report final joy

Jyotsna Mishra

Landscape Architecture(MLA)

Jyotsna MishraMasters in Landscape Architecture

Guided byProf. Sandip Patil

Faculty of Architecture

May 2016

VISUALISING AND RECLAIMING LANDSCAPE IN HISTORICAL

PERSPECTIVE IN CASE GROUPS OF MONUMENTS, MANDU, MADHYA

Jyotsna Mishra

Dedicated to my passion of travelling.

“Not all those who wander are lost”a line from the poem All that is gold does not glitter, written by J. R. R. Tolkien

Jyotsna Mishra

U N D E R T A K I N G

I, Jyotsna Mishra, the author of the dissertation titled Visualising and reclaiming landscape in historical perspective in case groups of monuments, Mandu, Madhya pradesh, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine,carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Masters in Landscape Architecture at the Faculty of Architecture, CEPT University, Ahmedabad. This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any degree/diploma.

Jyotsna Mishra Pa200514Date: 13.05.2-16Place: Ahmedabad

DisclaimerThis document describes work undertaken as part of the M.Arch degree in Landscape Architecture at the Faculty of Architecture, CEPT University. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of CEPT University, the Dissertation Guide(s), or the Dissertation Committee.

Jyotsna Mishra

C E R T I F I C A T E

This is to certify that the dissertation titled Visualising and reclaiming landscape in historical perspective in case groups of monuments, Mandu, Madhya pradesh has been submitted by Jyotsna Mishra towards partial fulfilment of the require-ments for the award of Masters in Landscape degree, in accordance with the undertaking signed by the student on the previous page.

Prof. Sandip PatilGuide: Date:

Urvi DesaiChair, Dissertation Committee, 2016Date:

Jyotsna Mishra

Interactions between man and nature manifest themselves as cultural landscapes - a natural landscape modified by a cultural group. There are however, instances in history, where some of these interactions through events, built forms or likewise modifications leave a lasting impact on the landscape of a region. What remains of these built masses today forms the invaluable heritage. The landscape, owing to its relationship with such buildings, gets defined as heritage landscape. However, change in land use patterns, vegetation degradation, change in function of these sites makes irreversible damage to the surrounding landscape and the buildings are no longer part of the homogenous fabric. Thus, there arises an urgent need to conserve these sites as such magnificent examples of architecture will not be recreated with the same purpose and stature. This work aims at re-establishing this connection between the landscape of a region and its tangible and intangible heritage and creating a landscape ambience from the past through preservation and conservation of the existing heritage elements and surrounding landscape. India has a diverse string of such cultural sites embedded in its temples, forts, caves, tombs, religious sites of pilgrims. The profession of architectural conserva-tion is a well established field and the need to conserve and preserve monuments as part of our urban cultural landscape is well recognized. However, what is less realized is the fact that conservation of the landscape setting of these monuments is equally important.Based on Aldo Rossi‘s theory that the presence of monuments and large buildings gives the city its character, as they embody the memory of the city, this thesis ad-dresses the issue of conservation of the contiguous settings of a monument, as an important part of conserving the monument.

The analysis is based on visual perception of landscape with overlay of various other parameters. The proposal aims to design spaces through visual and spatial configuration of elements, which invoke nostalgic feelings of a landscape reminis-cent of the past era, yet catering to the modern day requirements of recreation.

Abstract

Jyotsna Mishra

I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my guide Profes-sor Mr. Sandip Patil, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a land-

scape architect. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. I would also like to thank, Professor Deepa Maheshwari and professor Jigna desai to give me valuable critics to evolve the best out of my design. A spe-cial thanks to Professor Amita Sinha for guiding me to do documentation of the

region, and take special interest in conserving landscape in Mandu.

I also want to thank you my dearest class for making this thesis an enjoyable moment, and for your brilliant comments and suggestions, thanks to you. I would

especially like to thank Parshava, Khusboo, Akash and Brijesh to help me get of the panic mode and encourage me for all the reviews.

Thank you to be by my side always.A special thanks to Parshava as its completely because of him that i would travel to Mandu and fell in love with the monuments which inspired me to study it in

depth, hence the thesis came in existence.A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my

Mom, Dad and Bro for all of the sacrifices that you’ve made on my behalf. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. I would also like to thank all of

my friends who supported me in writing, and incented me to strive towards my goal. At the end I would like express appreciation to my best friend Dj who spent sleepless nights together and was always my support in the moments when there

was no one to answer my queries.

Acknowledgements

Jyotsna Mishra

Contents-Abstract1 Thesis Proposal 1.1 Abstract..................................................................................................01 1.2 Thesis statement....................................................................................01 1.3 Introduction............................................................................................02 1.4 Site..........................................................................................................03 1.5 Need for intervention.............................................................................05 1.6 Hypothesis..............................................................................................06 1.7 Aim.........................................................................................................06 1.8 Objective................................................................................................07 1.9 Methedology..........................................................................................07 1.10 Scope and limitation.............................................................................07 1.11 Expected outcome................................................................................07.2 Historical Landscape 2.1 Urban Heritage.......................................................................................08 2.2 The need to conserve.............................................................................09 2.3 Setting of an Urban cultural Landscpe...................................................10 2.4 The collective memory of a place .........................................................10 2.5 Historical potrail of Mandu....................................................................11

3 Patterns of landscapes 3.1 Decoding patterns of Landscape............................................................12

4 Site 4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................13 4.1.1 Mandu today.......................................................................................13 4.1.2Mandu past..........................................................................................14 4.1.3Mandu- Early history............................................................................14 4.1.4 The Muslim avent................................................................................15 4.1.5 The Sultans of Mandu.........................................................................15 4.1.6 The Mughals........................................................................................17 4.2 Monuments of Mandu..........................................................................18 4.2.1 Royal group of Monuments................................................................18 4.2.2 Village group of Monuments..............................................................18 4.2.3 Dariya Khan group of Monuments......................................................19 4.2.4 Dai ka mahal group of Monuments....................................................20 4.2.5 Rewa kund and Baz bahadur Palace....................................................20 4.2.6 Nilkanth Mahadev...............................................................................21

5 Case Studies 5.1 Ankorwat, Combodia..............................................................................22 5.2 Bagh-e-babur, Kabul...............................................................................23 5.3 Mahabodhi temple complex, At bodh gaya, India..................................24 5.4 Sacred city of anuradhapura, Srilanka....................................................25 5.5 Comparision matrix................................................................................26

Jyotsna Mishra

6. Site analysis (Physical aspect) 6.1 Geology...................................................................................................28 6.2 Soil..........................................................................................................30 6.3 Hydrology................................................................................................31 6.4 Climate....................................................................................................33 6.5 Vegetation...............................................................................................35 6.6 Landforms...............................................................................................37 6.7 Circulation...............................................................................................37 6.8 Tourist interest points.............................................................................38 6.9 Tourist in Mandu.....................................................................................39

7. Site analysis (Historical aspect) 7.1 Chronological order.................................................................................41 7.2 Past use of Monuments..........................................................................42

8. Visual analysis 8.1 Jahaz mahal Complex..............................................................................44 8.2 Town group ans its environs....................................................................44 8.3 Dariya khan group of Monuments..........................................................44 8.4 Dai ka Mahal group.................................................................................45 8.5 Rewa kund group....................................................................................45 9. Restoration of the Historical Context of the plateau...................................47

10. Landscape narrative of Mandu10.1 what is landscape narrative?...................................................................48

11. Site analysis of Royal enclave group of Monuments.................................50

12. Bibliography...............................................................................................62

Annexture- IAnnextute- II

Jyotsna Mishra

List of FiguresFig. 1.4.1 Site...............................................................................................04Fig. 1.4.2 View of Monuments at the Site...................................................04Fig. 1.4.3 Viewsheds from Mandu...............................................................04Fig. 1.4.4 Plan of Mandu..............................................................................05Fig. 3.1.1 Ghats of Varanasi.........................................................................12Fig. 3.1.2 Tree as public space.....................................................................12Fig. 3.1.3 Well..............................................................................................12Fig. 4.1.1 Proximity map of Mandu.............................................................14Fig. 4.1.3.1 Map of Mandu..........................................................................15Fig. 4.2.1. Tourism map of Mandu..............................................................16Fig. 4.2.2 Major monuments of Mandu......................................................16Fig. 4.2.1.1 Plan of Royal group of monuments..........................................18Fig. 4.2.1.2 Views........................................................................................18Fig. 4.2.2.1 Plan of Village group.................................................................18Fig. 4.2.2.2 Monuments..............................................................................18Fig. 4.2.2.4 Tomb of Hosang shah...............................................................19Fig. 4.2.2.5 Ashrafi Mahal...........................................................................19Fig. 4.2.3.1 Plan of Dariya khan group........................................................19Fig. 4.2.3.2 Landscape around the monument...........................................19Fig. 4.2.4.1 Dai ka mahal.............................................................................20Fig. 4.2.4.2 Dai ki choti behen ka mahal.....................................................20Fig. 4.2.6.1 Plan of Rewa kund....................................................................20Fig. 4.2.6.2 View of Rewa kund...................................................................20Fig. 5.1.1 Plan of Ankorwat.........................................................................22Fig. 5.1.2 Views of Monument in Ankorwat................................................22Fig. 5.2.1 Plan..............................................................................................23 Fig. 5.2.2 Views...........................................................................................23Fig. 5.2.3 Restored landscape.....................................................................23Fig. 5.3.1 Plan of Mahabodhi complex........................................................24Fig. 5.3.2 Restored Landscape.....................................................................24Fig. 5.4.1 Plan of Anuradhapuram...............................................................25Fig. 5.4.2 View of Protected monuments....................................................25Fig. 6.1.1 Geological map of India...............................................................28Fig. 6.1.2 Schematic section of Mandu.......................................................28Fig. 6.1.3 Geological map of Dhar...............................................................28Fig. 6.1.4 Toposheet of Mandu...................................................................29Fig. 6.2.1 Soil Map of Mandu......................................................................30Fig. 6.2.2 Soil Map of M.P............................................................................30Fig. 6.3.1 Catchment areas of Lakes............................................................32Fig. 6.3.2 Major waterbodies in Mandu......................................................32Fig. 6.5.1 Tropical deciduous teak forest in India........................................35Fig. 6.5.2 Keyplan........................................................................................35Fig. 6.5.3 Vegetation type near lal bangla...................................................36Fig. 6.5.4 Vegetation type near rolling slopes.............................................36Fig. 6.5.5 Vegetation type near steep slopes..............................................36Fig. 6.5.6 Vegetation type near roopmati pavillion.....................................36Fig. 6.5.7 Vegetation type near chisti khan palace.....................................36

Jyotsna Mishra

Fig. 6.5.8 Vegetation type on site................................................................36Fig. 6.6.1 Landform typology.......................................................................37Fig. 6.7.1 Circulation Map............................................................................37Fig. 6.8.1 Map showing tourist interest points............................................38Fig. 7.2.1 Royal enclave area.......................................................................42Fig. 7.2.2 Town group..................................................................................42Fig. 7.2.3 Dariya khan group.......................................................................42Fig. 7.2.4 Dai ka mahal group......................................................................43Fig. 7.2.5 Rewa kund group.........................................................................43Fig. 8.1.1 Plan and section of Jahaz mahal..................................................44Fig. 8.2.1 Plan to town group......................................................................44Fig. 8.3.1 Plan and section of Dariya khan group........................................45Fig. 8.4.1 Plan and section of Dai ka mahal group......................................45Fig. 8.5.1 Plan section of Rewa kund group.................................................45Fig. 10.1.1 Narrative of Mandu....................................................................50

Jyotsna Mishra

1. Thesis Proposal

1.1 Abstract

1.2 Thesis statement

Interactions between man and nature manifest themselves as cultural landscapes - a natural landscape modified by a cultural group. There are however, instances in history, where some of these interactions through events, built forms or likewise modifications leave a lasting impact on the landscape of a region. What remains of these built masses today forms the invaluable heritage. The landscape, owing to its relationship with such buildings, gets defined as heritage landscape. However, change in land use patterns, vegetation degradation, change in function of these sites makes irreversible damage to the surrounding landscape and the buildings are no longer part of the homogenous fabric. Thus, there arises an urgent need to conserve these sites as such magnificent examples of architecture will not be recreated with the same purpose and stature. This work aims at re-establishing this connection between the landscape of a region and its tangible and intangible heritage and creating a landscape ambience from the past through preservation and conservation of the existing heritage elements and surrounding landscape. India has a diverse string of such cultural sites embedded in its temples, forts, caves, tombs, religious sites of pilgrims. The profession of architectural conservation is a well established field and the need to conserve and preserve monuments as part of our urban cultural landscape is well recognized. However, what is less realized is the fact that conservation of the landscape setting of these monuments is equally important.Based on Aldo Rossi‘s theory that the presence of monuments and large buildings gives the city its character, as they embody the memory of the city, this thesis addresses the issue of conservation of the contiguous settings of a monument, as an important part of conserving the monument.

The analysis is based on visual perception of landscape with overlay of various other parameters. The proposal aims to design spaces through visual and spatial configuration of elements, which invoke nostalgic feelings of a landscape remi-niscent of the past era, yet catering to the modern day requirements of recreation.

In the absence of any archaeological data about the site, what approach can we adopt for designing a cultural landscape?Evolving a design based on factors to be studied, in case of Groups of monument Mandu.

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1.3 Introduction

Cultural Landscape is one of the strongest determinants of the ‘Sense of Place’, yet it constitutes a largely unexplored realm when it comes to land-use planning. Landscape is a living entity and represents a cultural continuum. Change is inevitable and manifests itself as ‘layers’ over cultural Landscape. However, in this change from traditional to the contemporary, one needs to assess those few and uncluttered principles that governed the intangible meanings of the space result-ing in its uniqueness. Cultural landscapes are places in nature, which consist of evidences of human ex-istence on land for survival from historic even from pre historic era which are often expressed in terms of art, architecture, rituals and culture. These landscapes are important in terms of the guidance that they have to offer as witnesses through the understanding of the past, their responses to the natural surroundings and many times the dwellings along with technologies that are found as innovations. With time the functional usages of these sites have undergone a change due to the influences of various other development forces. They are subjected to negligence due to reasons like lack of awareness, change in land use and degradation of natural resources.Every city and every town, every street, every plaza and every building, tells us something about us; our aspirations, our inspirations, our values, our cultures and our ways of life are what these patterns and designs reflect and symbolize within context. Acting as a medium of non-verbal expression, they embody in them sym-bols and specific meanings that are either bold enough to be evident or subtle enough to be deciphered over time. They stand testimony to what society was, what society is and the political and economic powers that dictated and continue to dictate their will (Lang, Desai, & Desai, 1997).

As cultures change the meaning of many of these urban patterns change, consciously or subconsciously, to acquire new meanings. However, these urban patterns and designs leave behind their mark on our world in the form of memo-ries and symbols that give its inhabitants an identity, thus making these patterns and design a part of our cultural heritage(Lang, et al., 1997; Steinberg, 1996).

Today, the rapid pace of social, economic and global change is affecting every sphere of life. Cities, historic centres and the cultural landscapes are also affected by these changing forces.

While addressing the need for change may be through maintaining a link with the past preceding it(Urbanism- Memories and new initiatives, 2006), which past we choose and what memories from that past need to be conserved are questions that continue to interest landscape architects, architects, planners and urban designers.

The observation here is that though traditions change with time, what stands very strong is that change is tradition(Urbanism- Memories and new initiatives, 2006). The task of maintaining continuity with change becomes even more complex while

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1.4 Site

Mandu a dramatic landscape of hills, hollows and lakes, littered with medieval Islamic architecture, set a top a lost world- like plateau 360 mt. above the surrounding Narmada valley. It is a place, which is more than aesthetic interest. The one time capital of the kingdom of Malwa is sited on a virtually impregna-ble table of volcanic basalt, part of a vast range of ancient lava flow that forced itself through fissures in the earth millions of years ago. Geology created a perfect fortress, ringed by steep slopes and ravines. The city was only feasible on high plateau because of ingenious rainwater harvesting systems, exploiting the topog-raphy to feed a network of lakes, cisterns and tanks to supply water during the long dry season. Geology, topography, architecture and most crucial of all water, all these elements give the cultural significance of Mandu.According to a Sanskrit inscription of 555 A.D, the History of Mandu goes back to the 6th century when it was a fortified city. It was later named Mandhavgarh in the 10th or 11th century, by the rulers of the Parmara kingdom. In the year 1261, even the capital of the Parmaras was transferred from Dhar to Mandu. Later still,

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The United States National Park Service identifies four types of treatments for cultural landscape preservation; preservation, rehabilitation, restoration and reconstruction. However, as may sometimes be the case, all the structures and their gardens that once existed in the urban cultural landscape no longer exist. According to the NPS system, if you do not have proof that it existed you cannot reconstruct it to its historic authenticity(National Park Service, 2005). The National policy for conservation in India has no such clause about the restoration of landscape around a historically important built form.

Question that remains unanswered is: In the absence of any archaeological data about the site, what approach can we adopt for designing a cultural landscape?This is a design thesis that explores design ideas and responses for sites that form an important part of the urban cultural landscape but have no historic data recorded about what existed.The objective of this thesis is to establish the relevance of memory in the urban cultural landscape that helps nurture some form of identity to create meaningful places. The assumption that this thesis makes is that there is ―substantial conti-nuity between different cultures in their appropriateness of time and spaces (Petruccioli). Different elements of the city and the urban fabric change a different rates. Thus, despite the constant change that is taking place around us, some essence of identity is retained (Urbanism- Memories and new initiatives, 2006).

designing in urban cultural landscapes. The urban cultural landscape is dotted with numerous structures and monuments that need to be preserved.The profession of architectural conservation is well established and the need to conserve and preserve these monuments and structures is well recognized. How-ever, what is less evident is the fact that conservation of the landscape is critical to conserve the setting and backdrop of these monuments and structures(lamba, 2007).

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in 1305, the Parmars were captured by the Khiljis. Dilawar Khan, the Afghan ruler of Malwa, renamed the place from Mandu to Shadiabad.It was in the hands of Hoshan Shah (1405-35) that Mandu reached to heights of glory. Under his rule, came up the magnificent buildings and structures of Mandu which later went on to become the major tourist attractions of the city. The son of Hoshan Shah, however, was on the throne for barely a year when he was poisoned to death by Mohammad Shah, the next successor to the throne. After a reign of 33 years, full of ups and downs, feuds and skirmishes, his son, Ghiyas-ud-din took the reins in the year 1469 and ruled for 31 years when his son poisoned him to death in lust of the throne. However, he could rule for only 10 years, an unhappy one, though, till Mandu went to the hands of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in 1526. Bahadur Shah was defeated by Humayun in 1534, but with the departure of Humayun, the city slipped into the hands of an officer from the earlier dynasty. Later on, Baz Bahadur seized the city of Mandu in 1554. However, he was also scared off by the advent of the great emperor, Akbar. Then the History of Mandu took a turn as it gradually passed on to the Marathas in 1732. At this point of time, the capital city was reassigned to Dhar and Mandu almost remained uninhabited.Owing to the long reigns of the Muslims in this part of the country, Mandu houses several Islamic architectural specimens in the constructions. They were, however erected by using stones salvaged from the destroyed Hindu temples.

Source: Google earthFig 1.4.1 Site

Source: www.fireflydaily.comFig 1.4.2 View of Monuments at the Site

Source: Google earth proFig 1.4.3 Viewsheds from Mandu


integrity and ensure that these are cleared and presented in a seemly manner.” Venice Chapter ICOMOS– 1964

The evolution or development of landscape is a continuous process and it manifests itself in the form of regional patterns associated with vegetation, move-ment routes, location of structures and settlements and land subdivision. A distinct mark, though not comprehendible in isolation, is left by each phase in the history. It is the need for preserving historical continuity that remains the most important objective of regional conservation policies, done primarily for environmental ben-efits, perpetuation of cultural traditions and aiding in proper interpretation of heritage.

Intervention in the spaces of historic significance“…The concept of a historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particu-lar civilization, a significant development or a historic event…. The sites of monu-ments must be the objects of special care in order to safeguard their

Why the study of historical landscapes is important?Cultural landscapes tell the story of people, events and place through time, offering a sense of continuity, a sense of the stream of time. They also offer a cultural context setting for cultural heritage. ((ISOLA) 2011)Heritage landscapes – a manifestation of culture and history Man has co-existed with nature from the beginning of the human era. This intricate relation has reflected on land since ages, leaving a trail of culture on landscapes wherever this interaction reached its pinnacle of manifestation. Historic sites have always been a testimony to this, present with an architectural response to the natural environment of a geographic area.

1.5 Need for intervention

Source: Thesis authorFig 1.4.4 Plan of Mandu


1.7 AimTo develop methods for conservation and reclamation of historical landscape of Mandu in absence of any archaeological data.

1.6 HypothesisSince, the cultural landscape have been going through a drastic change over years due to the urbanization and increasing tourist destinations, which has been re-cently identified. The increasing pressure at historical towns and cities are making the towns should lose its cultural values. As we are moving towards globalization the landscape in urban areas all look similar and which in turn makes us lose the sense of place. Cultural landscape be hence preserved and enhanced. The group of monuments in Mandu are mixture of many dynasty architecture and culture. These need to be reclaimed and preserved so that tourist who visits the place ex-periences a complete unique landscape.

Evaluation of landscape around historical precincts can be done in two ways.Macro issues:- Relation of the monument sites to the contemporary urban fabric, or identifiably- Disturbed ‘setting’ as a result of natural and human Micro issues:- Absence of landscape leading to incomplete perception of the site- Insensitive (out-of-context) landscape treatment- Un thoughtful inclusion of infrastructure elements- Poor micro-environment (absence of soft landscape)

Visual: Open space design helps in restoring and creating the desired visual effects for proper perception of built elements as well as the enclosed space, thereby giving meaning to the overall composition. The visual effects could include accentuation, framing, emphasizing important lines, enclosing space, forming backdrops or creating foreground for appreciation of an artifact.

Functional: Designed circulation, restoring the historical linkages, would enable visitors to experience the complex in the desired manner, thus aiding in effective interpretation.

Environmental: Environmental management ensures restoration of the natural setting, thus enhancing the visual appearance of the historical ‘object’ under consideration. Landscape development also plays a role in improving the micro-environmental conditions.

At the diametrically opposite end lies the other scale of intervention, referring to historic towns and urban areas, which are included as the following definition:“… Cities, towns and historic centres or quarters, together with their natural and man-made environment…. Beyond their role as historical documents, these areas embody the values of traditional urban cultures.” Charter for the conservation of historic towns and urban areas ICOMOS – 1987

Jyotsna Mishra

• Understanding historical landscapes• Document the group of monuments.• Identify the construction period of the monuments. • Study data like paintings, old photographs if any to understand what possi-bly could be the landscape then around the monuments.• Develop patterns and landscape languages which would be monument specific.• Proposal and guidelines

1.9 Methedology

1.10 Scope and limitations

Cultural landscapes encompass a broad spectrum of interpretations and studies. Given the duration of the thesis, amongst the various other layers included in the study of cultural landscapes, the study takes up primarily Visual and Spatial param-eters as the preliminary baseline for analysis and proposals.The study would be concentrated to the major group of monuments of Mandu,and trace back its landscape in original form binding with the current urban scenario of the city.

1.11 Expected outcome

Develop a technique derived from the historical studies to remake lost landscapes around the monuments of Mandu.

• To relate the architecture and landscape of monuments.• To derive symbols and forms used in the landscapes pertaining to various dynasties, and decode its use.• To evaluate the theories and principles which once existed in the society which helps to conserve the tangible and intangible values associated with landscape.

1.8 Objective

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Heritage is the legacy of the past, what we live today, and what we pass on to our future generations(World Heritage Center, 2009).

Tangible and non-tangible elements both contribute in making a urban heritage. Tangible elements of urban heritage are:Historic city centers:

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2 Historical Landscapes2.1 Urban Heritage

Eg.City wallEg.MonumentsEg.Religious buildingsEg.All these manifest themselves in visual presence and hence qualify as tangible elements.Untangible aspects of heritage are beliefs, customs, myths and festivals. They play an important role along with the built fabric, all these help in giving a unique character which stands as a testimony to local and national cultural heritage.When memories manifest with the visual linkages of the city, towns and various other urban settlements. The layer of memory within these urban patterns help generate a memorable identity for the inhabitants and it also reflect the society and how it has evolved with time. The symbolic meaning of these patterns in the city gives it a sense of identity and belonginess to the time period.It can also be seen as a result of interaction between people that help nurture culture, and can simply be justified by the human need to function as a social organism(Urbanism- Memories and new initiatives, 2006).

It can be established that Urban heritage is a shared resource which provides the stability of ever changing way of how the city has connections with history and symbols which still help us link back, thus raises the need to conserve.

Source: www.photonesta.com

Source:djdan18.blogspot.com

Jyotsna Mishra

2.2 The need for conservation

To strengthen and understand the case for conserving of urban heritage, we need to take into account the fourth dimension of the urban patterns i.e. the temporal dimension. Looking at the effect of changing fabric of the city,Aldo Rossi discusses the idea of a city’s ‘collective memory’, where urban form is a repository of culture from the past and for the future. The fabric of the city has two main parts:• The genral urban texture of the building which defines streets and collec-tive spaces, which change with time• Monuments which are large scale buildings which gives cities its identity and character which wmbodies the “Memory” of the city.(Urbanism- Memories and new initiatives, 2006).This thesis focuses only on the latter issue only; monuments that dotour urban landscape. Why it is important to conserve these monuments and their settings?

UNESCO has initiated the idea of cultural heritage conservation. It manifested itself in the form of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World‟s Cultural and Natural Heritage, in 1972. Even though, before that, in 1964, ICOMOS had promoted the Venice Charter, the idea did not have a far reaching effect since it focused on theconservation of historic monuments only(Steinberg, 1996).The UNESCO convention considers the following as “cultural heritage”:Monuments: • architectural works, • works of monumental sculpture and painting, • elements or structures of an archaeological nature, • inscriptions, • cave dwellings and combinations of features which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;

Groups of buildings: Groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;

Sites: Works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view(World Heritage Center, 2009)So it clearly states that the term “cultural heritage, includes a broad range of ele-ments of both built and natural heritage. Urban heritage conservation is affected by many factors like, political, cultural, social, economical and urbanization issuess.

For the purpose of this thesis, area conservation approach towards urban heritage will be studied in the context of Mandu, and the term cultural heritage will be used to refer to the cultural heritage of sites.

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All the urban cultural landscapes posses a visual dynamic quality. The position of the landscape changes with respect to the position of the viewer, making it a landscape experience, an experience which helps the viewer to have insight into the complexity of the urban heritage, its uses and its economical and social distribution of the place at a larger context and the collective memory, symbols and meanings behind the contextsof the pattern. The most important is an ex-perience that lets the viewer view the elements of the landscape with refrence to each other rather than in isolation: its very important to make the setting of these elements. There has been a lot of work done for framing the policies and guidelines to protect cultural asserts and value the conserved heritage resources. While looking at conservation there can be two approaches to it :Non-contiguous settings and contiguous settings.Settings for heritage properties are sometimes at a distance from primary resources and its defined boundaries. The more distant or non-contiguous setting may be an area or a set of points where the views towards the resources are framed and need to be protected (Osborne,2001).As in the case of most heritage cities of the world, there are many historic mon-uments that dot the urban cultural landscapes of the cities in India. Most of the efforts by all the institution focuses at restoring the structure and very little or no effeorts are put in developing their settings to enhance the landscape ex-perience. Mandu is dotted with such monuments which has been restored by Archeological Survey of India but the landscape enhancement is neglected.

All the monuments of Mandu are both non-contiguous and contiguous settings. In order to protect the non-contiguous views from these monuments a set of policies will be made on the basis of the analysis done. The thesis will look in more detail to the contiguous settings of the Royal enclave group of monuments. These monuments are inseprable from the history to which they testify and in the setting they exist. Collectively all of these give rise to memory of the place- “Collective memory”- (Osborne,2001).

2.3 Settings of an urban cultural landscape

2.4 The collective memory of a place“We are already talking about architecture. Memories are built as a city is built’’(Mike Crang, 2001).Many text like “The Architecture of the City (1982)” states how shaping of space is an instument for shaping the memory.Eg. A shared space such as a street is filled with collective memory that can be seen in the form of group identity, through varrious elements of Landscape( in urban context) like benches, a place to gather or even a monument.People remember a place as a mapping of certain features which stay in their mind as buildings or any other physical form or it can be remembered as to what you experience there as perception of the space. These things eventualy become memory. All the images of one place together act as collective memory of a space.


2.5 Historical potrail of Mandu.Jahangir the great mughal emperor has writen about Mandu’s natural beauty and greatness that he has not seen any other place like Mandu especially in the month of monsoons when the whole platue turns into the green carpet all over with a magical misty feeling dotted with the contrasting Monuments. All the water bodies on the platue are rainfed and man made. Jahaz mahal has been stategicaly placed between the two huge man made waterbody to make it loook like a floating ship which is anchered. All the waterbodies play an important role in the setting of these monuments, as the platue has no other source of water and it is entierly dependent on the rain water for all year round. The huge water bodies were made to store water to meet the needs of all the monuments’ day to day activities in past.

The appreciation of collective memory is a central aspect of urban landscape which helps us do place making and help us shape the identity of the city. The most im-portant is to make connections between identity and construct meaningfull plac-es in the cultural heritage of the place.There is no inherent identity to places, says Lynch. Identity is constructed by human behaviour in reaction to places (Osborne 2001).

Elements of landscape like monuments, parks, streets evoke a certain type of memory which people associate to varrious activities. With the above literature of collective memory of space we infer that collective memory of an urban landscape can be divided in two major parts:The memory from the pastThe memory of current use.

Source: British lib.Fig 2.5.1: Old pictures of Mandu


3.1 Decoding patterns of Landscape

To decode the symbolic meanings within the Cultural landscape that help rein-force the sense of space and nurture some form of identity to help receate public spaces in order to percive the history in contemporary context. India is one of the fastest growing counrty in terms of urbanization and rapidly growing urban are-as, which is leading to huge scale change in nature and built forms. Owing to the diversity of the country the landscape is diverse and complex, as it changes with people of the place.Though not much of landscape have been decoded in India, Amita Sinha’s book on Landscape of India gives a hint on the complex culture of India. The book fails to give a complete picture as it only talks about Hindu and Buddhist landscapes found in India where as it copletelyignores the Islamic landscape or structure built which are an important part of the multicultured landscapes. The symbols used in Mandu, of a certain pattern which is followed can be used as a tool to link all the monuments and make it read as one. It can also be diffeent symbols and patterns for different group of monuments as all of them belong from different historical period. These symbols can be physical or perceptual based on the findings done latter in the same report as per analysis of varrious other facts.Patterns are elements of a built language which binds people in a society. These patterns are all interrelated and they exists at varrious scales in the city. Accord-ing to Laurie olin, the landscape forms are derived out of patterns in nature and designed landscapes are based on archetypal settings that are developed within a perticular culture and region( Sinha,2006)Right from the history of Indus valley civilization, the tree and water has been wor-shiped. Thus, it is not surprising that all sacred landscape in India revolve around trees and waterbodies. These elements have been used from history in form of tree squares, ghats, wells etc.

3 Patterns of Landscape

In a village the tree is made into a public gathering spaces,the reason being in the climate conditions like India, a tree gives shade and also creates a micro climate in the heat, it indirectly acts as a focus point, which can be seen from a distance.Looking at the case of Mandu and comparing all the monuments, I have come up with different types of symbols and patterns which can be categorised as follows.Patterns:Comparing all group of monuments, the propotion of the inside to the outside spaces has few inter- relations.Mostly the open spaces in the building forms a squre which is replicable outside.

Source: www.loupiote.comFig 3.1.1 Ghats of Varanasi

Source: www.downtoearth.comFig 3.1.2 Tree as public space

Source: www.dollsofindia.comFig 3.1.3 Well

Jyotsna Mishra

According to a Sanskrit inscription of 555 A.D, the History of Mandu goes back to the 6th century when it was a fortified city. It was later named Mandhavgarh in the 10th or 11th century, by the rulers of the Parmara kingdom. In the year 1261, even the capital of the Parmaras was transferred from Dhar to Mandu. Later still, in 1305, the Parmars were captured by the Khiljis. Dilawar Khan, the Afghan ruler of Malwa, renamed the place from Mandu to Shadiabad.It was in the hands of Hoshan Shah (1405-35) that Mandu reached to heights of glory. Under his rule, came up the magnificent buildings and structures of Mandu which later went on to become the major tourist attractions of the city. The son of Hoshan Shah, however, was on the throne for barely a year when he was poisoned to death by Mohammad Shah, the next successor to the throne. After a reign of 33 years, full of ups and downs, feuds and skirmishes, his son, Ghiyas-ud-din took the reins in the year 1469 and ruled for 31 years when his son poisoned him to death in lust of the throne. However, he could rule for only 10 years, an unhappy one, though, till Mandu went to the hands of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in 1526.Bahadur Shah was defeated by Humayun in 1534, but with the departure of Humayun, the city slipped into the hands of an officer from the earlier dynasty. Later on, Baz Bahadur seized the city of Mandu in 1554. However, he was also scared off by the advent of the great emperor, Akbar. Then the History of Mandu took a turn as it gradually passed on to the Marathas in 1732. At this point of time, the capital city was reassigned to Dhar and Mandu almost remained uninhabited.Owing to the long reigns of the Muslims in this part of the country, Mandu houses several Islamic architectural specimens in the constructions. They were, however erected by using stones salvaged from the destroyed Hindu temples.The site of Mandavgadh, in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh was choosen for study, which as a fortified city was historically and environmentaly rich, and was important in Medieval India. Its importance for more than thousand years made it a center of interaction between different cultures, religions and dynastic ambitions. Today’s ruins reveal the synthesis between built and nature, that po-traits power,glory and pleasure.

Presently mandu is a prominent tourist destination, well connected from Dhar-40km, Indore-98 km. Nearest railway is Mhow. National Highway no.3 connecting Mumbai- Agra passes near the plateau. The plateau is surrounded by the reserved forest dotted with tribal villages. The other placess of tourist interest are Dhar-ampuri, Maheshwar,Omkareshwar and Bhawangaja. However there is no tourist route connecting them efficiently.Mandu the historic fort in Dhar distric, central India, Situated in 22degree21’’ N and 75degree 26” E, 40 km away from Dhar town on the summit of flat topped hill in Vindhayan Range, 2079 feet above sea level.This ancient city of the medieval India developed as a consequence of its to-

4.1.1 MANDU- today:

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4 Site4.1 Introduction

Jyotsna Mishra

An important city of ancient and me-dieval India, Mandav has developed as a consequence of its topography and location. Perched on an isolated and inaccessible spur of the eastern edge of the Malwa Plateau, it was an excellent natural garrison. Its stra-tegic situation ,commanding both the rich Malwa plateau and the productive Nimar Plains as well as its proximity to military and trade routes, contributed to its evolu-tion. In addition to its political and

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Source: Thesis authorFig 4.1..1 Proximity map of Mandu, M.P

4.1.2 MANDU- past:

4.1.3 MANDU- Early history:

Although documented history of the early origins of the town is fragmentary, its location and natural defenses must have attracted settlers from the earliest times. Legend, quoted by both Abul Fazal and Jehangir, associated the founding of Mandav with the mythical Paras or Philosopher’s Stone. The 6th century AD. Mandu has evidences of Adinath images found in Dhar district which had inscrip-tion from 555AD, which meand Mandu had its existing since then and also would have settlement way before that. No historic data is available for next 3 centuries, but by the 10th century Mandu emerged as part of the Kannauj based Gurjara empire, and was probably an important border outpost . An inscription of 946AD referring to the reign of kin Mahendrapala, speaks of general carrying out of the affairs of the state in Mandu then Mandapika. Fortifications were, in all likelihood, strengthened and the garrison enlarged to meet the kings. This would have led to expansion of the civilian population of the city, which continued under the Para-mara supremacy upto the mid 11th century. Mandav status was accentuated dur-ing this period when the legendary Raja Bhoj(1010-1056) moved the Paramara capital from Ujjain to Dhar. The city became the secondary defence to the capital. It augmented importance and proximity to the new center of power stimulated growth and prosperity. A contemporary literary refrence in the Sukritsagar of Rat-namandangani, places the population of Mandav at 70000 and refers to 700 Jain temples in the city, all crowned with Gold finials. Sculptured fins and inscriptions indicate that thr were also several Hindu temples in this period. Bhojs person-al involvement and patronage of scholasticism and the arts, specially music and

pography and location. Its strategic placement commanding rich Malwa plateau over looking Narmada valley in productive Nirmar plains as well as its proximity to its trade routes contributed to its evolution.

tactical significance was, of course the natural beauty and delightful, mild climate of Mandav.

Jyotsna Mishra

Muslim history in the region with the Iltumish’s conquest of Ujjain around 122. However, according to Ferishta, the province acknowledged allagiance to the Sul-tans of Delhi only from the time of Balban, (1265-87). In 1293 Jalaluddin khalji ravaged the area but spared the town. Hindus continued to rule till ain ul mulk, commander of Allauddin khilji, under instructions conqured Malwa and reduced Mandav in 1305 unable to frontly gain the fortress, he entered through a secret passage aided by the spy. Malwa came under Khalji from Delhi.The transition began, Mandu was passed to Tughlaq’s . For next 130 years(1401-1531). The city was ruled by three Pathan dynasties.

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Source: Thesis authorFig 4.1.3.1 Map of Mandu, M.P

4.1.4 Muslim Avent

4.1.5 The Sultans of Mandu

Soon aftr the tuglak defeat by Timur in 1398, independence was declared by Dila-war Khan Ghuri. He established the cadence of Mandu’s subsequent evolution of Shadiabad(Mandu). During the rule of Dilawar khan Ghuri many monuments were constructed on the platue. Hosang shah(1405-1435), the next ruler, moved the capital from Dhar to Mandav because of the platue self defence and climate and futher developments. He was succeded by Gujrat. Hosang shah initiated a period of extensive construction creating a capital Mandu.After the death of Hoshang Shah, Mahmud Khalji established a new dynasty in 1436. Constant war was with Mewa, Gujrat and Deccan. The kingdom acquired its greatest extent during this time. It was Mahumad Khilji who transformed Mandav

theatre, led to an era of enormous creativity which transformed the Garrison town into a center of art and learning. By this time Mandav was so prosperous that it was plunged along with the flourishing cities of Ujjain and Dhar by the chaluka King Someshwara- 1, after he defeated Bhoj. Although Paramara power was sub-tantially reduced thereafter, Mandav stature was affected only Marginally. Sub-sequent kings continued to rule from Dhar . It ultimately became a capital under a descendent, Jayavaram(1256-61), an event referred to in copper plates found in Nirmar.


into a capital of art and culture which was deeply influenced by Persian idiom, also revived local Hindu and Jain tradition Rasamala inscribed to Mahmud Khilji is an evidence to the same. He received ambassador from the Khalifa of Egypt, around fifteenhundred woman were taught dance and other cultural aspect. He gave woman empowerment, created city of woman who adminstered themselves. In 1500, Ghiyasuddin was poisoned by his son Nasiruddin.

4.1.6 The MughalsMughals were firmly established by 1534. Humayun attacked Gujrat and followed Bahadur Shah’s defeat. Humayun found the beauty of Mandu irresistable in mon-soon. Under, Sher Shah Suri, Shujat Khan was appointed as the governer of Malwa in 1542, his son was Baz Bahadur (1554-1562). Baz bahadur left behind the aura of romance. He turned the music into major cultural of Mandu along with his lover Rupmati. Adam Khan attacked Mandu on behalf of Akbar in 1561 Baz Bahadur fled and its said Rupmati killed herself. Mandu was its peak of celebration during Mughals. As the deline of Mughals, marathas, the Peshwa Baji Rao became the governor of Malwa 1734. The city received no special attention under the early marathas.

4.2 Monuments of Mandu

Source: government of M.PFig 4.2.1 Tourism map of Mandu, M.P

Source: Thesis authorFig 4.2.2 Major monuments of Mandu


4.2.1 Royal group of monuments:These were named because the Royal family used to stay in these groups of Mon-uments, it has many palaces and gathering spacesJahaz mahalAs the name suggests jahaz mahal is in between two manmade ponds, Munja talav and kapur talav. It visually feels like a ship. It is around 121.9m in length and 9.7m wide. Its beauty is seen in monsoon with lush green background and was build by emperor Jahangir who was in love with Mandu and its natural setting.

The royal palacesThe palaces on the side of Munja Talav, which is currently in ruins. Previously used as a retreat by Sultans of Malwa. The pavillion was used for lesiure by the royal family, it is the prime attraction for tourist due to the setting of these monuments. However due to the large dimension of these stuctures it is difficult to maintain it. The quality of the place to walk and discover these monuments have not been trapped fully. Surrounding landuse is agricuture.

4.2.2 Village group of monumentsThese are the group of monuments found when we head towards south on the main road. It is named such due to its location which is in the center of the village. These monuments create a huge public plaza in the center which is currently used by tourist in varrious ways.

Source: www.googlemaps.comFig 4.2.1.1 Plan of Royal group of monuments

Source: www.googlemaps.comFig 4.2.2.1 Plan of Village group

Source: www.visitmandu.comFig 4.2.2.2 Monuments

Source: www.fireflydaily.comFig 4.2.1.2 View


Jami Masjid:One of the most majestic building which was designed after the great mosque of Damasous. Construction started by Hoshang Shah and it was completed by Mahmud Kahlji in 1454 A.D. the west door leads to huge open court enclosed on all the sides by huge colonades with domes above. There are all together 58 domes and varrious rows of column the prayer hall looks magnificent. The façade of the plinth with arched openings into verandah was used by travelling merchants to display all the products and it took a form of small bazzar.

Tomb of Hosang ShahThe construction of the tomb was started by Hosang Shah himself. The historical importance of the tomb is high as it was first marble structure. The dome sits on the square on 14.9m which transforms into octagon by arches. The collonade was used for most of the ceremonial and social functions.

Ashrafi MahalIt was built in the reign of Mahmud-1 in 1436-69 AD. It stands as a majestic building to the east, this building earlier represented Madrasa in conjunction with the Mosque. Later, it got converted into public hostel and much latter Nassir-ud-din Shah made it a cemetry for Khalji.

4.2.3 Dariya Khan group of Monuments:This group is on the way to rani rupmatis pavillion from the town. It is about 100m off the main road. The cluster of monuments has one mosque, a Sarai. Tombs and ruined structure around a edge of a pond. The backdrop of these monuments are the hills and natural landscapes, many landmark trees like Rayan,Baobab and mang are surrounding the monuments.

Source: www.googlemaps.comFig 4.2.3.1 Plan of Dariya khan group

Source: Thesis authorFig 4.2.2.4Tomb of Hosang Shah

Source: www.visitmandu.comFig 4.2.2.5 Ashrafi Mahal

Source: Thesis authorFig 4.2.3.2 Landscape around the monuments


4.2.4 Dai ka mahal group of monumentsDai ka mahalThe mahal stands on the lofty basement with arched openings. In the middle of the terrace is the tomb, towards the west is the mosque. Hindu temple ruins were used for the construction.Dai ki chotti behen ka mahalIt is located at south of sarai it is associated with the nurse and the princess of Mandu. It looks like a tomb but is still called mahal, as it is belived to be house after death.

4.2.5 Caravan saraiInfront of the Malik mughithis mosque, it looks like an open court, rooms were used as storage of goods and also provided accomodation. It was built around 1450 A.D. These group of five small and medium sized monuments are scattered on the eastern side of the platue.

4.2.6 Rewa kund and Baz bahadur palace:These are the fortified area towards the southern part of the plateau. These monu-ments are situated in the flat terrain, thereafter the road climbs up to rani rupmati pavillion.Rani roopmati mahal is visualy connected to Baz bahadur palaces. Rewa kund is associated with religious activities like bathing, worshiping cattle etc. The pond acts as a living monument with ruins of Baz bahadur palace. The Baz bahadur palace was constructed by sultan Nasir Shah in 1508-09 A.D. The palace is dotted with many native trees and mango orchards.

Source: www.googlemaps.comFig 4.2.6.1 Plan of Rewa Kund

Source: www.sarsonkakhet.comFig 4.2.4.1 Dai ka mahal

Source: www.visitmandu.comFig 4.2.6.2 View of rewa kund

Fig 4.2.4.2 Dai ki choti behan ka mahal


4.2.7 Nilkanth Mahadev.The present structure was built on the shrine of Lord Shiva. The palce was earlier a hunting place for the royals which got converted to th temple. The temple has magnificant views of the valley.

Jyotsna Mishra

C A S E S T U D I E S


5 Case StudiesFour case studies were choosen to understand how varrious other monuments have been restored and how they are interacting with the landscape. I have taken projects of varrious scales for study to get enough knowledge on how to restore a landscape setting.

Purpose of choosing the case study:The site is scattered with various monuments all around, which is similar to the site context of Mandu. the monuments have been taken over by various religion. The landscape is not designed.

Description:Angkor Wat is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world, with site measuring 162.6 hectares. It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple for the Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into a Buddhist temple toward the end of the 12th century As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia. It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology: within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are divided as to the significance of this. Concept of Reclaimation:The once planned landscape of Ankor wat, was left to natural restoration when the city was abandoned, the current landscape of the place is not designed completely, but its left the way it is, its the landscape around the monument which gives it the sense of place and identity.

Inference:landscapes which were not touched can be reclaimed naturally over a period of time, in a larger context.

Source: www.tourismcambodia.comFig 5.1.1 PLan

Source: www.livescience.comFig 5.1.2 View


5.2 BAGH- E- BABUR, KABUL, AFGHANISTAN

Purpose of choosing the case study:Landscape of the site has been done based on the concepts of architectural style of the Monuments, since there is no archaeological evidence of the lost landscape.

Description:The original construction date of the gardens is unknown. When Babur captured Kabul in 1504 from the Arguns he re-developed the site and used it as a guest house for special occasions, especially during the summer seasons. Since Babur had such a high rank, he would have been buried in a site that befitted him. The garden where it is believed Babur requested to be buried in is known as Bagh-e Babur. Mughul rulers saw this site as significant and aided in further development of the site and other tombs in Kabul.Bagh-e Babur is located on the slopes of Kuh-e Sher Darwaza, southwest of the old city of Kabul. The garden is c. 11.5 ha large and arranged in 15 terraces along a central axis in east west direction. From the top terrace, the visitor has a magnificent vista over the garden and its perimeter wall, across the Kabul River towards the snow covered mountains.. Bagh-e Babur has changed drastically from the Mughul impression of the space to the present. Throughout the years outside influences have shaped the use of the site. rehabilitation of the garden and aid in the ‘revival of cultural identity.

Concept of Reclaimation:Landscape and water works:The landscape, predominantly defined through the terraces and the central axes, still represents the original layout. The height and width of the terrace was determined during the excavations through the discovery of the Mughal irrigation system, traces of the water basins and channels in the central axis and on the lateral fields. 19’h and 20’h century modifications were recorded and removed (partly already during the 20th century). The reconstruction of the central axis with a marble-lined water channel, cascades and basins with fountains is based upon the archaeological findings, although slight modifications of the width of the water channel were required in order to control the water flow.

Source: www.archnet.orgFig 5.2.1 Plan

Source: www.bitlanders.comFig 5.2.3 Restored landscape

Source: www.gardenvisit.comFig 5.2.2 View


5.3 MAHABODHI TEMPLE COMPLEX AT, BODH GAYA, INDIA

Purpose of choosing the case study:Monumental landscape is designed in way to use the landscape in the circulation around the temple. Many symbolic landscape elements have been used due to the religious character of the site.

Description:The Mahabodhi Temple Complex is one of the four holy sites related to the life of the Lord Buddha, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment. The first temple was built by Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century B.C., and the present temple dates from the 5th or 6th centuries. It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick, still standing in India, from the late Gupta period. The Mahabodhi Temple Complex, Bodh Gaya lies 115 km south of the state capital of Bihar, Patna and 16 km from the district headquarters at Gaya, in Eastern India. It is one of the four holy sites related to the life of the Lord Buddha, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment. The property encompasses the greatest remains of the 5th-6th century A.D in the Indian sub-continent belonging to this period of antiquity. The property has a total area of 4.8600 ha. A seventh sacred place, the Lotus Pond, is located outside the enclosure to the south. Both the temple area and the Lotus Pond are surrounded by circulating passages at two or three levels and the area of the ensemble is 5 m below the level of the surrounding land.

Concept of Reclaimation:The landscape has been designed completely ignoring the history of the surroundings, few elements have been incorporated to give the place identity of the Buddhist temple like, use of bodhi tree and lotus pond in the temple com-plex. The concept of the landscape revolve upon the use and user group of the monuments.

Inference:When less/ no archaeological evidence is available about the landscape of the monuments we can derive few symbols or elements depending on paintings or compare other monuments of the same ear and ruler in other part of the country.

Source: www.journeymart.comFig 5.3.2 Restored landscape

Source: www.googlemaps.comFig 5.3.1 Plan of Mahabodhi Temple complex


5.4 SACRED CITY OF ANURADHAPURA,SRI LANKA

Purpose of choosing the case study:Similar, to the group of monuments of mandu, this is an ancient city which was abandoned and has been restored few monument’s landscape has been reclaimed.

Description:Anuradhapuram is a major city in Srilanka. It is capital city of north central prov-ince. Anuradhapuram is one of the ancient capitals of Srilanka, which is famous for its well preserved ruins of ancient civilization. It was the third capital of the Kingdom of Rajarata, following the kingdom of tambapanni and Upatissa Nuwara. It is belived that from 4th century B.C. until the beginning of 11th century A.D. it was the capital of the Sinhalese. During this period it remained one of the most stable and durable centers of political power and urban life in south asia. The an-cient city, considered scared to the Buddhist world is today surrounded by monas-teries covering a huge area of 40 square km.

Concept of Reclaimation:landscapes have being restored as it was as per literature, like space near the lakes and forest have been left as they were and as they grew with time, few monu-ments have been designed keeping the user group which comes to visit the place.

Inference:In case monuments are still in use for religious or tourist purpose the landscape cannot be reclaimed by ignoring the user group visiting the place, rather landscape can give direction of movement around the monument.

Source: www.googlemaps.comFig 5.4.1 Plan of Anuradhapura (UNESCO)

Source: whc.unesco.orgFig 5.4.2 View of protected monuments

Jyotsna Mishra

S I T E A N A L Y S I S

Jyotsna Mishra

6 Site analysis (Introduction)Why is mandu so important as site:It was an important city of Medieval India, Madav has developed as a consequence of its topography and location. Perched on an isolated and inaccessible spur of the eastern edge of the Malwa plateau. Its strategic situation, commanding both the rich Malwa plateau and productive Nirmar plains as well as its proximity to military and trade route. In addition to its political and tactical significance was of course the natural beauty and delightful, mild climate of Mandav.

How do I generate traditionally accepted or appropriate activity pattern in the precinct and around the monument?

The background:An important city of ancient and medieval India, Mandav developed as a consequence of its topography and location. Perched on an isolated and inaccessible spur of the eastern edge of the Malwa plateau , it was an excellent natural garrison. Its strategic situation, commanding both the rich malwa plateau and the productive Nirmar plains, as well as its proximity to military and trade routes, contributed to its evolution.Most of the protected monuments of Mandav were built in the 14th and 15th centuries under the patronage of the Malwa Sultans. These, together with some widely scattered ruins are all that remains of the huge and prosperous medie-val city. Existing styles, local as well as foreign, were molded by indigenous skills and the cultivated aesthetics of the rulers to create a distinctive school with a pronounced emphasis on structural beauty.

Today:Apart from location in an area of historical, environmental and cultural significance, the modern town of Mandav has no distinguishing character. None of the diverse racial and cultural elements that once modulede its evolution. Survive and today Mandav consists of a heterogeneous is of relative recent migrants.

Concern:How do I generate traditionally accepted or appropriate activity pattern in the prescient and around the monuments ?

Aim:To communicate the History.

Objectives:To restore the culture and natural environments in the precinct, mainly by harmonizing the build environment with nature, as also weaving together the hu-man activity.

To protect the ecology of the place.

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Jyotsna Mishra

Determinants:History of the plateauArchitectural qualitiesClustering of the monuments and their positionsCultural pastActivity pattern then the purposeNatural beautyTopographical variations- the setting/ location linkages.The extent of the precinct.Activities taking place presently.

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6 Site analysis (Physical aspect)6.1 Geology

The concerned area of study lies in the peninsular region of India’s geological mapping. In this area of study the lower Cretaceous and Upper Eocene beds are not seen.The decan trap is essentially a basic rock of basaltic composition. It is dark coloured compact and impervious in nature.The trap shows well developed columnar jointing caused by tensile stresses, which is the result of contraction due to cooling.Step like topography.

Inference:The deccan trap is impervious in nature, which gives rise to a number of surface water bodies.Decomposition of trap gives rise to black cotton soil which is also basic in nature.Dense vegetation in the valley due to accumulation of soil due to erosion.The density of vegetation decreases with an increase in altitude due to decrease in soil cover.

Source: www.mapsofindia.comFig 6.1.1 Geological map of India

Source: government of M.PFig 6.1.2 Schematic section of Mandu

Source: Government of M.PFig 6.1.3 Geological map of Dhar

Jyotsna Mishra

Source: Government of M.PFig 6.1.4 Topo sheet of Mandu

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6.2 Soil

Soil cover depends upon the topography of a particular area. The soil found on Mandu is black cotton soil owing to the basic geological formation of Mandu, which is black trap.The disintegration of rocks give rise to such types of soil, which are usually hard and compact. Teak is found to occur in areas where the top soil is not very thick.

The vegetation depends upon the soil depth, sparse vegetation indicates deep soil with exposed bed rock at places. Very good vegetation cover indicates deep black soils. In valleys, and drainage channels, very deep soil is seen where the slopes are also gentler.The ridges show shallow soil cover due to steep slopes.

Source: Thesis authorFig 6.2.1 Soil map of Mandu

Source: www.mapsofindia.comFig 6.2.2 Soil map of M.P

Soil map is prepared on the basis of the existing type of vegetation cover and indicates the depth of the soil around the plateau, which varies from 90cm to 200cm. The sparse vegetation indicates the depth of soil with exposed bedrock at places. Verygood vegetation cover indicates deep black soils. In the valley, and drainage channels, very deep soil is seen where the slopes are also gen-tler.

Jyotsna Mishra

6.3 Hydrology ( Regional)

The entire Dhar division lies in the catchment of the chambal river in the North east and Narmada in the south. The northwestern part is drained in Mahi. The watershed between the Narmada and Chambal is marked by the northern edge of Vindhychal range.Mandu is perched along the Vindhyan and malwa ranges, at an attitude of 600m, with Dhar district to its north. The Narmada flows along the Southern boundary of the district in a rift valley from East to West.The river cut deep gorges and carvens across Songarh hill. The reasons of these rivers cutting hill to a depth out of proportion to the surrounding heights lies in the fact that these hillocks are made of sandstone get rapidly worn away by mechan-ical wear and tear.

Soil cover depends upon the topography of a particular area. The soil found on Mandu is black cotton soil owing to the basic geological formation of Mandu, which is black trap.The disintegration of rocks give rise to such types of soil, which are usually hard and compact. Teak is found to occur in areas where the top soil is not very thick.

The vegetation depends upon the soil depth, sparse vegetation indicates deep soil with exposed bed rock at places. Very good vegetation cover indicates deep black soils. In valleys, and drainage channels, very deep soil is seen where the slopes are also gentler.The ridges show shallow soil cover due to steep slopes.

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Source: www.mapsofindia.comFig 6.3.1 Hydrology map of M.P


6.3.1 Hydrology (Mandu)

Mandu receives 1400 1525mm rainfall annually.

Most of the water fall in the valleys due to the topography of the place.

Mandu plateau is dotted with several manmade and natural lakes. Some of them can be traced back into history e.g. Kapur and munja talav, Lamba talav, Andheri and Ujala Boadi, Sagar talav, Rewa kund and Songarh talav of these water body some were associated with monuments while others were large water reservoirs. Almost all monuments had their own water reservoir to help fulfill their water demands.

Lakes are mostly along the roadside or foothills.

Most of the water bodies are seasonal with exception like sagar talav, rewa kund, andheri and ujala baodi.

Villages rely on the water bodies for irrigation while drinking water is obtained only from wells.

Source: GISFig 6.3.1 Cathment areas of varrious lakes

Source: Thesis authorFig 6.3.2 Major water bodies in Mandu


6.4 ClimateClimate of Mandu is equitable and mild. The nights being cooler even in summer.

The Nirmar tract:The area falling below the ghats is typical of Central India, with extremes of climate. There are these distinct climate seasons in the area.

Cold weather:Cold season sets from November and lasts till the month of Feb. This is generally bright and cloudless with showers of rain in the earliest part of the season, i.e. extremely beneficial to the rabi crop. Sometimes extreme cold is accompanied by bitter cold winds and hail storm.

SummerSummer heat starts from the beginning of march to the end of june. The summer are extremely hot and dry , The platue however has Mild climate during summer.

Rainy season:Monsoon is from middle June and continues till the end of September. The average rainfall is 800-1500mm

Temperature Data analysis:The temperatures are highest on average in May, at around 32.5 °C. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in January, when it is around 17.5 °C.The mean daily maximum temperature varies from 26.3 degree C in January to 39.7degree C during May i.e with a range of 13.4 degree C and annual of 31.76 degrees. Hottest month are April and May with the mean daily maximum tem-perature over 37.8 degree C. After January the mean daily max. temperature ris-es gradually till it reaches its peak in May and thereafter it falls of steadily upto August , during the monsoon but again rises in September and October on the break of rains. The temperature falls down in November and December as the winter arrives.Winter rains are rare. Temperature during the months of November to Feb. is low, hence the detrimental affect of the draught. March is the drought period.

Source: http://en.climate-data.org/Fig 6.4.1 Climate graph

Source: http://en.climate-data.org/Fig 6.4.2 Temperature graph

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Analysis of Rain data:The least amount of rainfall occurs in November. The average in this month is 3 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in July, with an average of 299 mm.Four months from November to February, the total mean rainfall is only 54.97 mm, that is 5.53% of total annual temperature. As the water bodies collect water during the monsoon season for the whole year. Summer season lasts for 3.5 months i.e. from March to Mid June and is the driest period , 20.75mm. Most of the rain, light showers and is usually lost as result of intense heat.The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 296 mm. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is 15.0 °C

Source: http://en.climate-data.org/Fig 6.4.3 Climate table

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6.5 VegetationTropical Dry Deciduous Forests of India

According to Meher Homji(1977) the dry deciduous teak forest occur within the limit of 700mm to 2000mm of the annual average precipitation with a dry season of eight months. Parent rock is essentially basic in the teak type.Soil are basic, alluvial , black soil under the trap.Structure:The dry deciduous forest are three storied:The upper canopy reaches a height of 15-25mThe under storey is 10-15m highThe undergrowth varies from 3m to 5mA few herbs are rare grasses , Lianas are common in the dense forest.only from wells. (Detailed tree list Ref. Plant list Annexture-I)

Source: Thesis authorFig6.5.1Tropical deciduous teak forest in India

Source: Thesis authorFig6.5.2 Key Plan

1. Vegetation type near Lal banglaOBSERVATIONS Tress not more than 5m heighShrubs not more than 2m highSigns of overgrazzingINFERENCES3rd Stage of Degradation (as per G.S PURI )

Source: Thesis authorFig6.5.3 Vegetation type near Lal bangla

2. Vegetation type near Rolling slopes to valleyOBSERVATIONS Water stream passes by.Biotic interference, cattle browsing and tree cuttingINFERENCES2nd Stage of Degradation closed thicket(as per G.S PURI )


Source: Thesis authorFig6.5.4 Vegetation type near rolling slopes

Source: Thesis authorFig6.5.5 Vegetation type near steep slopes

3. Vegetation type near steep slopesOBSERVATIONS Crown of trees dont meetTree layer is sparse and discontinuousUndergrowth is thick

INFERENCES1st Stage of Degradation Scrub woodland(as per G.S PURI )

Source: Thesis authorFig6.5.6 Vegetation type near rupmati pavillion

Source: Thesis authorFig6.5.7Vegetation type near chisti khans palace

4. Vegetation type near Rupmati pavillionOBSERVATIONS Exposed basaltic rockEuclayptus cultivationSloping siteGrass cover degrading by grazing

INFERENCES3rd Stage of Degradation Scrub woodland(as per G.S PURI )

5 Vegetation type near Chisti Khans PalaceOBSERVATIONS Very thick ground coverFlat landRocks visibleINFERENCES2nd Stage of Degradation closed thicket(as per G.S PURI ) Source: Thesis author

Fig6.5.8 Vegetation type on site

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6.6 Landform

6.7 Circulation

OBSERVATIONS Mandu is surrounded by steep valleys on all side but on south is the vast nirmar plains.Mostly the site is flat, and few places are hill.INFERENCESHills can serve as vantage points to connect the monuments visually.

Source: Thesis authorFig6.6.1Landform typology

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OBSERVATIONS Mandu is surrounded by steep valleys on all side but on south is the vast nirmar plains.Mostly the site is flat, and few places are hill.INFERENCESHills can serve as vantage points to connect the monuments visually.

6.8 Tourist interest points

Source: Thesis authorFig6.8.1 Map showing tourist interest points

OBSERVATIONS Royal enclave group of monuments are the most visited monuments.All monuments visited are on the same road.

INFERENCESBecause of the lack of visual connectivity and monument importance many tourist are not able to see all the places.

It doesnt lie in a tourism circuit so ppl dont spend much time.

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6.9 Tourist in Mandu

India has varying kind of tourist places having special features. Mandu is important from the tourist point of view due to the following reasons:- Historical monuments and settlements- Landscape of high visual quality due to its topography. - This place is famous for its topography. This place is famous for its around 10 centuries old fortified settlements which are architecturally of great importance due to its uniqueness. The plateau has lakes, kunds, Bawadis spread throughout of which rewa kund is of great religious significance. Landscape of high visual quality and natural wilderness is of great importance due to its regional topographical location.

Inference- The existing tourist profile :Mandu has historically, religiously and topographically a very significant place in the whole region. It being on the junction of four states i..e. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat is of utmost consideration while looking at the tourist circuit of the Mandu. Some of inference are as follows: - More than 60% tourists are from Gujarat the domestic circuit, whereas less than 2% is the contribution of international tourist circuit.- The main tourist influx is in the after monsoon season i.e. in three months, which in 40% of the total tourist influx.- The tourists from Rajasthan and Gujarat mostly visit the place in the mon-soon season when the topography of Mandu gives highly charged landscape with the water features all around at their best. However the tourist figure decreases before monsoon drastically as water scarcity and barren landscapes are not so welcoming.- The major influx of tourist is due to the pilgrims coming to Mandu, while covering the other pilgrims like Ujjain,Maheshwar, Omkareshwar along the Narmada river.- Only majority of pilgrims come to this place before monsoon season and that is also in private tourist vehicles that force them to leave immediately after visiting the important places.- The maximum places and monuments in Mandu although are of great im-portance historically and architecturally, visually appealing but lacks awareness and infrastructure.

Organizing the tourist circuit in Mandu:It has been observed from the tourist profile that various kinds of tourists visit Mandu for various purposes. Therefore, their duration of stay varies accordingly from one day to one week depending upon the financial capacity and awareness. The present tourist route has its own limitations in terms of exploring and visiting various monuments.

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7 Site analysis (Historical aspect)7.1 Chronological order.CRONOLOGICAL CHART OF MANDUPeriod, Ruler and Architectural examples 8TH- 13TH CENTURY :Parmar Dynasty- Architectural data scanty- Hindu foundations used by Mohammedan buildings- Munja Talab- Temple ruins and Lohani Caves- Ruins of Songarh- Fortification

1401- 1405 :Dilawar Khan Ghori (Amid Shah Daud)- Synthesis of Hindu- Moslem Style- Adaptation of temple materials- Dilwar Khan’s Mosque- Tarapole Gate

1450 - 1432 :Alp Khan (Hoshang Shah)- Jami Masjid (1st Phase)- Hoshang Shah;s tomb (1st Phase)- Delhi Darwaza

1432- 1436 :Muhammed Ghori- Malik Mugith’s mosque

1436- 1469 :Mahmud Khilji- Completion of Jami Masjid and Hoshang Shah’s tomb Asharfi Mahal and Victory Column1469- 1500 :Ghiyath-ud-din Khalji- Jahaz Mahal with Palace complex1500- 1510: Nasir-ud-din- Palace near Rewa Kund, later accredited to Baz Bahadur1510 - 1526: Sultan Mahmud II- Gada shah’s shop, Darya khan’s Tomb and adjoining cluster,- Dai ka mahal1526-1534: Sultan of Gujrat1534: Humayun’s Conquest1536- 1542: Mallu Khan ruled as Sultan Qadir Shah1542 - 1554: Shuja Khan, Governer of Sher Shah of Delhi1555- 1561: Malik Bayazid ( Baz Bahadur)- Reservoir of Rewa Kund- Extension to Rupmati’s Pavillion1562: Akbar established Mughal rule- Repairs and additions to earlier edificesJahangir later ruled- Numerous other new ones were built.


7.2 Past use of the monuments

ROYAL ENCLAVE AREAPAST SCENARIO: AUTHENTICATED DATA-King and queen’s palac-Place for musician,artist and events

PRESENT SCENARIO-Tourist place-Public space-Hold many features of architectural importance and Scenic views

PAST SCENARIO: CONJECTURAL DATA-Poetic beauty of nature-Kitchen garden, royal gardensand orchards.

TOWN GROUPPAST SCENARIO: AUTHENTICATED DATA-Mosque and a collegeMosque used by travellers-Space infront of Mosque used as a market place.

PRESENT SCENARIO-Most used space in the site-Parking,Market, -Public plazza , Used forgoing to varrious monuments-Strong site lines to viewmany monuments around.

PAST SCENARIO: CONJECTURAL DATA-A public place-Later on became a market place

DARIYA KHAN GROUPPAST SCENARIO: AUTHENTICATED DATA-Has a tomb, mosqueand a pleasure garden

PRESENT SCENARIO-Visited by limited no. of tourist-Protected monuments withno landscaping done

PAST SCENARIO: CONJECTURAL DATA-Settlements around-Public gathering place-Common area for socio-cultural activities-Major node of town

Source: www.fliker.comFig7.2.1 Royal enclave area

Source: www.sarsokhet.comFig7.2.2 Town group

Source: www.manduinfo.blogspot.comFig7.2.3 Dariya khan group


DAI KA MAHAL GROUPPAST SCENARIO: AUTHENTICATED DATA-Place for members associated with the royal family-Had a sarai and a mosque-Some parts had garden

PRESENT SCENARIO-View of lake and vegetation-On the main road to Rupmatipavilion

PAST SCENARIO: CONJECTURAL DATA-Settlements around-Public gathering place-Used by travellers

REWA KUND GROUPPAST SCENARIO: AUTHENTICATED DATA-Private place-Had gardens orchard etcCountryside view

PRESENT SCENARIO-Used as public area by locals- Part of Baz bahadur palace-Rupmati pavilion is hidden in the dense green backdrop oforchards.

PAST SCENARIO: CONJECTURAL DATA-Had romantic environment-Limited access to public

OBSERVATION:- Many of the monuments have water feature, as water management techniques - Few of them had gardens, which have lost their existence now.- Landuse of buildings have changed as all are monuments and people visit it.

INFERENCE- The gardens can be developed taking clues from the building which is mostly the Mughal architecture as they introduced landscaping in India.- Courtyards can be developed.- Planting to be done not to empower buildings but to highlight them.

Source: www.shadowgalore.comFig7.2.4 Dai ka mahal group

Source: www.thinkingparticle.comFig7.2.5 Rewa kund group

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8 Visual analysis8.1 JAHAZ MAHAL COMPLEX

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERS:Vast, waterbodies, stonesNo sense of enclosureOBSERVATIONS:Huge land mostly covered by lakesStrong visual connection to other monuments and settingsMonuments are overpowering the viewINFERENCES:Drainage patterns can be incorpo-rated In landscapePleasure gardens and intimate

Spaces can be revived.Less of vertical elements ease the visual connection between monuments

Source: Thesis authorFig8.1.1 Plan and section of Jahaz mahal complex

8.2 TOWN GROUP AND ITS ENVIRONSLANDSCAPE CHARACTERS:Plaza , open space, meeting pointBusiest junctionOBSERVATIONS:As the plinth of monuments are high the Visual connectivity be-tween monuments Is retained even in the busy environment.Both the monuments open insideTwo different material has been used

INFERENCES:Tombs can be typology of built form can be treated as us one landscape patternLandscape to provide segregation of space as it has settlements around.Buffer space needed.

Source: Thesis authorFig8.2.1 Plan of town group

8.3 DARIYA KHAN GROUP OF MONUMENTSLANDSCAPE CHARACTERS:Degraded, ScatteredOBSERVATIONS:Monuments are at a distance from each other.Presence of waterbody in implies, it had been a residential building.Connectivity to the natural view.

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INFERENCES:All the monuments can be con-nected with one landscapeResidential gardensWater gardensEnhance the connection with na-ture.

Source: Thesis authorFig8.3.1 Plan and section of Dariya khan group

8.4 DAI KA MAHAL GROUP

Source: Thesis authorFig8.4.1 Plan and section of Dai ka mahal group

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERS:Sparse vegetation, orchardOBSERVATIONS:Monuments have a panorama view of the long Sagar talavIt is visually connected to the mon-uments on the other side due to the horizontal feature of land-scape. Surrounded by many water bodiesINFERENCES:Landscape interventions can help read the group of monuments as one By developing spaces around them Not many tourist approach the monument due to lack Of aes-thetics.

8.5 REWA KUND GROUP

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERS:Orchards, plantation around lakesOBSERVATIONS:Reva kund is at the foot hill of rup-mati pavilion.The journey to the pavilion is full of surprises as the Landscape winds out slowly as the road leads up-wards Visual connection is there between monuments due to elevation and also the tree height is not more than monuments.

Source: Thesis authorFig8.5.1 Plan and section of Rewa kund group

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D E S I G N P R O P O S A L

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9. Restoration of the Historical Context of the plateau :Mandu in past had a significant location in the surrounding regional context due to its topography and its settings. One of the important things about the settings of Monuments is the topographical consideration and their connectivity both physical and visual. Each group had its own character and a unique function to perform.These aspects were predominantly present when the Mandu plateau experienced the height of prosperity and power. All together the history tells about particular scenario that existed in the past.Presently, the character that Mandu plains reflect is altogether different; the main reason being the loss of prosperity and the decline of power. A feeling of isolation prevails between the group of monuments and also the settlements. The character that it had in the past is lost, hence loosing its serenity and importance.

So, to bring out the past, it was necessary to study the history of the places in de-tail, specially considering the parameter of linkages of monuments, their sitting in the surrounding environments. The character they possess and the spatial quality they passed during the period.

Criteria’s considered for the past development in Mandu plateau.Conclusion:Certain guidelines are given to regulate the development to happen in Mandu to restore the historical context. They are as follows:- No development zone shall not allow any construction activity except agriculture and low height sparse vegetation .- Spare vegetation shall be of the native flora, low height, low density, in patches and shall high visual porosity.- Dense vegetation of shall be of native flora, high density, tall and with low visual porosity and shall sustain lower stories of vegetation.

Master plan of ManduConcept: Heritage tourismIn order to preserve HERITAGE- Monuments of Past need to find an ‘ economical use’ in the contemporary scenario to fulfill the needs of present day society.The relevance of the monument can be religious or sentimental value or educational significance.In order to expose heritage to masses and let it be understood for development of a positive attitude towards its conservation , the most effective tool is tourism.

Non negotiable factors while making the master plan is:- All efforts are focused towads conserving the historical edifices, as the ‘ character’ of the place is based on historic monuments which are the prime reason of making the place what it is today.- NATURAL ENVIRONMENT is the key factor giving the area a “ SENSE OF PLACE “ hence needs to be conserved. ( Ref to drawings for masterplan)

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10 Landscape narrative of Mandu10.1 What is a landscape narrativeKnowing how to read a landscape is the key to a competent analysis in landscape architecture. The act of reading includes the people who live in the landscape.Narratives are also there in landscape. They intersect wuth sites, accumulate as lay-ers of history, organise sequences and in here in the materials and process of the landscape. In various ways, stories “take place”. The term landscape narrative desig-nates the interplay and mutual relationship that develops between landscapes and narratives. To begin with, places configure narratives, Landscapes not only locates or serves as background settings for stories, but it changes events and process that are engenders stories. We know a place because we know its story. The plan below is the way I as a designer want people who visit Mandu to perceive the story as.

Source: Thesis authorFig10.1.1 Narrative of Mandu (tourist as focus)

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Policies for the Platue of Mandu:ENVIRONMENT- Protection from degradation of the existing forest- Introduce Socio forestry- Enhance and preserve the topographical distinct features that contribute to visual character of the area.

Check the loss of fertile top soil during lean periods of agriculture. This can be achived by planting suitable varieties of grasses on the barren feilds which can be used as fodder and also protect soil errosion.

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE- Encroachment of agricultural field on protected areas.- Use the visual potential offered by agricultural fields- Restoration of orchards: Historical mention of Mango orchards .- Laws to regulate the proximity of the feilds to the monument, vegetation can be used as buffer.- Low height agriculture is the key to help connect monuments with aech other visually, hence should be maintained.DESIGNED LANDSCAPE- Roadside Plantation (Visual factor/ Functional factor)- Cycle path- Lakes- View pointsRadside plantation:- To provide a sense of direction- Reinforce the approach to Historical site- Framing Distant views- Buffer against visual intrusion- Micro climate controlLAKES- Landuse around the lakes to accelerate the runoff, this would depend on nature of surfaces generated along the catchment area.- Siltation of the lake can be checked by providing chk dams.- Vegetation policy must ensure that species planted around lakes have low transpiration rate.

Cycle paths- To be shaded and can also asc like a natural trail, use of planting to highlightmonuments or pause points.HERITAGE CONSERVATION- Landscape within the historical complex to be :- Restoration of the setting in terms of physical and spatial organization- Integrate the current scenario.- Improve micro-environmental conditions in the monument complexes.

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11 Site analysis of Royal enclave group of Monuments

The most visited group of monuments.

Historical background:ROYAL PALACE: residential quarters of the royal familyHINDOLA MAHAL: Hall of audience (Diwan-i-khas)CHAMPA BAOLI: Subterranean bathing chambers attached to the palaceJAHAZ MAHAL: Pleasure palace and haremDILAWAR KHAN’S MOSQUE: Earliest dated Moslem building at Mandu. Built in the typical Indo-Islamic architecture style.NAHAR JHAROKHA: Balcony used for the king to show himself to his subjectsGADA SHAH’S SHOP: Hall of audience (Darbar-i-am)GADA SHAH’S PALACE: House of Rajput chief, Mendi Rai, later styled Gada ShahTAVELIMAHAL: Stables and guard-houseANDHERI AND UJALA BAOLI: Well for drinking water supply to the palace.

Present context:-The complex stands as a protected monument under the ASI and is most popular among visitors.-While the Royal quarters and the Gada Shah’s palace and shop are badly in ruins, most other buildings are in a fair state of preservation.-The presence of a small tribal hamlet has resulted in conversion of all immedi-

Source: Thesis authorFig11.1 Site analysis

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ate surroundings into agricultural land. The Baolis, the Kaphur talab and a well belonging to a later dates serves the water requirements of the tribals while the seasonal growth of wild grass in the historical premises serves the needs of their cattle , converting all unmaintained open spaces into grazing strip.

-The Jal mahal is used as a crematorium by the Bhil community.- Taveli Mahal has been renovated to house the local A.S.I office and a small museum on the ground floor while a series of guest rooms on the upper floors for ASI officials. The insensitive colour wash on the façade makes the building appear as an eyesore amongst the earthy tones of the rest of the complex.- Munja talab and the pool surrounding Jal Mahal have almost totally dried up. Apart from the small wet –patch in the center of the lake, the rest of the area has become a playground for children and grazing land for cattle from surrounding settlements.- Introduction of a metaled road passing in front of the Jahaz Mahal has ruined the context of the ‘ ship palace’ by disturbing the link between the building and the Kaphur talav.

DESIGN INTENT-Recreate the historical context, aimed at enhancing the perception of the site by: - Visual connectivity - Revitalizing spatial relationship so as to unify the complex. - Restoring the perceptional quality of the space. - Re-establish the vegetation in accordance to historical conjectures and contemporary needs.

- The final outcome in terms of Landscape should be: - Historically accurate, to the information available - Visually harmonious - Design space according to current usages.

- Within the conservation framework- create social and cultural context to suffice the contemporary needs of tourists.

- Mandu, throughout the historical period, has stood as a stage for cultural interaction and development of arts, music and theatre. Design should explore the possibility of reusing the open spaces between monuments for cultural revival of Mandu.

DESIGN GUIDELINES BASED ON THE ISSUES:Circulation- The path connecting the royal enclave group from Delhi darwaza is an historical element, as it was used for linkage hence needs to be redeveloped and restored as entrance from Hathi pol- Policies needs to be developed in order to maintain the agricultural character at the Hathi pol entrance.- Approach road to Royal enclave needs to carefully designed to structure the experience of the visitor, currently the road side landuse consists a

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few pucca-houses and government buildings, agricultural fields and isolated hutments which give an insight to the rural character . Visual- The following views needs to be preserved:- View of Gada shah’s shop surrounded by agricultural area as viewed from the palace terrace. The horizon is capped with flat topped hills across the Kakra- koh gorge. White coloured built forms are a visual sore in the whole picture with earth tones.- View of the distant hill of songarh towards south as seen from jahaz mahal and royal palace.- Visual linkages between Jahaz mahal and Royal palace.General- MUNJA talav has almost dried up , lake need to be revived,- Lake margins should be planted with species having low transpiration rates so as to minimize evapotranspiration losses- Erosion near the edge to be checked.- Area around Jahaz mahal to be restored physically to get back the link between the two lakes and the mahal.

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Text books1.European colloquy. Management of public access to heritage landscape. Dub-lin, Ireland : Architectural heritage, 1991. Print.

Papers2.Cultural heritage landscape: ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on cultural landscapewww.icomos.org/landscapes/index2engl.htm

3.Cultural landscape preservation: Analysis of five preservationThesis, University of Clemson, Vineet shrikant

4.Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language : towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press.

5.Boyer, J. Introduction to Archetypes Retrieved 23 February, 2009, from http://janetboyer.com/Archetypes.html

6.Center for the Study of Architecture in the Arab World (2008). Historic Urban Landscapes: Responsibilities & Opportunities, Preserving Spirit of Place & Partner-ing for the Future of Urban Heritage. from http://www.heritagelandscapes.com/action/Jordan_nov2008.html

7.Chengappa, I. M. (2002). On the history of gardens and landscapes in the Indian subcontinent. Retrieved from http://www.chengappa.demon.co.uk/il/Intro.htm

8.Hayden, D. (1995). The power of place : urban landscapes as public history. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

9.Hebbert, M. (2005). The street as locus of collective memory. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23, 581-596.

10.National Park Service (2005). Cultural Landscapes, from http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/hli/landscape_guidelines/terminology.htm Web Resources

12 Bibliography

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Annexture-ILIST OF PLANTS SEEN IN MANDU:Road side vegetation:1. on the way to neelkanthUpper storey:- Cassia siamea- Ficus bengalensis- Lawsonia inermis- Eucalyptus citiodosa- Annona squamosa- Mimusops hexandra- Moringa- Adansonia digitataLower storey:- Legumes Ground cover:- Wild grass2. On the road along Sagar Talav Upper storey:- Mangifera indica- Ficus bengalensis- Mimusops hexandra- Eucalyptus citiodosa- Azadirachta indica- Polyyanthus longifolia- Putranjiva- Butea monosperma- Tecoma grandis- Delonix regia- Ceiba pentandraLower storey:- Legumes - Adhatoda- Nerium oleander- Thuja species- Bougainvillea- Dendrocalamus strictus- Lantana camaraGround cover:- Lpomea sp.- Crotolaria

3. On the way to Jahaz Mahal Upper storey:- Cassia siamea- Ficus bengalensis- Annona squamosa- Mangifera indica

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- Azadirachta indica- Adansonia digitata- Annona squamosa- Ziziphus jijuba- Alistonia scholaris- Tamarindus indica- Bombax malabaricaLower storey:- Adhatoda- Xanthium- Lantana camaraGround cover:- Wild grass- Legumes

Proposed plant species for soil stabilization and social forestry:

Grasses for Stabilizing soils:(which will grow in Mandu)1. Aplude mutica- establishes on steep slopes, grower from seeds,1.2m tall2. Themeda quadrivals- 1-1.5m tall, common on drive open plain areas and gental slopes.3. Dendrocalamus strictus- best suited for quick perennial slopes stabiliza-tion of reservoir, perennial with rhizomatous stem.4. Chrysopogon furvus5. Pencium maximum6. Arundo donam- excellent soil binder7. Imperata cylindrical8. Cenchrus cillaris9. Dichanthium annulatum10. Puleraria tuberosa- a legume requires water in the initial stages during monsoon and they establish wellTrees important for fodder, fuel, timber e.t.c.1. Pongamia glabra- fast growing2. Diospyros melanonylon3. Emblica efficinallis4. Garuga pinnata5. Albizzia lebbek6. Anogeissus latifolia- shallow soil7. Dulbergia slsoo8. Azadirachta indica- fast growing9. Allunthus excelsa10. Leucaena latifolia11. Populus12. Acacia nilotica13. Derris indica

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