RESEARCH AND

TYPES

Submitted By:

Anwar Munjewar

M.Pharmacy (Q.A.T)

Allana College of Pharmacy, Pune

Search of Knowledge A Scientific and Systematic Research Art of Scientific Research Movement from unknown to known Solution to the Concerned problems It can be an academic activity also

What is Research ?

There are a number of ways of classifying research such as:

1. Experimental vs. Non experimental research,2. Laboratory vs. Field research, 3. Quantitative (numerical) vs. Qualitative 4. (Descriptive) research, or Basic vs. Applied research.

Type of Research

Applied research has some sort of application in the "real world.“

Basic Research, It's basically knowledge for the sake of knowledge. It's important to understand that achieving a good understanding of behavior involves both basic and applied research.

The difference between Basic and Applied research.

Basic research is used to explore the fundamental bases of behavior, without regard to how those bases are manifested in the real world.

Basic research aims to explain, predict, and describe fundamental bases of behavior.

Basic research is conducted to expand knowledge and understanding by either developing or testing theory. Its focus is knowledge or knowledge's sake. It is typically what we think of when we think of scientific research.

Basic Research

Unlike basic research, applied research aims to address and answer real-world problems. It is problem oriented.

Importantly, applied research is, like basic research, based on previous theory.

Examples of applied research topics include persuasion, eyewitness memory, clinical treatments of psychological disorders, behavioral interventions for children with autism etc.

Applied Research

General steps in the design and implementation of research.◦Choose a topic or problem.◦Review the relevant literature.◦Develop research questions and hypotheses.◦Develop a strategy for collecting data.◦Develop a strategy for managing and analyzing your

data.◦Write a research proposal to get approval and/or

funding.◦Conduct the research and publish the results.

 

Theory in applied research.

A patent is a property right granted by a sovereign state to the inventor of a novel, nonobvious and useful invention. Because the invention must be novel (meaning that it has not been previously disclosed anywhere in the world) and because it cannot be obvious to one ordinarily skilled in the art, the grant of the property right cannot interfere with the public’s access to what already exists.

The owner of a patent has the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling his or her invention for a period of 20 years from the filing of the patent application.

An invention is any new or useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter

What is a Patent?

In order to foster R&D in new technologies, such as information and communication technologies and biotechnology, the patent system needs to be shaped so as to swiftly and strategically respond to the challenges arising from those new technologies.

Further, in order to support a comprehensive and complex technological development,

it is essential to strengthen public R&D activities, including those in universities,

It is important to set up policies which provide a balance by offering both incentives to stimulate R&D and ensure a competitive environment for pioneers, for down-stream researchers and for producers at the end of the value-added chain.

One of the major functions of the patent system is the dissemination of technical information.

Patent information is a valuable and comprehensive source of technical, commercial and legal information that can be used directly for scientific and experimental purposes and as a basis for stimulating the adaptation and improvement of the technology described in patent documents immediately after their publication.

Recognizing the importance of the dissemination of technical information, a growing number of IP offices and organizations are using the Internet to offer access to their patent documents' databases.

Why should I search patent literature? Before starting a R&D-project, an effective study of the

state of the art is useful and advisable. It should not only focus on books and scientific journals, but also take patent information into account.

The patent system is the most prolific and up-to date source of information on applied technology.

Patents contain detailed technical information which often cannot be found anywhere else: up to 80% of current technical knowledge can only be found in patent documents.

Patent Based Research

Moreover, this information is rapidly available, as most patent applications are published 18 months after the first filing, irrespective of their country of origin.

Searches in patent literature can be conducted by anyone by using the free-of-charge esp@cenet patent data base on the Internet. It provides access to more than 60 million patent documents from all over the world.

All documents are classified by technological areas on the basis of the International Patent Classification which is the world-wide standard.

1.Avoid duplication of R&D efforts and Pending.

Patents are the broadest source of technical information. Many companies do not disclose their R&D results in any other form.

Looking up patents therefore is an efficient way to avoid duplication of R&D work: up to 30% of all expenditure in R&D is wasted on redeveloping existing inventions.

There are good reasons to search patent literature:

2.Find solutions to technical problems.

Even if a patent is still in force, the information it contains can be freely consulted, and used for experimental purposes (under certain conditions).

Given that the majority of all patents – around 85% – are no longer in force, a vast number of inventions is available for free.

3.Gather business intelligence Patent information not only reveals the state of the art

in a certain technology areas, but also enables monitoring the innovation strategies of competitors and other players at a very early stage.

It is important to recall that, in the context of the European Community R&D Framework Program, participants need to demonstrate the innovative character of the project they propose.

A proper analysis of the state of the art is one of the criteria project proposals are evaluated upon, and therefore technology-based proposals should preferably include patent searches.

1. No standard rules for the selection of a research topic but the under listed will serve as a guide for researchers.The topic must be educational in nature. The educational nature of a topic implies that the topic must be such that is geared towards providing a solution to an educational problem. It must also satisfy one of the major objectives of educational research - extension of knowledge and making a meaningful contribution in the teaching - learning process.

Eight Best Factors in Selecting a Research Topic

2. The topic to be selected must be of interest to the researcher. A person's interest in a topic provides the motivation that will enable the researcher complete the investigation. Interest also makes for dedication and commitment in the course of the study.This is one of the reasons; the supervisor should not select a topic for students. One cannot be committed to a study that has no personal meaning to him.

3. Topic must be original: the originality of a topic first and foremost eliminates duplication.

A duplicated research study amounts to waste of energy, time, material and financial resources, because solution to that problem has already been provided.

An original topic adds new knowledge which contributes to educational advancement.

4. Topic must be researchable: a topic is said to be researchable if it lends itself to investigation through the collection and analysis of objective and relevant data.

It employs a systematic data gathering procedure for testing its theory and arriving at the solution to the problems.

5. Availability of time and financial resources: The topic must be such that can be completed within the time and money availability to the researchers.

Excuses relating to time and financial handicaps are not tolerated in research. Many research studies are abandoned due to lack of time and financial resources.

6. Availability of data: the topic must be one in which the researcher can easily identify his subjects and means of collecting data from the subjects.

Subjects in research may be human being, objects, events and structures such as buildings.

7. Facilities for data collecting must be available; such facilities like the libraries, computer and information centers. This is important for review of literature and analysis of data.

8. Topic must be significant: it must be capable of adding to new knowledge thereby providing solution to some knotty educational and social problems. Its findings must benefit some individuals.

A critical consideration of most of the above principles will make topic selection as easy task for researchers

THANK YOU !