waladu 

The boy studied/has studied 

 يدرس الولدyadrusu al‐waladu 

The boy was/is/will be studying

Page 41: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Al‐Mudaar‘i (Imperfect) – Medial Fatha and Kasra 

 عمل الرجل‘amila ar‐rajulu 

The man worked/has worked 

 يعمل الرجلya‘malu ar‐rajulu 

The man was/is/will be working 

  رجعت الطالبةraja‘at at‐taalibatu 

The female student returned/ has returned 

 ترجع الطالبة tarji‘u at‐taalibatu 

The female student was/is/will be returning

Page 42: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Fa‘ala – To Do 

yaf ‘alu He was/is/will be doing 

fa‘ala He did/has done

Page 43: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Fa‘ala – To Do 

taf ‘alu She was/is/will be doing 

fa‘alat She did/has done

Page 44: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Al‐Jumla Al‐’Ismiyya – Nominal Sentence 1.  Mubtada (Subject) isMa‘rifa (Definite) in the Raf ‘ (Nominative) case which 

is indicated by a Damma 2.  Khabar (Predicate) is Nakira (Indefinite) in the Raf ‘ (Nominative) case 

which is indicated by a Damma 

 البيت كبيرal‐baytu kabiirun The house is big 

  الملكة  صغيرةal‐malikatu saghiiratun 

The queen is small

Page 45: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Al‐Jumla Al‐Fi‘liyya – Verbal Sentence 1.  F‘il (Verb) isMaadi (Perfect) orMudaari‘ (Imperfect) 2.  Faa‘il (Subject) is in the Raf ‘ (Nominative) case which is indicated by a 

Damma 3.  Maf ‘uul bihi (Object) is in the Nasb (Accusative‐adverbial) case which is 

indicated by a Fatha 

 درست الطالبة  الكتابdarasat at‐taalibatu al‐kitaaba 

The female student studied/has studied the book 

  الكلبة يقتل الولدyaqtulu al‐waladu al‐kalbata 

The boy was/is/will be killing the female dog

Page 46: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Cases – Ma‘rifa (Definite) 

 الباب الباب الباب

Raf – ב ‘ (Nominative)

Nasb (Accusative) – ב

Jarr (Genitive) – ב

Page 47: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Cases – Nakira (Indefinite) 

 باب بابا  باب

Raf – בן ‘ (Nominative)

Nasb (Accusative) – בן

Jarr (Genitive) – בן

Page 48: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Verbal Sentence – Ma‘rifa (Definite) 

 دخلت الملكة  البيتdakhalat al‐malikatu al‐bayta The queen entered the house 

 المدينة  فتح الجيشfataha al‐jayshu al‐madiinata The army conquered the city

Page 49: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Verbal Sentence – Nakira (Indefinite) 

 دخلت ملكة  بيتا dakhalat malikatun baytan A queen entered a house 

 فتح جيش مدينة fataha jayshun madiinatan An army conquered a city

Page 50: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Read and Translate  مصر وخرج موسى يوسف دخل إسرائيل بطريق  [’banu – ‘sons] وبنو

 األرض  المقدسة إلى الصحراء[muqaddas – ‘holy’] 

dakhala Yuusufu Misra wa kharaja Musa wa Banu Isra’iil bi‐tariiq as‐sahraa’ ’ila al‐’ardi al‐muqaddasati 

Joseph entered Egypt, and Moses and the Children of Israel went out by the way of the desert to the Holy Land

Page 51: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Read and Translate 

 على جبل  سيناء الرب سمع النبي قول[siina’ – ‘Sinai’]  وكتب الكتاب وهذه هي الطالبة 

 [’tawra – ‘Torah] التي تدرس التورة 

sami‘a an‐nabiyu qawl al‐rabbi ‘ala jabali Sinaa’i wa kataba al‐kitaaba wa hadhihi hiya at‐taalibatu allatii tadrusu at‐tawrata 

The prophet heard the voice of the Lord on Mount Sinai and wrote the book, and this is the female student who is studying the Torah

Page 52: Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College · Pronunciation Š The letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language

Read and Translate  عملية  الصحفي عن يسمع الرئيس سؤال

 السالم في الشرق  األوسطyasma‘u ar‐ra’iisu su’aal as‐sahafii ‘an ‘amaliyyati as‐salaami fii ash‐sharqi al‐’awsati 

The president is listening to the question of the journalist concerning the Peace Process in the Middle East 

 تلك هي الملكة  الطيبة  التي قتلت الظالم وتعمل لشعب المدينة

tilka hiya al‐malikatu at‐tayyibatu allatii qatalat adh‐dhaalima wa ta‘amalu li‐sha‘abi al‐ madiinati 

That is the good queen who killed the wrongdoer and is working for the people of the city