qualitative research creswell

7/25/2019 Qualitative Research Creswell

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Principles of Qualitative

Research: Designing aQualitative StudyJohn W. Creswell, Ph.D.

ic!i ". Plano Clar!, #.S.


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi $

%&'ectives

( )s a group activity, to plan a *ualitative study on thetopic of leadership +you ay plan a study on your topic,if you wish-

( o develop a PowerPoint presentation of this group plan

( o cover soe &asic ideas a&out *ualitative research+set all of us on the sae footing- using the /0unan1*ualitative case study as an e2aple

( o introduce you to the idea of traditions or /types1 of*ualitative research


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi 3

What we need to !now to developthis plan:

What is qualitative research?

What types of problems are best suited forqualitative research?

How to write a qualitative purpose statement andresearch questions

What tradition or type of qualitative research bestfits our research problem?

What types of qualitative data we should collect?

Identifying our procedures for analyzing the data

Assessing our software packages that will helpwith data analysis


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What is qualitativeresearch?

Qualitative research is an inquiry approachin which the inquirer

( e!plores a central phenomenon "one keyconcept#

( asks participants broad$ general questions

( collects detailed views of participants in theform of words or images


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What is qualitativeresearch?

Qualitative research is an inquiry approach inwhich the inquirer

( analyzes and codes the data for descriptionand themes

( interprets the meaning of the informationdrawing on personal reflections and past

research( and writes the final report that includes

personal biases and a fle!ible structure%

"adapted from &reswell '(('$ p% )*#


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What do we need to !eep in ind

when designing a *ualitativestudy7

( 8ocus on process as well as outcoes

( "et the design eerge( 9se inductive reasoning

( Develop a cople2 picture of the phenoenon+studying any ideas with few participants and sites-

( Discuss the conte2t of the phenoenon

( 8ollow the /scientific ethod1

+e.g., pro&le, *uestions, ethod, results-


8/49Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi

Starting our plan

(

"et;s provide a title for our pro'ect


9/49Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi Record descriptive notes

> Record reflective notes

( Decide on your o&servational stance

( Hnter site slowly

( Conduct ultiple o&servations

( Suarie at end of each o&servation

=f h t i t i h d


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi =ndividual

> 8ocus group

> elephone

> eGail( Create an interview protocol

( )s! openGended *uestions +4G6-

> allows the participant to create options forresponding

> participants can voice their e2periences andperspectives

( =f possi&le, tape record and transcri&e for analysis


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi $A

( "et;s write down in our plan our data

collection approach

@- Sites to &e studied

- People to &e studied

$- Perissions needed

3- ypes of data to &e collected

4- 8ors needed for data collection


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi $@

%nce we collect the data, how will weanalye it7 he overall process

Codes the Text for

Description to be Used

in the esearch eport

Codes the Text for

Themes to be Used

in the esearch eport

The esearcher Codes the Data !i"e"# locates text

segments and assigns a code to label them$

The esearcher Prepares Data for analysis! e"g"# transcribes fieldnotes$

The esearcher Collects Data !i"e"# a text file# such as

fieldnotes# transcriptions# optically scanned material$

The esearcher eads Through Data

! i"e"# obtains general sense of material$

Simultaneous%nteractive


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#ore specific steps in the analysis

process

( H2ploring the data&ase

( Coding the data( Developing findings G a description and thees

( +Re- presenting the description and thees

( =nterpreting the findings

( alidating the findings


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi $$

Fow do we first e2plore the

data&ase7

( %&tain a general sense of the data

( Write down eos on hard copy

( hin! a&out the organiation of the data

( Consider whether ore data are needed


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi $3

hen we engage in the codingprocess that involves several steps:

educe Codes to&'( Themes

+nitially read

throu"h data

$ivide text

into se"#ents

of infor#ation

Label

se"#ents of

infor#ation

(ith codes

Reduce

Overla! and

redundancy

of codes

olla!se

codes into

the#es

)any

Pagesof Text

)any

Segmentsof Text

*+',+

codes

Codes

reducedto -+

Fo do e di ide the te t into


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Fow do we divide the te2t intosegents7 +actual coding-

( ranscri&e the interview

( =nitially read through for general eaning

( Deterine coding frae +sentence, paragraph, or phrase-and deterine what the person is saying in the codingfrae

( )ssign code la&els in left argin

> 9se in vivocoding +their words- when possi&le

> Do not over code G practice /lean coding1

> Stay away fro interpreting coents +@A sec rule-( "oo! for overlap aong codes

( Co&ine codes into 4G6 thees


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What are thees7

( hees are &road categories of inforation+codes grouped together-

( hees can descri&e a setting

( hees can descri&e what occurred

( =n the 4G6 thees, have soe &e: a- what youwould e2pectK &- what you would not e2pect

+unusual thees-( hees can also &e related +chronology,

grounded theory odel-


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( "et;s practice the coding procedures

using a saple twoGpage transcript on

the topic of how departent chairs

&alance their personal and professional

lives


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( Descri&e the procedures we will use for

analying the data


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=n this analysis process, should we use acoputer progra to help7

Soe coputer progras availa&le:

)tlas.ti http:IIwww.atlasti.deIinde2.htl

B5 http:IIwww.*srinternational.coI
http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/http://www.qsrinternational.com/


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi 3A

( Deonstration of the &asic features of B5

including:

> entering docuents +we will enter the

departent chair pro'ect we have coded-

> coding te2ts

> tree diagra

> searching codes


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi 3@

Fow will we report our findings7+What topics do we present in the

findings7-( We might describe the setting( We might identify and discuss )24 themes "including multiple

perspectives$ good quotes$ useful dialogue$ even metaphors oranalogies#

( We write in detail

( We try to make the narrative as realistic as possible "even notetensions5contradictions#

( We report the narrative in a way consistent with our tradition

> 6arrative 7 typically a chronology

> 8henomenology 7 typically description building toward the essence of

the phenomenon> 9thnography 7 description of the setting and cultural themes that

display the way culture2sharing works

> :rounded theory 7 categories of information leading to a theoreticalmodel

> &ase study 2 description of the case and themes of the case


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)s we present these findings,

what visual presentations can weuse to convey the7

( Create a visual iage of the inforationin a /coparison1 ta&le

( Depict physical layout of the setting

( Descri&e personal or deographic

inforation for each person or site( Present a odel of a theory


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Office of Qualitative & Mixed Methods Research, Universi 3$

)t the end of our study, whatinterpretations can we a!e7+Discussion section of studies-

( =nterpretation is stepping &ac! > as!ing what all ofthis eansK it is not neutral

( %ptions:

> We can give our own personal reflection +&ased on oure2periences, history-

> We can copare our findings with the literature

> We can suarie in a general sense what we found

( We also need +as shown in scholarly discussion

sections-> Raise potential liitations in our study

> #a!e suggestions for future research

> Discuss the practical iplications for our study


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Fow do we !now that ourinterpretation +or thees, or*uestions, or the entire researchreport- is accurate7( #e&er chec!ing: #e&ers chec! the accuracy of

the account

( riangulation: "oo!ing for thees across different

types of dataK different researchersK different

participants

( %thers: peer review, e2ternal audit, reportdisconfiring evidence, clarify researcher;s stance,

thic! description, prolonged tie in the field


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"et;s put it all together > What topicsare addressed in a proposal for a

*ualitative study7( =ntroduction

> Stateent of the pro&le +including literature-

> Purpose of the study

> Research *uestions

> Deliitations and liitations


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) *ualitative proposal +cont;d-

( Procedures

> Characteristics of *ualitative research +optional-

> Qualitative research strategy

> Role of the researcher

> Data collection procedures

> Data analysis procedures

> Strategies for validating findings

> Barrative structure


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) plan for a *ualitative proposal

( )nticipated ethical issues

( Significance of the study

( Preliinary pilot findings

( H2pected outcoes

( )ppendices +interview *uestions,o&servational fors, tieline, and proposed

&udget-


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( "et;s review the plan we have developed

collectively and share plans that you

have developed on your own


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Principles of QualitativeResearch: Designing aQualitative Study

John W. Creswell, Ph.D.

ic!i ". Plano Clar!, #.S.

qualitative research creswell

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