report on bio nanotechnology

7/27/2019 Report on Bio Nanotechnology

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JSS ACADEMY OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION

REPORT ON

BIO NANOTECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

Mrs. Suvarna N.A. Aditi Rana

Mrs. V. L. Swaroop (1009131006)


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ABSTRACT

What is the task?

Studying the concept of nanotechnology and its application in medical

field. We will also study about the different kinds of nanodevices which

are generally used for the purpose of different device for different tasks.

What are the main difficulty in this approach?

The main difficulty comes in applying nanotechnology is that the

fabrication of nanodevices are not reasonable. We have to take carecertain measures to develop the exact nanodevice so that no error will

occur otherwise it can affect human body .

How good is it?

It is of great use to detect and diagonise cancer related diseases in human

body. It has vast application in medical field for detecting, drug delivery

and for other purpose because of its size lies in minuscule scale. That

these small devices can enter even in small pores and can help curing theperson.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to the faculty Prof. Mrs . Suvarana N.A and Mrs. V.

L.Swaroop for always being helpful to us and giving their valuable suggestion

and time for the completion of this presentation.

Name of the student:

Aditi rana (1009131006)


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that following student (ADITI RANA) have successfully

completed their assigned presentation according to the guidelines provided in

the course material. The work done by her is original in nature and up to best of

our satisfaction.

SIGNATURE:

Prof. Suvarna N.A.

Prof. V. L. Swaroop


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

What is nanotechnology

Application of nanotechnology in medical field

Carbon nanotubes

Biosensors

Nanopores

Dendrimers

Nanomaterials in drug delivery

Quantum dots

Nanoshells


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WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?

Creation of USEFUL/FUNCTIONAL materials, devices and

systems.Understand and control matter at dimensions of Nano scale.Ability tomeasure, model, and manipulate matter on the Nano scale .Ability to integrate

properties and functions into systems spanning from Nano- to macro-scope

scales.

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. It is difficult to imagine anything so

small, but think of something only 1/80,000 the width of a human hair. Ten

hydrogen atoms could be laid side-byside in a single nanometer.

Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices, and systems

through the manipulation of matter on this miniscule scale. The emerging held

of nanotechnology involves scientists from many different disciplines, includingphysicists, chemists, engineers, and biologists. There are many interesting

nanodevices being developed that have a potential to improve cancer detection,

diagnosis, and treatment.


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EXAMPLES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Carbon Nanotubes

Proteins, DNA

Single electron transistors

Size confinement

Dominance of interfacial phenomena

Used to increase Electrical conductivity

Carbon nanotubes

Nano pores

Quantum dots

Dendrimers


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APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL

FIELD

Other challenges apply specifically to the use of nanostructures within

biological systems.

Nanostructures can be so small that the body may clear them too rapidly for

them to be effective in detection or imaging. Larger nanoparticles may

accumulate in vital organs, creating a toxicity problem. Scientists will need to

consider these factors as they attempt to create nanodevices the body will

accept.

Most animal cells are 10,000 to 20,000 nanometers in diameter. This means that

nanoscale devices (less than 100 nanometers) can enter cells and the organelles

inside them to interact with DNA and proteins. Tools developed through

nanotechnology may be able to detect disease in a very small amount of cells or

tissue. They may also be able to enter and monitor cells within a living body.

Detection of cancer at early stages is a critical step in improving cancer

treatment. Currently, detection and diagnosis of cancer usually depend on

changes in cells and tissues that are detected by a doctor.s physical touch or

imaging expertise. Instead, scientists would like to make it possible to detect the

earliest molecular changes, long before a physical exam or imaging technologyis effective. To do this, they need a new set of tools.


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NANODEVICES USED IN BIOMEDICAL

Carbon nanotubes

Biosensors

Plasma reactor

Nano pores

Dendrimers

Quantum dots

Nano shells


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CARBON NANOTUBES

Another nanodevice that will help identify DNA changes associated with canceris the nanotube. Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter of a

molecule of DNA that not only can detect the presence of altered genes, but

they may help researchers pinpoint the exact location of those changes.

To prepare DNA for nanotube analysis, scientists must attach a bulky moleculeto regions of the DNA that are associated with cancer. They can design tags that

seek out specific mutations in the DNA and bind to them.

Once the mutation has been tagged, researchers use a nanotube tip resembling

the needle on a record player to trace the physical shape of DNA and pinpoint

the mutated regions. The nanotube creates a map showing the shape of the DNAmolecule, including the tags identifying important mutations. Since the location

of mutations can influence the effects they have on a cell, these techniques will

be important in predicting disease.

Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter of a molecule of DNA. Helpto identify DNA changes associated with cancer. A bulky molecule is attach to

regions of the DNA part which is analysed.Can also detect the location of the

DNA which is affected.


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BIOSENSORS

Probe molecules for a given target can be attached to CNT tips for biosensor.High specificity. Direct, fast response. High sensitivity. Single molecule and

cell signal capture and detection.

A biosensor is a measurement system for the detection of an analyte that

combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector, and a

nanobiosensor is a biosensor that on the nano-scale size.The small size of theoptical fibers allow sensing intracellular intercellular physiological and

biological parameter in micro- environment.

Nanobiosensors play a very important role for early cancer detection in body

fluids.The sensor is coated with a cancer-specific antibody or other

biorecognation ligands. The capture of a cancer cell or a target protein yields

electrical, optical or mechanical signal for detection.

APPLICATION-

DNA Sensors; Genetic monitoring, diseaseImmunosensors; HIV, Hepatitis,

other viral diseases, drug testing, environmental monitoringCell-basedSensors; functional sensors, drug testingPoint-of-care sensors; blood, urine,

electrolytes, gases, steroids,drugs, hormones, proteins, otherBacteria Sensors;

(E-coli)


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NANOPORES

Method of reading the genetic code will help researchers detect errors in genes.Tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through one strand at a time. Scientists can

monitor the shape and electrical properties of each base, or letter, on the strand.

Scientist can also use the passage of DNA through a nanopore to decipher the

encoded information.

When there is no DNA translocation, there is a background ionic current. When

DNA goes through the pore, there is a drop in the background signal. The goal

is to correlate the extent and duration of the drop in the signal to the individual

nucleotides.


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DENDRIMERS

Tree-like polymers, branching out from a central core and subdividing intohierarchical branching units. Consist of series of chemical shells built on a small

core molecule. Surface may consist of acids or amines to attach functional

groups to control/modify properties. Each shell is called a generation. Branch

density increases with each generation.

Research is being done on a number of nanoparticles created to facilitate drugdelivery. One such molecule with potential to link treatment with detection and

diagnosis is known as a dendrimer. Dendrimers are man-made molecules about

the size of an average protein, and have a branching shape. This shape givesthem vast amounts of surface area to which scientists can attach therapeutic

agents or other biologically active molecules. Researchers aim eventually to

create nanodevices that do much more than deliver treatment.

A single dendrimer can carry a molecule that recognizes cancer cells, a

therapeutic agent to kill those cells, and a molecule that recognizes the signals

of cell death. Researchers hope to manipulate dendrimers to release their

contents only in the presence of certain trigger molecules associated with

cancer. Following drug release, the dendrimers may also report back whetherthey are successfully killing their targets.

Targeted delivery, controlled release.Number of different drugs can be

encapsulated in dendrimers and injected into the body for delivery.Incorporating

sensors would allow release of drugs where needed.Cancer

Therapy.Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents


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NANOMATERIALS IN DRUG DELIVERY

PROBLEMS IN DRUG DELIVERY-

Dissolution kinetics may be the rate limiting step in the absorption

process for many drugs. Physical instability. Low activity. Drug

leakage.

Decreasing the particle size increases surface area and the dissolution

kinetics. Water-soluble polymer based nanoparticles. These are more site-

specific and exhibit better controlled-release characteristics. To overcome

toxicity issues, solid lipid nanospheres used as carrier systems. Physicalstability.

Nanotechnologies that will aid in cancer care are in various stages ofdiscovery and development. Experts believe that quantum dots,

nanopores, and other devices for detection and diagnosis may be

available for clinical use in 5 to 15 years. Therapeutic agents are expected

to be available within a similar time frame. Devices that integrate

detection and therapy could be used clinically in about 15 or 20 years.


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QUANTUM DOTS

Another minuscule molecule that will be used to detect cancer is a quantum dot.

Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by ultravioletlight. The wavelength, or color, of the light depends on the size of the crystal.

Latex beads filled with these crystals can be designed to bind to specific DNA

sequences. By combining different sized quantum dots within a single bead,

scientists can create probes that release distinct colors and intensities of light.

When the crystals are stimulated by UV light, each bead emits light that servesas a sort of spectral bar code, identifying a particular region of DNA.

To detect cancer, scientists can design quantum dots that bind to sequences of

DNA that are associated with the disease. When the quantum dots arestimulated with light, they emit their unique bar codes, or labels, making the

critical, cancer-associated DNA sequences visible.

The diversity of quantum dots will allow scientists to create many unique labels,

which can identify numerous regions of DNA simultaneously. This will be

important in the detection of cancer, which results from the accumulation of

many different changes within a cell.

Another advantage of quantum dots is that they can be used in the body,eliminating the need for biopsy.


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NANOSHELLS

Nanoshells are miniscule beads coated with gold. By manipulating the thicknessof the layers making up the nanoshells, scientists can design these beads to

absorb specific wavelengths of light.The most useful nanoshells are those that

absorb near-infrared light, which can easily penetrate several centimeters of

human tissue. The absorption of light by the nanoshells creates an intense heatthat is lethal to cells.

Researchers can already link nanoshells to antibodies that recognize cancer

cells. Scientists envision letting these nanoshells seek out their cancerous

targets, then applying near-infrared light.In laboratory cultures, the heat

generated by the light-absorbing nanoshells has successfully killed tumor cellswhile leaving neighboring cells intact.

Researchers aim eventually to create nanodevices that do much more than

deliver treatment. The goal is to create a single nanodevice that will do many

things: assist in imaging inside the body, recognize precancerous or cancerouscells, release a drug that targets only those cells, and report back on the

effectiveness of the treatment.


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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

It is a very useful technology in field of medical. Many times the doctors are

unable to detect the location of damaged organ at that time we can use ananodevice for not only detecting the damaged part but also for delivering the

drug to that location inside the body parts.

The nanotechnology is not used in day to day routines and operations by doctors

as the main research is going on to make it absolutely correct to be used in ournear hospitals.it can approximately take 10 to 15 years to get in that frequent

usage.


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REFERENCES

http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov

http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/

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