creswell mixed methods
TRANSCRIPT
Briefly History
Why Mixed Methods?
Type of Research designs
Criteria for Choosing a Strategies
Alternative Strategies and Visual Models
Data Collection Procedures
Data Analysis and Validation Procedures
Report Presentation Structure
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1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell &
Fiske. (Psychologists)
1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by
S.D. Sieber.
1979: Converging or triangulating different Qualitative &
Quantitative data sources by Jick.
1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By
Tashakkori & Teddli and then Creswell.
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Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a
large group of people
› These data often fail to provide specific answers, reasons,
explanations or examples
Qualitative research provides data about meaning and
context regarding the people and environments of study
› Findings are often not generalizable because of the small
numbers & narrow range of participants
Both methods have strengths and weaknesses
› When used together, these methods can be
complimentary04/07/23 5
• The collection of both qualitative and
quantitative data (open- and closed-ended) in
response to research questions.
• Persuasive and rigorous procedures for the
qualitative and quantitative methods
• The integration of these two data sources
(merging, connecting, embedding)
• An approach to research that has a philosophical
foundation04/07/23 5
• Researcher makes decisions before study (variables, hypothesis,
instruments)
• Researcher reduced the inquiry to a small number of variables to study
and a large number of people
• Researcher asks specific closed-ended questions
• Researcher analyzes numbers
• Researcher places importance on reliability, validity, generalizability,
replicability, control, and lack of bias
• Researcher writes the report using a standard structure
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• Researcher makes decisions based on views of participants
• Researcher opens the inquiry up to understand the complexity of the
situation
• Researcher asks open-ended questions – single phenomenon
• Researcher analyzes words and images
• Researcher places emphasis on individual meaning, context, and self-
reflexivity
• Researcher writes the report using a flexible, literary structure
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• The insufficient argument – either quantitative or qualitative may be
insufficient by itself
• Multiple angles argument – quantitative and qualitative approaches
provide different “pictures”
• The more-evidence-the-better argument – combined quantitative and
qualitative provides more evidence
• Community of practice argument – mixed methods may be the
preferred approach within a scholarly community
• Eager-to-learn argument – it is the latest methodology04/07/23 5
• Is the basic definition of mixed methods research provided?
• Does the reader have a sense for the potential use of a mixed method
strategy?
• Are the criteria identified for choosing a mixed method strategy?
• Is the strategy identified, and are its criteria for selection given?
• Is a visual model presented that illustrate the research strategy?
• Is the proper notion used in presenting the visual model?
• Are procedures of data collection and analysis mentioned as they
relate to the model?04/07/23 5
• Are the sampling strategies for both qualitative and
quantitative data collection mentioned? Do they relate
to the strategy?
• Are specific data analysis procedures are indicated? Do
they relate to the strategy?
• Are the procedures for validating both the qualitative
and quantitative data discussed?
• Is the narrative structure mentioned? Does it relate to
the type of mixed method strategy being used?04/07/23 5
Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods
Quantitative research Methods
Qualitative research Methods
Mixed Methods Research Methods
• Experimental
designs
•Non- Experimental
designs, such as
survey
• Narratives
•Phenomenologi
es
•Ethnographies
•Grounded
theory
•Case Studies
• Sequential
•Concurrent
•Transformative
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Convey the specific strategy for the data collection
Identify the criteria they employ for choosing the strategy
Authors(Greene and Cracelli 1997;Tashakkori and Teddlie
1998) have elaborated on the criteria that go into choosing
the mixed method approach
Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy
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Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy
Implementation
PriorityIntegrationTheoretical Perspective
No Sequence Concurrent
EqualAt data collection
Explicit
Sequential- Quantitative first
Qualitative
At data analysisAt data
interpretation
Implicit Sequential- Qualitative first
QuantitativeWith some combination
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What is implementation sequence of the quantitative and
qualitative data collection in the proposed study?
What priority will be given to the quantitative and
qualitative data collection and analysis?
At what stage in the research project will the quantitative
and qualitative data and finding be integrated?
Will an overall theoretical perspective (e.g., gender, race/
ethnicity, lifestyle, class) be used in the study?
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Sequential Explanatory Design
QUAN Data Collection QUAN Data Analysis Qual Data Collection Qual Data Analysis
Interpretation of Entre analysis
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Sequential Exploratory Design
QUAL Data Collection QUAL Data Analysis Quan Data Collection Quan Data Analysis
Interpretation of Entre Analysis
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Sequential Transformative Design
QUAN qualVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framwork
QUAL quanVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framework
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Concurrent Triangulation Strategy
QUAL Data Collection QUAN Data Collection
QUAN QUALQUAL
Quan Data Analysis
Qual Data Analysis
Data Results Compared
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Analysis of Findings Analysis of Findings
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Concurrent Nested Strategy
Concurrent Transformative Strategy
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Identify and be specific about the type of data. Some forms
of data such as interviews and observations can be either
quantitative or qualitative. Although reduction information
to numbers is the approach used in quantitative research,
it is also used in qual. Research.
Recognize that quantitative data often involve random
sampling, so that each individual has no equal probability
of being selected and the sample can be generalized to the
larger population. In qualitative data collection, purposeful
sampling is used to that individuals are selected because
they have experienced the central phenomenon.04/07/23 15
Relate the procedures specifically to the visual model. For
e.g, in a sequential explanatory model, the general
procedures can be detailed even further. A discussion of
this approach might include describing the use of survey
data collection followed by both descriptive and inferential
data analysis in the first phase. Then qualitative
observations and coding and thematic analysis within an
ethnographic design might be mentioned for the second
phase.
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It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for the
procedures. Some of the more popular approaches :
Data transformationExplore outliersInstrument developmentExamine multiple levels
04/07/23 17Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods
Data transformation: In the concurrent strategies involve creating codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the number of times they occur in the text data. This quantification of qualitative data enables a researcher to compare quantitative results with the qualitative data. For instance, in a factor analysis of data from a scale on an instrument, the researcher may create factors or themes that then can be compared with themes from the qualitative database.
04/07/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 24
Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of
quantitative data in the first phase can yield extreme or
outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative interviews with these
outlier cases can provide insight about why they diverged
from the quantitative sample.
04/07/23 18Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods
Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and specific statements from participants in an initial qualitative data collection. In the next phase, use these statements as specific items and the themes for scales to create a survey instrument that is grounded in the views of the participants. A third, final phase might be to validate the instrument with large sample representative of a
population.04/07/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 26
Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey at one level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a sample. At the same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with individuals) to explore the phenomenon with specific individuals
in families .
04/07/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 27
It is necessary the validation of both
qualitative and quantitative phases of
study. Each of methods has the specific
ways, for the qualitative data, the
strategies that will be used to check the
accuracy of the findings need to be
mentioned .
04/07/23 19Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods
It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for the
procedures. Some of the more popular approaches:
Data transformation: In the concurrent strategies involve
creating codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the
number of times they occur in the text data. This
quantification of qualitative data enables a researcher to
compare quantitative results with the qualitative data. For
instance, in a factor analysis of data from a scale on an
instrument, the researcher may create factors or themes
that then can be compared with themes from the qualitative
database.
04/07/23 17
Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of quantitative data in
the first phase can yield extreme or outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative
interviews with these outlier cases can provide insight about why they
diverged from the quantitative sample.
Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and
specific statements from participants in an initial qualitative data
collection. In the next phase, use these statements as specific items and
the themes for scales to create a survey instrument that is grounded in
the views of the participants. A third, final phase might be to validate the
instrument with large sample representative of a population.
Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey
at one level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a
sample. At the same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with
individuals) to explore the phenomenon with specific individuals in
families.
04/07/23 18
It is necessary the validation of both
qualitative and quantitative phases of
study. Each of methods has the specific
ways, for the qualitative data, the
strategies that will be used to check the
accuracy of the findings need to be
mentioned.
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Thanks for the
privilege of being
a part of you.
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