renewable energy: the wind-hydrogen option for remote communities in india presented by: dr. g. s....
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Renewable Energy: The Wind-Hydrogen Option for Remote Communities in IndiaRenewable Energy: The Wind-Hydrogen Option for Remote Communities in India
Presented by:
Dr. G. S. GrewalElectrical Research and Development Association (ERDA)
ERDA Road, GIDC MakarpuraVadodara – 390 010
Presented at
Transmission, Distribution & Metering India
(Enabling Smart Grid & Smart Metering)
November 11, 2010
New Delhi
Energy Statistics For India (2005-06)
Coal Production : 401.5 Million Tonnes Power Generation : 617.5 Billion kWh Thermal Generation : 514.4 Billion kWh Hydel Generation : 101.3 Billion kWh Crude Oil Production : 32.2 Million Tonnes Crude Oil Import : 99.4 Million Tonnes
Consumption of Petroleum Products : 111.9 Million Tonnes Natural Gas Production : 32.2 Billion Nm3
Fire Wood, & Dung Cake :300 Million Tonnes
Energy Reserves : A Comparison
Type India World %
Oil (MT) 800 138,300 0.58
Gas (MTOE) 700 139,700 0.5
Coal (MT) 69947 1,031,610 6.78
Hydro (MTOE) 30 218 13.76
Nuclear 2 596 0.34
MT - MILLION TONS
MTOE – MILLION TONS OIL EQUIVALENT
Power Scenario in India
Sector Installed Capacity
(April 30, 2006) Percentage
MW %
Hydro 32,326 26
Thermal 82,425 66.3
Nuclear 3,360 2.7
Wind/Renewable 6,191 5
Total 124,302 100
Captive: Grid Connected
14,636 12%
Electricity Generation In India
Sector Million kWh (2005-2006)
%
Hydro 101,325 16.5
Thermal
(Including Wind)
497,044 80.5
Nuclear 17,248 2.8
Import From Bhutan 1,764 0.2
Total 617,362 100
Captive 74,130 12 %
Renewable 6,200 1 %
India- Primary Energy Pie Chart
Sector Wise Consumption: India (2004-05)
Sector Million kWh %
Total 381,964 100%
Industrial 133,293 34%
Domestic 96,018 25%
Commercial 30,598 8%
Agriculture 89,876 24%
Traction 9,763 3%
Others 22,416 6%
T&D Losses & Auxiliary Consumption
GROSS GENERATION
2004-05
587,366 MILLION kWh
TOTAL CONSUMPTION 381,964 MILLION kWh
DIFFERENCE 205,402 MILLION kWh
AUXILIARY CONSUMPTION 8%
T&D LOSSES 32%
ANNUAL LOSSES OF ELECTRICITY BOARDS
Rs. 20,000 CRORES
USA 13,241 kWh
AUSTRALIA 11,205 kWh
UK 6,631 kWh
SOUTH AFRICA 4,313 kWh
CHINA 1,139 kWh
Per Capita Energy Consumption: Some Nations
WORLD AVERAGE ≈ 4000 kWh
Per Capita Energy Consumption: Global Metric
1950 15.55 kWh1985-86 178.00 kWh1989-90 236.00 kWh1993-94 310.00 kWh1994-95 320.00 kWh2001-02 401.00 kWh2004-05 606.00 kWh
Per capita electrical power consumption level is still very low.
Indian Energy Scene
Per Capita Energy ConsumptionPer Capita Energy ConsumptionIndiaIndia
PRESENT LEVEL: 640 kWh
Per Capita Energy ConsumptionPer Capita Energy ConsumptionIndiaIndia
PRESENT LEVEL: 640 kWh
TARGET: MISSION 2012: 1000 kWh
Per Capita Energy ConsumptionPer Capita Energy ConsumptionIndiaIndia
PRESENT LEVEL: 640 kWh
TARGET: MISSION 2012: 1000 kWh
PRESENT LEVEL FOR GUJARAT:
1320 kWh
INDIA NEEDS TO CONSUMECONSUME
MORE ENERGY
Bottom LineBottom Line
EnergyEnergy IntensityIntensity
Energy Cost As a Percentage of Manufacturing Cost
Energy Costs In Indian Industry Energy Costs In Indian Industry ( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )
CEMENT : 34.9 % ALUMINIUM : 34.2 % GLASS : 32.5 % CHEMICAL : 23.9 % PAPER : 22.8 % FERTILIZERS : 18.3 % IRON & STEEL : 15.8 % FOUNDRIES : 10.5 % TEXTILES : 8.6 % ELECT. ENGG. : 3.2 %
Energy Energy EfficiencyEfficiency
Energy Costs In Indian Industry Energy Costs In Indian Industry ( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )( As % age of Manufacturing Cost )
Industry Unit India Developed
Nations
IRON & STEEL Gcal/tonne 8 - 9.5 4 – 6
CEMENT Gcal/tonne 1 – 4.4 0.6 – 0.9
ALUMINIUM MWh/tonne 16 – 20 13 – 15
PULP & PAPER kg Steam / kg 12 – 15 5 - 8
Energy Intensities In Selected Industries Energy Intensities In Selected Industries ( Gcal / tonne )( Gcal / tonne )
STEEL CEMENT ALUMINIUM FERTILIZER
INDIA 9.50 2.00 33.00 11.25 ITALY 4.03 0.89 ------ 9.92 JAPAN 4.18 1.20 13.90 ------- SWEDEN 5.02 1.40 16.50 ------- U.K. 6.07 1.30 21.10 12.23 U.S.A 6.06 0.95 9.50 11.32 GERMANY 5.21 0.82 14.90 ------- India over LOWEST 57.6% 59.0% 71.2% 11.8% India over HIGHEST 36.1% 30.0% 36.1% -8.7%
High Power Cost High Power Cost Makes Our Industry Makes Our Industry
NoncompetitiveNoncompetitive
COMPARISON OF POWER COST IN FEW COUNTRIES
0
0.05
0.1
KOREA USA CHINA INDIA
POW
ER C
OST
(In
US$
/kW
h)KOREA 0.058
USA 0.060
CHINA 0.062
INDIA 0.095
Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Generation-IGeneration-I
85% Generation is Thermal Efficiency : 30% 1 kWh : 3 Units Coal/Gas/Oil T & D Losses : 30% - 35% 1 kWh to user : 4 to 5 Units Coal
/Gas /Oil Capital Costs : 4 to 5 Rs. Crore/MW Add T&D - Rs. 60,000 to 70,000/kW
Lead time for setting up a power station is 5 to 10 years.
Electricity cannot be stored. 1 kWh generation leads to generation of 1 kg
of C02.
Environmental pollution due to thermal power plants is a serious problem.
Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Some Facts of Grid Connected Thermal Generation-IIGeneration-II
Carbon EmissionsCarbon Emissions
Fuel kg. CO2 / kWh
Coal 0.9-1.2
Oil 0.75-0.8
Gas (Open Cycle) 0.58-0.6
Combined Cycle 0.43
Hydro, Wind, Solar, Nuclear
Negligible
Total Global Emissions : : 6.5 Billion mT Carbon: 23 Billion mT CO2
The World’s Energy Resources Are Limited!
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
SolaSolarr
WinWindd
BioBio
GeoGeo
TidalTidal
Sources Of EnergySources Of Energy
NON-CONVENTIONAL / RENEWABLE /
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY WIND POWER GEOTHERMAL BIOMASS TIDAL POWER and
Sources Of EnergySources Of Energy
NON-CONVENTIONAL / RENEWABLE /
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY WIND POWER GEOTHERMAL BIOMASS TIDAL POWER and ENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSERVATION
SECTOR CAPITAL COST (MINR / MW)
COST OF GENERATION (Rs. / kWh)
Small Hydro 25 to 100 2.00 to 3.50Wind Energy 50 to 70 2.25 to 2.75Biomass Power 35 to 45 2.00 to 3.00Bagasse Co-generation 30 to 40 2.00 to 3.00Biomass Gasification 20 to 30 2.25 to 2.75Solar PV 250 to 300 9.00 to 20.00
Economics of Renewable Energy Economics of Renewable Energy
SECTOR POTENTIALWind Energy 45,000 MWSmall Hydro (upto 25 MW) 15,000 MWBio Energy 19,500 MWSolar Energy 20 MW/Sq kmBiogas Plants 12 Million Nos.Improved Wood Stoves 120 Million Nos.
Potential of Renewable Energy TechnologiesPotential of Renewable Energy Technologies in Indiain India
SECTOR POTENTIAL
REALISATION (As on 31st March
2007)
Wind Energy 45,000 MW 7094 MW
Small Hydro (upto 25 MW) 15,000 MW 1976 MW
Bio Energy 19,500 MW 1141 MW
Solar Energy 20 MW/Sq km 2.93 MW
Biogas Plants 12 Million Nos. 3.89 Million Nos.
RealizationRealization ofof Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Technologies in IndiaTechnologies in India
Summary of Present Energy Scene: IndiaSummary of Present Energy Scene: India
• India meets about 30% of its energy need through imports and likely to increase in future.
• To sustained growth of 8%, India would need to grow electrical supply by 5-7 times.
• Coal shall remain primary energy source till 2031.
• About 15% of villages are not electrified.
• Concerns for the threat to climate change.
• Peak shortage upto 25%, (India average-11%).
• MOP target of adding 100,000 MW generation capacity by 2012.
• Not much change in rural household energy consumption in last decade.
Integrated Energy Policy- Planning Commission, Dec 2005Integrated Energy Policy- Planning Commission, Dec 2005
What is the role of renewable energy?
How to increase India’s known energy resources?
How to ensure energy security?
How to encourage clean energy system?
How to deal with persistent power shortages?
How to provide clean cooking energy for all?
How to provide access to electricity to all households?
Integrated Energy Policy - Planning Commission, Dec 2005Integrated Energy Policy - Planning Commission, Dec 2005
Pressing ProblemPressing Problem
A Small Step in Providing a Sustainable A Small Step in Providing a Sustainable Solution: A National Effort at ERDASolution: A National Effort at ERDA
• Development of Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking System for Remote Coastal Communities in India
• Essential ingredients of the System are as Below: Wind Energy Based
Electricity Generation. Electricity is Used to Run a
Water Electrolyser to Generate Hydrogen.
Hydrogen is Stored and Supplied via Pipeline to
Coastal Community Kitchens.
Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking SystemWind Hydrogen Based Cooking System
Hydrogen pipeline
storage Electrolyser
Hydrogen
Wind turbine
Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking System Wind Hydrogen Based Cooking System
• Clean fuel for cooking.
• Stand alone - No other source required.
• Negligible maintenance and recurring cost (economical).
• Indigenous technology - needs validation, field trail.
Why Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-I Why Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-I
Universal fuel, can provide energy security.
Available in unlimited quantity.
Can be produced from sunlight, wind, bio mass etc.
Wide applications –transport, power generation, cooking, etc.
Stored energy that can be used later on demand.
Non toxic, clean /non polluting. Will reduce global warming.
Energy source for 21Energy source for 21stst century century
Why Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-IIWhy Hydrogen Can be Fuel India-II
Highest energy content per unit mass (120 MJ/kg). Combustion energy cycles based on H2 higher
efficiency than gasoline cycles (25 %). Dynamics of combustion for H2 superior
compared to gasoline and natural gas.
Higher flame speed in air(2.65 m/sec). Higher diffusivity in air (D=0.61 cm2/sec). Lower ignition energy (0.02 mWs). H2 based fuel cells have efficiencies >60%.
Energy DensitiesEnergy Densities
Fuel Energy per unit mass (MJ/kg)
Liquid•Gasoline
•LPG•LNG
•Methanol
47.4
48.8
50.0
22.3
Gaseous•Natural gas•Hydrogen
50.0
141.9
A Comparative Data Sheet of Fuels A Comparative Data Sheet of Fuels
Properties H2 CH4 PETROL
Lower heating value (kWh/kg) 33.33 13.9 12.4
Self ignition temperature(0C) 585 540 228-501
Flame temperature(0C) 2045 1875 2200
Ignition limits in air (vol%) 4 - 75 5.3-15 1.0-7.6
Minimal ignition energy (mWs) 0.02 0.29 0.24
Flame propagation in air (m/s) 2.65 0.4 0.4
Toxicity No No High
Diffusion coefficient in air (cm2/s) 0.61 0.16 0.05
Areas of ConcernAreas of Concern
Generation (Economics)
Storage (Safety)
Application
ElectrolysisElectrolysis
Production of Hydrogen From H2O 1). Cost of Producing H2 Using Electrolysis in the Thermodynamic Limit
H2O(l) = H2(g) + ½ O2(g) at P = 0.1 MPa, T = 298 K
E = V F Z : H2 = 2H+ + 2e-
= 1.229 x 96500 x 2 = 237.2 kJ/mole = 0.065 kWh/mole = 0.065 x (1000/2) = 32 kWh/kg of H2 II). Cost of Producing H2 Using Electrolysis in a Real Cell
= 1.5 x E =48 kWh/kg of H2
At Rs5/unit, the electrolysis cost then becomes Rc = 48 x 5 = Rs. 240 / kg of H2
H2 Economics For IC Engines: Why Green
Hydrogen is Required Current Petrol Cost in India = Rs. 55/ltr = Rs. 55,000/m3
Density of Petrol = 865 kg/m3
Hence Unit Rate of Petrol = Rs 64.00 /kg. Now H2 Has Three Times the Calorific Value of Petrol
(11,8000 kJ/kg Against About 40,000 kJ/kg for Petrol) Hence Cost Equivalent for H2=Rs. 80/one kg.
Equivalent of Petrol Bottom Line : If One Uses Just the Electricity
Consumption Cost in Production of H2, Grid Electricity Costs Are Still Not Comparable With the Prevailing Cost Of Petrol. Hence Renewable Production of Hydrogen is Required.
Hydrogen Storage Technologies
Gaseous
Liquid
Solid State Metal Hydrides
Slush (a mixture of solid and liquid Hydrogen)
Storage - HydrogenStorage - Hydrogen
• Compressed gas storage tank• Higher cost of tank and process plant• Technology available
• Liquid Hydrogen• Lower volume• Larger energy input
• Chemical Hydrides• Hydrogen adsorbed• Technology still under development
Some Pure Magnesium Facts
Magnesium hydrides as MgH2
Has a storage capacity of 7.6% mass
Energy density of 2.33 kWh / kg
[120 x 103 x 0.076] = 9120 kJ
Comparative RequirementsAlloy system/fuel Mass
requirements(kgs)Volume requirements(lit)
MgH2 175 73
Mg2NiH4 315 83
FeTiH2 435 80
LaNi5H6 440 64
H2 gas 395 375
Liquid hydrogen 140 86
Gasoline 50 50
Volume of 4 kg of Hydrogen Compacted in Various Ways
Mg2NiH4 LaNi5H6 H2(Liquid) H2(200 bar)
Wind Power: Some FactsWind Power: Some Facts
Wind power- Inconsistent, Incoherent with demand
About 25%- Utilisation factor
Negligible maintenance and recurring cost.
India ranks 4th in wind generating capacity (5,500 MW- India, 59,000 MW- Global).
Wind power potential- 45,000 MW
Wind Potential: State-WiseWind Potential: State-Wise
State Gross Potential ,
(MW)
Installed Capacity,
(MW)
Total Power Generation ,
(MW)
Penetration (Percentage of Total Power Generated),
(%)
Andhra 9,063 121 11,325 1.07
Gujarat 7,362 338 9,848 3.4
Karnataka 7,161 584 7,784 7.5
Maharashtra 4,519 1,001 16,156 6.2
Tamil Nadu 4,159 2,893 12,330 23.5
Total 46,492 5,340 81,476 6.5
Wind Map of India
Types of Wind MillsTypes of Wind Mills
Wind Mill and Its InternalsWind Mill and Its Internals
The Flow Field Around a Wind MillThe Flow Field Around a Wind Mill
The Power Output - Wind Speed RelationshipThe Power Output - Wind Speed Relationship
AerofoilofDiameterSwept
WindofVelocityV
AirofDensity
RotorofAreaSweptA
tCoefficienPowerC
Where
VCVACPo
W
WW
A
P
P
APAPP
:
393.05.0 323
Power Coefficient Versus Tip SpeedPower Coefficient Versus Tip Speed
SpeedWind
SpeedTip
V
U
W
t
Rotor Diameter for 50 Household CommunityRotor Diameter for 50 Household Community
mVC
Por
eRadiusasObtainBladWeoftCoefficienPowerandsmofSpeedWindagAssu
kWWRRatingMillWind
asRatingMillWindComputeWeyElectricittoEnergyMillWind
ofEfficencyConversionAndDayaHoursFortyAvailabiliWindgAssu
daykWhNmkWhDayPerquirementEnergyElectrical
NmHouseholdsForquirementHydrogenDaily
hrNmnConsumptioBurner
DailyHoursNeedsCookingHouseHoldIndianTypical
WAPblade 65.2
10208.1393.0
104
2
1
393.02
1
:,30.0/10min
498.380.0
158.47
,
:,
%8015min
/8.47/78.410Re
1055004.050Re
./04.0
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
Techno-Economics for 50 Household CommunityTechno-Economics for 50 Household Community
monthsPaybackSimple
INRMonthPerIncomeTotal
monthINRHoseholdPeresChFuel
INREquipmentofCostFixedTotal
INRsAccessorie
INRNmerElectrolys
INRkWMillWind
70000,10
000,700
000,1050200
/200arg
000,700
000,100
000,100)1(
000,500)4(
3
Rotor Diameter for 500 Household CommunityRotor Diameter for 500 Household Community
mVC
Por
asRadiusBladeObtainWeoftCoefficienPowerandsmofSpeedWindagAssu
kWWRRatingMillWind
asRatingMillWindComputeWeyElectricittoEnergyMillWind
ofEfficencyConversionAndDayaHoursFortyAvailabiliWindgAssu
daykWhNmkWhDayPerquirementEnergyElectrical
NmHouseholdsForquirementHydrogenDaily
hrNmnConsumptioBurner
DailyHoursNeedsCookingHouseHoldIndianTypical
WAPblade 37.8
10208.13.0393.0
1040
2
1
393.02
1
:,30.0/10min
408.3980.015
478,
:,
%8015min
/478/78.4100Re
100550004.0500Re
./04.0
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
Techno-Economics for 500 Household Techno-Economics for 500 Household CommunityCommunity
monthsPaybackSimple
INRMonthPerIncomeTotal
monthINRHoseholdPeresChFuel
INREquipmentofCostFixedTotal
INRsAccessorie
INRNmerElectrolys
INRkWMillWind
40000,100
000,000,4
000,100500200
/200arg
000,000,4
000,400
000,600)10(
000,000,3)40(
3
Wind - Hydrogen Cooking System : Relative CostsWind - Hydrogen Cooking System : Relative Costs
Capital item Status of Technology Capital cost
Wind turbine Proven, available 30 %
Electrolyser Expensive, available 35 %
Hydrogen storage Pressure vessel, available 10 %
Burner Developed 5%
Accessories Available 20 %
Hydrogen fueled Burner: Developments at ERDAHydrogen fueled Burner: Developments at ERDA
• Developed hydrogen fuelled Burner.
• Modified Gas injection and entire burner to run on hydrogen.
• Measured fuel efficiency: Observed 40%.
• Target fuel efficiency > 45%
Hydrogen fuelled stove developed at ERDA
Temperature-Time ProfilesTemperature-Time Profiles
010
2030
405060
7080
90100
0 10 20 30 40 50Time (min)
Te
mp
era
ture
(oC
)
LPG+Designed burner Hydrogen+Designed burner
Note: LPG & Hydrogen Burner Profiles are IdenticalNote: LPG & Hydrogen Burner Profiles are IdenticalEfficiency: HEfficiency: H22 = 40% (at 0.04 Nm = 40% (at 0.04 Nm3/hr.); LPG = 20 %/hr.); LPG = 20 %
Line Diagram of a More Elaborate
Wind – Hydrogen Power System
Power Usage Patterns of
Typical Village Communities in India
Load –Time Power Usage Pattern of Typical Village Communities in India
Typical Wind and Hydrogen Based Electricity Generation Pattern
National StatusNational Status
Area Achievement Remark
Generation- Electrolysis of water
PM Membrane based electrolyser -Demonstrated up to 0.5 Nm3/ hrAlkaline electrolyser-Commercial model 10 Nm3/ hr
Expensive
Successful but expensive
Storage Carbon nanotubeCylinder
Metal hydride
---?
Up to 10 – 20 kgf/cm2
7% by weight
• Wind—Hydrogen Systems Can be Economically Deployed for Meeting Electric Power and Fuel (Cooking Gas) Needs of Remote (Isolated) Communities in India.
• Hydrogen is an Infinitely Abundant, Alternate, Green Fuel for Energy Security, if Generated From Water.
• Wind-Hydrogen Systems Can Effectively Utilize India’s Nascent Wind Energy Potential Due to its Long Coast Line With High Wind Velocities.
• Indigenous Wind-Hydrogen Technology is in an Advanced Stage of Readiness for Deployment in the Nation.
ConclusionsConclusions
Thank You
MTD