research fellow in islamic studies, leo baeck college · pronunciation Š the letters ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ...
TRANSCRIPT
Muhammad Al‐Hussaini Research Fellow in Islamic Studies, Leo Baeck College
http://www.arabicus.org/
Read سن – أمس – مع – شمس – رأس – قتل – جيش
שן – אמש – מע – שמש – ראש – קתל – גיש
ذهب – رجل – درس – دخل – خرج – روحזהב – רגל – דרש – דכל – כרג – רוח
Read سالم – مدينة – ملكة – ربة – كلبة – على – إلى
שלאם – מדינה – מלכה – רבה - כלבה - עלא - אלא
سكن – تحت – عربي – سمع – حسن – شعب
שכן – תחת – ערבי – שמע – חשן – שעב
Consonants ص ضطظ غ ء
Saad – צ
Daad – צ
Taa – ט
Zaa – צ
Ghayn – ע
Hamza – א
Pronunciation � The letters ص ض ط ظ or Emphatic Consonants are distinctive in pronunciation to Arabic, and the language is in fact referred to classically as lughat al‐daad (the language of Daad)
� The cognates of these letters are respectively however instead of س د ت ذbeing pronounced dentally, the tongue is raised and pressed against the roof of the hard palate to emit the distinctive sound
� This causes a change in the following vowel, and it is very important to distinguish these four letters from their correspondents with whom they are frequently confused
أرض – دم – صغير – سالمظالم – ذلك – طالب – تل
Hamza – Glottal Stop � Hamza ء is the glottal stop equivalent to Cockney London pronunciation of “bottle” � The rules for writing Hamza are complex, but broadly it may be carried on either an Alif, aWaw or a Yaa or sit on the line on its own
رئيس – إبراهيم – رأس – أبصحراء – مؤمن – سؤال – إسرائيل
Saad‐Baa‐’Alif‐Haa
صباحmorning
צבאחsabaah
Saad‐Ghayn‐Yaa‐Raa
صغيرsmall
צעירsaghiir
Saad‐Haa‐Faa‐Yaa
صحفيjournalist
צחפיsahafii
Miim‐Saad‐Raa
town, state, Egypt
מצרmisr
Alif‐Raa‐Daad
land (fem.) ’ ard
Taa‐Yaa‐Baa
good tayyib
Taa‐Alif‐Laam‐Baa
student, seeker
טאלבtaalib
Taa‐Raa‐Yaa‐Qaaf
طريقway, path
טריקtariiq
Miim‐Taa‐Raa
rain
מטרmatar
Dhaa‐Alif‐Laam‐Miim
wrongdoer
צאלםdhaalim
Raa‐Hamza‐Yaa‐Siin
president, head ra’iis
Siin‐Waaw‐Hamza‐Alif‐Laam
question
שואלsu’aal
Miim‐Waaw‐Hamza‐Miim‐Nuun
believer
מומןmu’min
Siin‐Miim‐Alif‐Hamza
sky
שמאsamaa’
Saad‐Haa‐Raa‐Alif‐Hamza
صحراءdesert
צחראsahraa’
Faa‐‘Ayn‐Laam
he did fa‘ala
Faa‐Taa‐Haa
he opened, conquered
פתחfataha
Raa‐Jiim‐‘Ayn
he returned raja‘a
‘Ayn‐Miim‐Laam
he did, worked ‘ amila
‘Ayn‐Laam‐Miim
he knew ‘alima
Kaaf‐Baa‐Raa
he grew, increased kabura
‘Ayn‐Nuun
about, concerning (+ gen.)
‘an
Nuun‐Faa‐Siin
soul, self, person (fem.) nafs
Qaaf‐Waaw‐Laam
saying, speech
קולqawl
Qaaf‐Miim‐Raa
moon
קמרqamar
Jiim‐Baa‐Laam
mountain jabal
Alif‐Laam‐Dhaal‐Yaa
which, who (masc.)
אלזיalladhii
Alif‐Laam‐Taa‐Yaa
which, who (fem.)
אלתיallatii
Read طالب – سماء – صغير – صحراء – صباح – أرض – مصر
טאלב – שמא – צעיר – צחרא - צבאח - ארצ - מצר
عن – سؤال – صحفي – طريق – طيب – مطر – ظالم
ען – שואל – צחפי – טריק – טיב – מטר – צאלם
Read قمر – علم – جبل – فعل – فتح – الذي – نفس קמר – עלם – גבל – פעל – פתח – אלזי – נפש
قول – عمل – التي – مؤمن – كبر – رئيس – رجعקול – עמל – אלתי – מומן – כבר – ריש – רגע
Al‐Huruuf Ash‐Shamsiyya, Al‐Huruuf Al‐ Qamariyya – Sun and Moon Letters
Al‐Maadii – Perfect
كتبت الملكة katabat al‐malikatu The queen wrote
هي كتبتhiya katabat She wrote
كتب الملكkataba al‐maliku The king wrote
هو كتبhuwa kataba
He wrote
Al‐Mudaari‘ – Imperfect
تكتب الملكةtaktubu al‐malikatu
The queen was/is/will be writing
هي تكتبhiya taktubu
She was/is/will be writing
يكتب الملكyaktubu al‐maliku
The king was/is/will be writing
هو يكتبhuwa yaktubu
He was/is/will be writing
Al‐Mudaar‘i (Imperfect) – Medial Damma
كبرت البنتkaburat al‐bintu
The girl grew/has grown
تكبر البنتtakburu al‐bintu
The girl was/is/will be growing
درس الولدdarasa al‐waladu
The boy studied/has studied
يدرس الولدyadrusu al‐waladu
The boy was/is/will be studying
Al‐Mudaar‘i (Imperfect) – Medial Fatha and Kasra
عمل الرجل‘amila ar‐rajulu
The man worked/has worked
يعمل الرجلya‘malu ar‐rajulu
The man was/is/will be working
رجعت الطالبةraja‘at at‐taalibatu
The female student returned/ has returned
ترجع الطالبة tarji‘u at‐taalibatu
The female student was/is/will be returning
Fa‘ala – To Do
yaf ‘alu He was/is/will be doing
fa‘ala He did/has done
Fa‘ala – To Do
taf ‘alu She was/is/will be doing
fa‘alat She did/has done
Al‐Jumla Al‐’Ismiyya – Nominal Sentence 1. Mubtada (Subject) isMa‘rifa (Definite) in the Raf ‘ (Nominative) case which
is indicated by a Damma 2. Khabar (Predicate) is Nakira (Indefinite) in the Raf ‘ (Nominative) case
which is indicated by a Damma
البيت كبيرal‐baytu kabiirun The house is big
الملكة صغيرةal‐malikatu saghiiratun
The queen is small
Al‐Jumla Al‐Fi‘liyya – Verbal Sentence 1. F‘il (Verb) isMaadi (Perfect) orMudaari‘ (Imperfect) 2. Faa‘il (Subject) is in the Raf ‘ (Nominative) case which is indicated by a
Damma 3. Maf ‘uul bihi (Object) is in the Nasb (Accusative‐adverbial) case which is
indicated by a Fatha
درست الطالبة الكتابdarasat at‐taalibatu al‐kitaaba
The female student studied/has studied the book
الكلبة يقتل الولدyaqtulu al‐waladu al‐kalbata
The boy was/is/will be killing the female dog
Cases – Ma‘rifa (Definite)
الباب الباب الباب
Raf – ב ‘ (Nominative)
Nasb (Accusative) – ב
Jarr (Genitive) – ב
Cases – Nakira (Indefinite)
باب بابا باب
Raf – בן ‘ (Nominative)
Nasb (Accusative) – בן
Jarr (Genitive) – בן
Verbal Sentence – Ma‘rifa (Definite)
دخلت الملكة البيتdakhalat al‐malikatu al‐bayta The queen entered the house
المدينة فتح الجيشfataha al‐jayshu al‐madiinata The army conquered the city
Verbal Sentence – Nakira (Indefinite)
دخلت ملكة بيتا dakhalat malikatun baytan A queen entered a house
فتح جيش مدينة fataha jayshun madiinatan An army conquered a city
Read and Translate مصر وخرج موسى يوسف دخل إسرائيل بطريق [’banu – ‘sons] وبنو
األرض المقدسة إلى الصحراء[muqaddas – ‘holy’]
dakhala Yuusufu Misra wa kharaja Musa wa Banu Isra’iil bi‐tariiq as‐sahraa’ ’ila al‐’ardi al‐muqaddasati
Joseph entered Egypt, and Moses and the Children of Israel went out by the way of the desert to the Holy Land
Read and Translate
على جبل سيناء الرب سمع النبي قول[siina’ – ‘Sinai’] وكتب الكتاب وهذه هي الطالبة
[’tawra – ‘Torah] التي تدرس التورة
sami‘a an‐nabiyu qawl al‐rabbi ‘ala jabali Sinaa’i wa kataba al‐kitaaba wa hadhihi hiya at‐taalibatu allatii tadrusu at‐tawrata
The prophet heard the voice of the Lord on Mount Sinai and wrote the book, and this is the female student who is studying the Torah
Read and Translate عملية الصحفي عن يسمع الرئيس سؤال
السالم في الشرق األوسطyasma‘u ar‐ra’iisu su’aal as‐sahafii ‘an ‘amaliyyati as‐salaami fii ash‐sharqi al‐’awsati
The president is listening to the question of the journalist concerning the Peace Process in the Middle East
تلك هي الملكة الطيبة التي قتلت الظالم وتعمل لشعب المدينة
tilka hiya al‐malikatu at‐tayyibatu allatii qatalat adh‐dhaalima wa ta‘amalu li‐sha‘abi al‐ madiinati
That is the good queen who killed the wrongdoer and is working for the people of the city