research design [creswell]
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Research Design by John Creswell
Worldviews (aka methodologies)
Postpositivist (6-7)Social Constructivist (8-9)Advocacy/Participatory (9-10)Pragmatic (10-11)
Strategies of Inquiry (aka methodologies)
Qualitative (e.g. ethnography)QuantitativeMixed Method
Methods
ways to gather data
Literature Review
Secondary/library research conducted to situate current study
Important questions:Can it be researched? Should it be researched?Is there any interest in this?
Independent & Dependent Variables
situation + independent variable = dependent variable
SO...adults over 25 + drink green tea = better performance on memory test
Intervening Variables
situation + independent variable + intervening variable = dependent variable
adults over 25 + drink green tea + steeped tea for 15 minutes = better performance on memory test
Moderating Variables
situation + independent variable + intervening variable = dependent variable[+moderating variables]
adults over 25 + drink green tea + steeped tea for 15 minutes = better performance on memory test[age x ounces consumed daily]
Control Variables
situation + independent variable = dependent variableadults over 25 + drink green tea = better performance on memory test
situation + control variable = dependent variableadults over 25 + drink no green tea = no change in performance on memory test
Confounding Variable
situation + independent variable [+ confounding variable] = dependent variable
adults over 25 + drink green tea [+ daily crossword] = better performance on memory test
Purpose Statement
coveys overall intent of study (111);
include methodology, method, site, participants, definitions (112-113)
Research Questions
central question of project
what or how are generally qualitative questions
Quintessential ethnography question:What is happening here?
nondirectional (no cause, impact, influence, etc.)
Hypotheses
predictions
null, directional, nondirectional (134-135)
Sampling Terms
cross-sectional (146)longitudinal (146)population (148)samplingsingle-stage or cluster sampling (148)random sampleconvenience sample (148)stratification (148)random table list & sample size formula (149)
Validity (Experimental)
Does the instrument measure what you want it to measure? [Think SATs: are they apt indicators of a student's potential for college?]
threats to validity (162-165)
Reliability (Experimental)
Consistency of scores internally (on the same instrument), over time, and in the administration and scoring
Key for Writing Studies: interrater reliability: will different readers score a piece of writing the same over time?
Experiments
True experiment (uses random sampling) vs. Quasi experiment (does not use random sampling) (155)
pre-experiment (no control group) (158)
Backyard Research
Studying the researcher's own organization, friends, work, family, etc. (177)
In Writing Studies, this is a researcher studying his/her own classroom (teacher research) or own institution (happens a lot in dissertations and theses)
Methods for qualitative research
observationsinterviewsdocumentsaudio/visual artifacts(182)
Coding
breaking data into pieces and assigning each piece at least one label (code)
Qualitative Reliability Strategies
check transcripts for accuracycheck for code driftintercoder agreement (190-91)
Qualitative Validity Strategies
triangulationmember checkingrich, thick descriptiondisclosure of biasinclude discrepant informationstay in field long enoughpeer debriefingexternal auditor (191-92)