Renewables in Microgrids

Challenges and Opportunities

Rangan Banerjee

Forbes Marshall Chair Professor

Department of Energy Science and Engineering

IIT Bombay

24th January 2015

Interconnected loads,

distributed generation

and energy storage

devices

Within clearly defined

electrical boundary

A single controllable

entity with respect to

the grid with

bidirectional power

flow 2

DER’s

Future Power System

DER’s

Dis

trib

uti

on

ne

two

rk

De

ma

nd

Dis

trib

uti

on

ne

two

rk

De

ma

nd

Large Centralised

Generation

Transmission

network

Grid

ES

S

ES

S

Microgrid - Definition

Global Microgrid Capacity - 2014

3

Total: 4393 MW

India < 200 MW

http://www.navigantresearch.com/research/microgrids

Classification of microgrids

Size

Microgrids

Mode of operation

Type

Source

Scenario

Isolated

Grid Connected

Hybrid

AC

DC

Renewables

Diesel

Hybrid

Wind

Small

Hydro

Biomass

Hybrid

Solar

Commercial

Residential

Industrial

<10kW

>1 MW

10kW-1MW

Lonarwadi

Dissoli

Rajmachi

Maharashtra

INDIA

Rural Electrification

5 Manoj and Banerjee, 2010

5 kWp Solar PV power plant at Rajmachi Village, Maharashtra

No. of house holds: 29

Connected load : 1.4 kW

6 Manoj Kumar M.V. , 2009

Bio-diesel based power

plant of 10 kW rating

(Raipur, Chattisgarh)

7

Biomass Gasifier Examples

Ravindranath et al (2004)

Biomass Gasifier Example

Arashi HiTech Biopower,

Coimbatore

1 MW grid connected

100% producer gas

engines

Two gasifiers – coconut

shells, modified to

include other biomass

Chilling producer gas

with VARS operated on

waste heat

Opportunities

Energy Access – More than 30% of Households

without access to electricity

Energy and Peak Shortages

Unreliable Supply – Load Shedding, Supply

Disruptions

Energy Security

High growth rates in demand- large potential

market

Local Employment Opportunities

Sustainable Energy Systems for the future

10

Historical Household Electrification

Rates

GEA, Chapter 19

11

Challenges

Supply- Demand Mismatch, Low Load

Factors

Affordability – Cost Reduction challenge -

Technology development and R&D

Financing Challenge

Manpower and Capacity Building Challenge

Institutional/ Organisational Challenge

Operational and Maintenance Challenge

12

Issues- Low plant capacity factor

Name of the plant

PV Capacity ( kWp)

Inverter capacity

(kVA)

Charge controller

(kW)

Battery capacity

(Ah)

Battery Voltage (Volts)

Distribution Voltage (Volts)

Connected Load (kW)

Plant Capacity

factor (%)

Dound II, Chattisgargh

1 1.5 2 400 48 230 0.3 5.8

Latdadar, Chattisgargh

2 3 3 500 48 230 0.7 7.1

Chatal,Chattisgargh

3 5 5 800 48 230 0.7 4.4

Gudagarh, Chattisgargh

4 5 5 800 48 230 1.2 6.3

Rajmachi, Maharashtra

5 7.5 5 800 120 230 1.4 8.2

Sura, Udaipur, Rajasthan

17.25 15 20 1200 120 230 5.0 7.3

Nurda village, Jharkhand

28 20 25 1200 120 230 9.5 8.5

Anandgarh, Bikaner, Rajasthan.

34.5 2*15 2*20 2*1200 120 230 10 7.5

13

Manoj and Banerjee, 2010

Measurements

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00

Time (hrs)

Pow

er(

Watt

s)

and V

oltage (

Volts)

VOLTAGE POWER

14 Manoj and Banerjee, 2010

Name of

the plant

Connected

Load (kW)

Plant

Capacity

Distribution loss

(%)

Plant capacity

factor (%)

Energy cost

Rs / kWh

Existing Designe

d Existing Designed Existing Designed Existing Designed

Solar PV,

Rajmachi 1.4 5 kWp 4 kWp 4.6 0.5 8.3 11.5 32 25

Biomass

gasifier,

Dissoli

6.9 10 kW 10 kW 12.3 2.0 8.8 12 29-37 21-25

Biomass

gasifier,

Lonarwadi

10.7 20 kW 10 kW 14.6 2.7 5.6 14 43-54 16-25

Integrated design-Summary

Manoj and Banerjee, 2010

16

Source : Phocos : pvmagazine , 2011

Biomass Gasifier

Solar PV + Battery

65,000 1,25,000

90,000 1,55,000

1,15,000 1,90,000

Cost of Electricity Generation

Capital cost Rs/kW

Selco Case study – Innovative Financing

18

For profit company – Solar Home

systems – started 1996 – sold

about 100,000 SHS

90% of products – credit schemes

Partnership with 9 banks – interest

rates between 12-17%

Financing Institutions pay 85% of

the amount- monthly payments of

Rs 300- 400 over a period of 5

years

Financing/ repayment options –

tailormade to end users – paddy

farmers – repayment schedule

based on crop cycle, street vendors

– daily payments – Rs 10

Funding from REEP – meet margin

amount for poor customers, reduce

interest rate

Source: SELCO, 2011

Sunderbans Microgrids - Organisation

19 Source: Ulsrud et al (2011)

17 micro grids

DESI Power

20

Biomass based power solutions – Bihar- 25 kW to 100 kW

Local distributors – decide pricing

Registered under CDM and sold CERs to Swiss buyer

MNRE funds, Promoters Equity, ICICI Loan

Monthly rate based on no of bulbs / loads, Circuit breaker to limit consumption

Irrigation pump users Rs 50/ hour, Household Rs 120- 150 per month

Underground trunk wiring-distribution

Enabling micro-enterprises –battery charging station, flour mill, workshop etc

Tie up with Telecom towers – increasing capacity factor

Husk Power

21

Initial funding – prize money

30-100 kW – biomass gasifiers- based on rice husk

Energy audit of households

Focus on household demand for lighting

Lower production, operating costs – use of bamboo, asbestos

Overhead pole wiring

Directly reach end user

Wind Power Output Variation

22

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

hours

Po

we

r g

en

era

ted

in M

W

january

June

July

August

September

2006- 7 Tamil Nadu

23

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

23:3

0

1:0

0

2:3

0

4:0

0

5:3

0

7:0

0

8:3

0

10:0

0

11:3

0

13:0

0

14:3

0

16:0

0

17:3

0

19:0

0

20:3

0

22:0

0

23:3

0

No

. o

f U

nit

s G

en

era

ted

T

ho

us

an

ds

Typical Daily Electricity Generation Variation

March- Best Month for Asansol, …

0.115

0.125

0.135

0.145

0.155

0.165

0.175

0.185

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Capacity Factor for Mumbai

1-Axis Tracking

Fixed Tilt @ 19 deg.

Annual Average with 1-Axis Tracking Annual Average with Fised Tilt @ 19 deg.

Identified Microgrid Scenarios

Industry Commercia

l

Residenti

al

Isolate

d

Raw Material

Extraction

Manufacturing

Industry

Malls/Offices

/Data

Centres/Serv

ice Industries

Villas/Fl

ats/Elec

tric

Vehicle

s

Remote

areas

with no

grid

access

Microgrid Scenarios Indian context Sector Scenarios Ratings

Generation

Industrial Small and Medium Scale

Industries

100kW-1MW Grid+ Combined Heat and

Power+ Renewable Energy

Technologies

Large Scale Industries 1 MW-50MW Grid+ Combined Heat and

Power+ Renewable Energy

Technologies

Commercial Urban Areas-Malls,

Offices, Educational

Institutions

100kW-10MW Grid+ Renewable Energy

Technologies + Diesel Generator

Rural Areas-Community

Centre, Shops, local

business, small

manufacturing units

5kW-50kW

Grid+ Renewable Energy

Technologies

Residential Urban Areas 50kW-1MW Grid+ Renewable Energy

Technologies

Rural Areas 5kW-50kW Grid+ Renewable Energy

Technologies

Remote or Isolated Rural Areas

with no grid access

1kW-100kW Renewable Energy Technologies

+ Diesel Generator

Pollution Control

Plant 0.6 MW

Power Generation Plant

0.5MW

Boiler Plant

1.35 MW

Main Receiving Station of Fertilizers and Chemicals, Travancore,Udyogamandal

Udyogamandal Division

Petrochemical Division

G

Grid

Steam

16 MW

G

Ammonia Production

Plant 10.75 MW

Heat Loads

Steam

6MW

Dimineralised Water Plant (DM Plant) 1.295 MW

Nitrogen Plant 1.29 MW

Oxidation Plant

1.71 MW

Hydrogenation Plant

(1.07MW)

Hyam Plant

2.22MW

Lactam Plant

2.35 MW

Large Industry with Combined Heat and Power Generation-

Fertilizers and Chemicals,Travancore

Heat Loads

Total Load= 23 MW

Captive Generation=22 MW

ST-Extraction Cum

Condensing Steam Turbine

ST

ST

Ref:M.Tech Thesis(Jani Das)

Load Profile of the Udyogamandal And

Petrochemical Division of Fertilizers and

Chemical,Travancore

Lo

ad

in M

W

Hour of the day

Large Industry with Combined Heat and Power

Generation( Data as on 8th October 2011)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Total Load

Ref:M.Tech Thesis(Jani Das)

Grid

33/11 kV

11kV/400 V 750 kVA

11kV/400 V 750 kVA

G1 G2

200 kVA 100 kVA

RMRD Refirgeration Deep Freeze Powder Processing

Boiler Pre Pac Butter, Water and Ghee

Colony Land F

Medium Industry with Combined Heat and Power

Generation

Kurnool District Milk Producers Cooperative Union

Limited, Vijaya Milk & Milk Products, Nandyal

“Mathematical modelling of DSM and Batteries applied to a Medium Scale Milk Industry”, P. Ravi Babu V.P.Sree Divya

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Load in kW

Hour of the day

Load in kW

Medium Industry with Combined Heat and

Power Generation

“Mathematical modelling of DSM and Batteries applied to a Medium Scale Milk Industry”, P. Ravi Babu V.P.Sree Divya

Grid Solar PV

system

Inverter

Wind

Turbine

System

Inverter

Grid Tied

Commercial

Microgrid DB

First

Floor Second Floor

Ground

Floor

DB DB

Light and fan

loads

AC Computers and

Printers

Light and fan

loads

Projector

loads

Light and fan

loads

Projector

loads

AC Computers and

Printers

2.2kW

38.85kW

4kW

6.4kW 8kW 1.28kW 1.6kW 2.2kW 1.6kW

75 kW 20kW

Three phase

Transformer

Commercial Microgrid

Commercial Sector-

Urban Area(IIT Bombay)

Distributed 1 MW Solar power plant@IIT

Bombay

Main Receiving

Station of IITB

Salette Receiving

Station SAKI

22kV/433V

1250kVA

22kV/433V

1250kVA

Solar PV

System

Inverter

Academic

Buildings

Hostel

Buildings

Residential

Buildings

Hostel

2

Hostel

3

Hostel

4

Hostel

5

Hostel

1

Hostel

6

Hostel

7

Hostel

9

Hostel

10

28kW

32kW

42kW

44kW

43kW

51kW

33kW

33kW

45kW

Chem

Dept

Civil EED HSS IDC Library

MED Physics MET

Dept

CSE

Dept

Maths

Dept

Aero

MB

200kW

87kW

168kW

99kW

94kW

132kW

93kW

71kW

157kW

98kW

88kW

85kW

182kW

Ananta

B-22

White

House

Type C-

22

39kW

16kW

40kW

1 MW

Ring mains

and additional

substations

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lo

ad

in

kW

Hour of day

IITB total load (kW)

Load Profile of Commercial Sector(Urban Area)-IIT Bombay

Commercial Sector-Rural Area-Palari Village in Chhattisgarh State

Grid

Shops 5kW

Community Center 1 kW

Small Manufacturing Unit

1.5 kW

Street Lights (CFL)

0.15 kW

Medical Centre 0.8 kW School

0.56 kW

Three Phase Transformer

Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of

HOMER

Rohit Sen a, Subhes C. Bhattacharyya

Load Profile -Palari Village in Chhattisgarh State

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Demand in …

Load in

kW

Loads including community centre, shops, local

business and small manufacturing units Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of

HOMER

Rohit Sen a, Subhes C. Bhattacharyya

Residential Microgrid G

rid

Community

AC loads

40kW

AC

Bus

AC/DC

Converter

DC/DC

Renewable

Sources

(PV+wind)

40kW

DC/DC Energy

Storage

DC/DC Community

DC loads

10kW

DC

Bus

DC/DC Plug in EV

Three

phase

transfor

mer

DG

Set

Urban Residential Load Profile

kW profile for 3 residential buildings at IIT B Campus

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Ananta B-22

White House

Type C-22

Load in kW

Hour of the day

Distributed 1 MW Solar power plant@IIT

Bombay

Load Profile of a Remote Residential Region

(Rajmachi Village, Maharashtra(data as on 14th April

2008))

Analysis of isolated power systems for village electrification; M.V.Manoj Kumar, Rangan Banerjee

Seasonal variation of load profile-Rural Residential

Area

Ranikhet , Almora Kumaon region of Uttarakhand

Development of IREOM model based on seasonally varying load profile for hillyremote areas of Uttarakhand state in

India

A.B. Kanase-Patil*, R.P. Saini, M.P. Sharma

Seasonal variation of load profile-Urban Residential Area

Residential Sector of

Gujarat State

An assessment of household electricity loadcurves and corresponding CO2 marginal abatement costcurves for Gujarat

state,India

Amit Garg a,n, P.R.Shukla b, JyotiMaheshwari c, JigeeshaUpadhyay

Strategies

Optimal Sizing

Integration of DSM and Supply, Demand

Response

Hybridisation of Supply

Demand Response

Intelligent Microgrids- Smart Grids

Advanced Storage – Hybridisation

Innovation

Learning Curve- Public Domain Information

Inputs for supply side model

Load model

NO YES

NO Calculation of Reliability (LOLE) for

number of PV panels and capacity of

battery. (15)

Agricultural electricity

consumption (kWh) (4)

Total electricity consumption (kWh) of the area

(7)

Solar PV and battery

model. (8), (12)-(13)

Calculation of ALCC and CGE for different

ratings of PV, and battery. (16) - (18)

Optimum configuration of

PV-battery

ALCC

CGE

LOLE ≤ LOLEd

All DSM

options

integrated?

Increment number of PV panels

and battery capacity

Number of

households

Appliances and their

technical

characteristics

Share of

appliances

Agricultural

pump sets and

ratings

Commercial electricity

consumption (kWh) (6)

Commercial loads

and technical

characteristics

Solar radiation

data

Ambient

temperature

data

Technical

specifications

of PV modules

Technical

specifications

of battery

YES

Available Demand

side option

Residential electricity

consumption (kWh) (2)

Inputs for load model

DSM options for end

use loads from

literature. DSMi . i=1,

2, 3, ..

CSEi ≤ MCOE

YES

NO

DSM options input

i=i+1

Usage pattern (Time of use)

(Daily and seasonal variation)

Sizing methodology for a PV-battery system employing DSM

Sector Load % contribution to total load EE option

Residential Lighting 41.1 60W incandescent to 15W CFL

Fan load 12.7 Ceiling Fan of 65W replaced by BLDC fan

TV load 2.1 19 inch CRT TV replaced with 22W LCD

Agricultural Motor & pump loads 29.55 Energy efficient motor-56%

Community Street lighting 8.45 HPSV lamps by LED lighting

Annual energy savings(kWh/year) 25610

Load EE option

Demand

savings(kWh/year)

Hours of

operation/Year

Lighting load

Replacing Incandescent with 15W

CFL 13140 1460

Replacing CFL with LED 2044 1460

Replacing with 8W LED 15184 1460

FAN load

Replacing with 35 W BLDC motor 3240 1460

Replacing with energy efficient

blades(60W) 540 1460

Improved AC induction motor(50W) 1620 1460

TV Replacing with 19 inch LCD TV 635 1095

Agriculture Energy efficient motor-56% 5748 2008

Street lighting HPSV lamps by LED lighting(40W) 2847 4745

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

La

od

of

are

a(k

W)

Time of day(h)

Total demand summer(kWh)

Total load Average Load(DSM) Average(DSM)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Laod

of

are

a(k

W)

Time of day(h)

Total demand Winter(kWh)

Total load Average Load(DSM) Average(DSM)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

CS

E(R

s/k

Wh

)

Annual demand savings(kWh)

10 % discount Marginal cost of electricity(Rs/kWh) 30% discount

IL to CFL

Storage Options

45

UK & India Partnership in Smart Energy Grids and Energy Storage Technologies: IMASE- IITB – Univ Nottingham

End-Note

46

http://dilbert.com/

Acknowledgment

Thank you

Ammu Susanna

Jacob

Jani Das

Balkrishna Surve

47

K. Aravind Prof. Prakash

Ghosh

Amit Parihar

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Science and Engineering; 2009.

Manoj and Banerjee 2010: Analysis of isolated power systems for village electrification, M.V. Manoj Kumar , Rangan Banerjee, Energy for

Sustainable Development, 14, (2010) 213-222.

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Ulsrud et al (2011): The Solar Transitions research on solar mini-grids in India: Learning from local cases of innovative socio-technical systems,

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R. Banerjee, “Comparison of options for distributed generation in India” Energy Policy 34 (2006) 101–111.

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48