relationship of height, body mass, muscle mass, fat mass

J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 9 (1): 7-14 (2020)DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.9.7

JPFSM: Regular Article

Relationship of height, body mass, muscle mass, fat mass, and the percentage of fat with athletic performance in male Japanese college sprinters, distance athletes, jumpers, throwers, and decathletes

Yuki Aikawa1,2, Mayu Murata1 and Naomi Omi3*

Received: February 28, 2019 / Accepted: July 23, 2019

Abstract Morphological characteristics are one of the critical factors needed to achieve success in any competition, and these characteristics are dependent on competitions and events. The present study aimed to determine the relationship of height, body mass, muscle mass, fat mass, and the percentage of body fat with athletic performance in male Japanese college sprinters, distance athletes, jumpers, throwers, and decathletes. The subjects included 24 sprinters and hurdlers, 21 distance athletes, 22 jumpers, 21 throwers, and 7 decathletes. The height and body mass of subjects were measured using a standard stadiometer and electrical scale. The muscle mass and fat mass were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In the sprinter group and the distance athlete group, there were significant negative correlations between the percentage of fat and IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) scores (sprinter: r = -0.456) (distance: r = -0.453). In the decathlete group, there were significant positive cor-relations between body mass and the IAAF score (r = 0.835) and between muscle mass and the IAAF score (r = 0.797). In the jumper group and the thrower group, there were no significant correlations between body data and IAAF scores. These findings reveal that there were correla-tions between some body composition indicators and athletic performance in male Japanese college sprinters, distance athletes and decathletes.Keywords : athletic, morphological characteristic, physical characteristics, track and field

Introduction

Morphological characteristics are one of the critical fac-tors needed to achieve success in any competition, and these characteristics are dependent on competitions and events1). Previous studies on Japanese elite female sprint-ers have revealed that the best 100m records were signifi-cantly negatively correlated with whole lean mass, upper limb muscle thickness, and lower limb muscle thickness. Furthermore, there was significant positive correlation between the records and the upper limb fat thickness and lower limb fat thickness2). In male Japanese college sprinters, it was found that the 100m sprint time was sig-nificantly negatively correlated with cross-sectional of ad-ductor and hamstring muscles at 70% position3). In male sprinters, it was found that a personal best time in the 100m was significantly negatively correlated with body mass and fat free mass4). Meanwhile, in male Japanese ju-nior long-distance runners, previous studies reported that the best 5000m records were not significantly correlated

with body composition. Besides track events, there were some studies on the relation between body composition and performance5). In South African National Olympic-distance male and female triathletes, it was found that the records of total time, cycling, and running were signifi-cantly positively correlated with the percentage of total body fat6). In the Ironman Swiss male triathletes, it was shown that the records of total time, cycling, and running were significantly positively correlated with the percent-age of total body fat7). In addition, anaerobic power was significantly correlated with height, body mass, lean mass, and the percentage of fat in non-athlete male and female college students8). These reports show that morphological characteristics are associated with athletic performance and physical strength. However, there is still a paucity of studies on the topic in track and field, especially field events. Collecting the data of sprinters, distance athletes, jumpers, throwers, and decathletes at the same time and revealing the relation between morphological characteris-tics and performance in each event allows one to develop training programs to achieve ideal body characteristics. The aim of the present study was to reveal the relation-*Correspondence: [email protected]

1 Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan2 Department of Science of Living, Tsu City Collge, 157 Isshinden-nakano, Tsu, Mie 514-0112, Japan3 Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan

8 JPFSM : Aikawa Y, et al.

ship of height, body mass, muscle mass, fat mass, and the percentage of fat with athletic performance in male Japa-nese college sprinters, distance athletes, jumpers, throw-ers, and decathletes. We hypothesized that sprint and field events which need anaerobic power are correlated with muscle mass, and endurance is correlated with fat per-centage, which has an effect on exercise load.

Materials and methods

Subjects. This cross-sectional study was undertaken between October and November 2014. The participants included 113 track and field athletes who belonged to the track and field club at the University of Tsukuba. The body composition of all 113 participants was mea-sured. However, we excluded subjects who did not partic-ipate in any competition between August and November 2014 (number = 18). The 95 subjects who were analyzed included 24 sprinters and hurdlers [100 m = 12 subjects, 200 m = 4, 400 m = 4, 110 m hurdle = 3, 400 m hurdle = 1] which formed the anaerobic running group; 21 distance athletes [800 m = 3 subjects, 1500 m = 5, 5000 m = 5, 10000 m = 3, 20 km = 3, 3000 m steeplechase (SC) = 1, 10000 m walk (W) = 1] which formed the aerobic run-ning group; 22 jumpers [high jump (HJ) = 5 subjects, pole vault (PV) = 4, long jump (LJ) = 7, triple jump (TJ) = 6]; 21 throwers [shot put (SP) = 3 subjects, discus throw (DT) = 3, hummer throw (HT) = 4, javelin throw (JT) = 11]; and 7 decathletes. This study was conducted after receiving approval from the ethical review committee of the Faculty of Sport Sci-ences, University of Tsukuba (approval number: tai26-61). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was ob-tained from all subjects.

Measures. We measured the height and body mass of subjects using a standard stadiometer (NAVIS, YS-OS, Japan) and electrical body mass scale (TANITA, MC-180, Japan). We measured muscle and fat mass using dual energy X-ray (DXA) absorptiometry (Hologic, QDR-4500A, USA). The precision of a particular DXA device for the assessment of whole-body composition is gener-ally good with coefficients of variation of approximately 1% for bone mineral content and 2%–3% for total body fat9). In this study, muscle mass was calculated as follows: total body mass minus fat mass and bone mineral content. All participants were required to arrive at the measure-ment room in a fasted state between 7:00 and 8:45 am. Measurements finished within 40 minutes per person.

Competition records. Each subject’s best record for each track and field event between August and November 2014 was used. We converted the records into IAAF (Interna-tional Association of Athletics Federation) scores by em-ploying the IAAF Scoring Tables of Athletics 201410), and

assessing the score. If subjects had records for multiple events, we considered the event with the highest score as a special event for the particular subject.

Statistics. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The analysis of the difference of body composition and IAAF score in each event of the cat-egory group was conducted by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In each analysis, if a significant difference was observed, the variables in each group were analyzed by employing Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test. For analysis of a correlation between body composition and the IAAF score in each event and event category, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The significance level was p < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS Statistical Package Version 19.0. (IBM Inc., Chicago, USA).

Results

Basic data. The number of subjects, age, IAAF score, height, body mass, and body composition are presented in Table 1. There was no significant difference in age (F = 1.089, p = 0.367) among the groups. Meanwhile, there were significant differences in the IAAF score (F = 6.156, p < 0.001), height (F = 6.253, p < 0.001), body mass (F = 34.620, p < 0.001), muscle mass (F = 31.436, p < 0.001), fat mass (F = 27.796, p < 0.001), and percentage of fat (F = 23.309, p < 0.001) among the groups. The IAAF score of the jumper group was significantly lower than that of the distance athlete (p = 0.001) and thrower groups (p = 0.001). The height of the distance athlete group was significantly lower than that of the sprinter (p = 0.030), jumper (p = 0.030), thrower (p < 0.001), and decathlete groups (p = 0.002). The body mass of the distance athlete group was significantly lower than that of the sprinter (p = 0.001), jumper (p = 0.003), thrower (p < 0.001), and decathlete groups (p = 0.016); furthermore, the body mass of the thrower group was significantly higher than that of the sprinter (p < 0.001), jumper (p < 0.001), and decathlete groups (p < 0.001). The muscle mass of the distance athlete group was significantly lower than that of the sprinter (p < 0.001), jumper (p = 0.001), thrower (p < 0.001), and decathlete groups (p = 0.002); furthermore, the muscle mass of the thrower group was significantly higher than that of the sprinter (p < 0.001), jumper (p < 0.001), and decathlete groups (p = 0.001). The fat mass and percentage of fat in the thrower group were signifi-cantly higher than in other groups (all p values were < 0.001).

Correlation between body data and IAAF score. The scatter diagram of body data and IAAF scores in the sprinter group is presented in Fig. 1, the distance athlete group in Fig. 2, the jumper group in Fig. 3, the thrower group in Fig. 4, and the decathlete group in Fig. 5. If a

9JPFSM : Body composition and performance

Table 1. Anthropometric properties.

Values are expressed as mean ± SD.Data in each group were analyzed using the Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test. a: p < 0.05 for versus sprinter group, b: p < 0.05 for versus distance athlete group, c: p < 0.05 for versus jumper group, d: p < 0.05 for versus thrower group, and e: p < 0.05 for versus decathlete group.

Sprinter Distance athlete Jumper Thrower Decathlete

Number 24 21 22 21 7

Age (years) 20.5 1.9 19.9 1.2 20.5 1.5 20.9 1.5 20.1 1.2

IAAF scores (point) 892 107 806 139c 933 67b,d 810 122c 846 102

Height (m) 1.760 0.054b

1.715 0.058a,c,d,e 1.761 0.042b 1.783 0.051b 1.800 0.045b

Body mass (kg) 67.2 5.7b,d 56.8 4.1a,c,d,e 66.6 5.5b,d 87.4 15.6a,b,c,e 69.0 5.5b,d

Muscle mass (kg) 58.7 5.0b,d 49.9 3.6a,c,d,e 57.9 5.0b,d 71.2 9.9a,b,c,e 60.5 5.3b,d

Fat mass (kg) 6.6 1.2d 5.4 0.7d 6.9 1.2d 13.8 5.8a,b,c,e 6.7 0.7d

The percentage of

fat (%)

9.7 1.5d 9.4 1.1d 10.1 1.6d 15.1 4.0a,b,c,e 9.5 1.2d

Fig. 1 Relationship between anthropometric properties and athletic performance in sprint. A: Height and IAAF score. B: Body mass and IAAF score. C: Muscle mass and IAAF score. D: Fat mass and IAAF score. E: Percentage of fat and IAAF score.

110mH: 110 m hurdle. 400mH: 400 m hurdle. The percentage of fat was significantly related to the IAAF scores in sprint (r = -0.456, p = 0.025), and the computed

regression line (R2 = 0.2075) was Y (IAAF scores) = -33.569X (percentage of fat) + 1216.1. Additionally, fat mass was significantly related to the IAAF scores in 100 m (r = -0.661, p = 0.019), and percentage of fat was significantly related to the IAAF scores in 100 m (r = -0.730, p = 0.007).

500

600

700

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1200

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Height (m)

IAA

F s

core

in s

pri

nt

(poin

t)

40 60 80 100

Body mass (kg)

40 60 80

Muscle mass (kg)

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4 6 8 10 12

Fat mass (kg)

IAA

F s

core

in s

pri

nt

(poin

t)

6 8 10 12 14

100m

200m

400m

110mH

400mH

The percentage of fat (%)

R line (sprint)

CBA

D E Y = -33.569X + 1216.1


Fig. 2 Relationship between anthropometric properties and athletic performance in distance. A: Height and IAAF score. B: Body mass and IAAF score. C: Muscle mass and IAAF score. D: Fat mass and IAAF score. E: Percentage of fat and IAAF score.

3000mSC: 3000 m steeplechase. 10000mW: 10000 m walk. The percentage of fat was significantly related to the IAAF scores in distance (r = -0.453, p = 0.039), and the computed

regression line (R2 = 0.205) was Y (IAAF scores) = -55.06X (percentage of fat) + 1323.6.

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1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Height (m)

IAA

F s

core

in

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tan

ce

(po

int)

40 60 80 100

Body mass (kg)

40 60 80Muscle mass (kg)

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4 6 8 10 12

Fat mass (kg)

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F s

core

in

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(po

int)

6 8 10 12 14

800m

1500m

5000m

10000m

20km

3000mSC

10000mW


R line (distance)

CBA

D EY = -55.06X + 1323.6

Fig. 3 Relationship between anthropometric properties and athletic performance in jump. A: Height and IAAF score. B: Body mass and IAAF score. C: Muscle mass and IAAF score. D: Fat mass and IAAF score. E: Percentage of fat and IAAF score.

HJ: high jump. PV: pole vault. LJ: long jump. TJ: triple jump. There were no significant correlations between anthropometric properties and athletic performance in jump.

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1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Height (m)

IAA

F s

core

in j

um

p

(po

int)

40 60 80 100

Body mass (kg)

40 60 80

Muscle mass (kg)

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4 6 8 10 12

Fat mass (kg)

IAA

F s

core

in j

um

p

(po

int)

6 8 10 12 14

HJ

PV

LJ

TJ


CBA

D E


Fig. 4 Relationship between anthropometric properties and athletic performance in throw. A: Height and IAAF score. B: Body mass and IAAF score. C: Muscle mass and IAAF score. D: Fat mass and IAAF score. E: Percentage of fat and IAAF score.

SP: shot put. DT: discus throw. HT: hammer throw. JT: javelin throw. There were no significant correlations between anthropometric properties and athletic performance in throw.

Fig. 5 Relationship between anthropometric properties and athletic performance in decathlon. A: Height and IAAF score. B: Body mass and IAAF score. C: Muscle mass and IAAF score. D: Fat mass and IAAF score. E: Percentage of fat and IAAF score.

Body mass was significantly related to the IAAF scores in decathlon (r = 0.835, p = 0.019), and the computed regression line (R2 = 0.6968) was Y = 15.604X - 223.02. Muscle mass was significantly related to the IAAF scores in decathlon (r = 0.797, p = 0.032), and the computed regression line (R2 = 0.6348) was Y = 15.286X - 71.591.

500

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1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Height (m)

IAA

F s

core

in

th

row

er

(po

int)

40 90 140

Body mass (kg)

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4 14 24 34

Fat mass (kg)

IAA

F s

core

in

th

row

er

(po

int)

6 12 18 24

SP

DT

HT

JT


40 60 80 100Muscle mass (kg)

CBA

D E

6 8 10 12 14


40 60 80

Muscle mass (kg)

500

600

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4 6 8 10 12

Fat mass (kg)

IAA

F s

core

in d

ecat

hlo

n (

po

int)

40 60 80 100

Body mass (kg)

500

600

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1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Height (m)

IAA

F s

core

in

dec

ath

lon

(p

oin

t)

R line (decathlon)

CBA

D E

Y = 15.286X - 71.591Y = 15.604X - 223.02


of muscle mass and, thus, their body mass and muscle mass is expected to be higher than other groups. How-ever, muscle mass to achieve maximum power is also needed for other events, although extra weight is not de-sirable since the body needs to remain nimble. Therefore, a balance between muscle mass and reduction of fat mass is necessary.

Correlation between body data and the IAAF scores in sprinters. In the sprinter group, there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of fat and the IAAF scores (Fig. 1). This result demonstrates that a higher rate of power to weight is desirable. Meanwhile, muscle mass, which regulates power, was not signifi-cantly correlated with the IAAF scores. These results are similar to those of a study conducted by Hoshikawa et al. that found that the cross-sectional area of the quadri-ceps femoris, hamstrings, and psoas major muscle were not significantly correlated with performance in a 100 m race12). These results suggest that in order to raise sprint-ing performance, the percentage of fat should be reduced.

Correlation between body data and IAAF scores in dis-tance runners. In the distance athlete group, there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of fat and the IAAF scores (Fig. 2). Such a negative cor-relation between fat and endurance performance has been reported in previous studies on triathletes3,4). Our results and those of previous studies suggest that in order to raise endurance performance, percentage of fat should be re-duced.

Correlation between body data and IAAF scores in jumpers. In the jumper group, there were no significant correlations between body data and the IAAF scores; the same results were found for each event in the jumper group (Fig. 3). These results were unexpected. In a previ-ous study on professional basketball players, it was found that the percentage of fat was significantly negatively correlated with the countermovement jump and squat jump13). In adult males and females, it was revealed that lean mass percentage was significantly positively corre-lated with the countermovement jump and squat jump14). Accordingly, we expected that there would be significant correlations between body composition and jump perfor-mance; but no such significant correlations were found. These results may be due to the complex skills, including approaching run, jump, aerial motion, and landing, that are needed in jumping events. Correlation between body data and IAAF scores in throwers. In the thrower group, there were no signifi-cant correlations between body data and IAAF scores; the same results were found for each event in the thrower group (Fig. 4). In a previous study, Kyriazis et al, found that the correlation coefficient between fat-free mass and

significant correlation between body data and IAAF score was observed, it is indicated by a single regression line in the scatter diagram. In the sprinter group, there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of fat and IAAF scores (r = -0.456, p = 0.025) (Fig. 1). In addition, in the 100 m athlete group, there was a significant negative correlation between fat mass and the IAAF scores (r = -0.661, p = 0.019) and between the percentage of fat and the IAAF scores (r = -0.730, p = 0.007) (Fig. 1). In the distance athlete group, there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of fat and the IAAF scores (r = -0.453, p = 0.039) (Fig. 2). In each event in the distance athlete group, there weren’t any signifi-cant correlations between body data and the IAAF scores (Fig. 2). In the jumper group, including HJ, PV, LJ, and TJ groups, there were no significant correlations between body data and IAAF scores (Fig. 3). In the thrower group, including SP, DT, HT, and JT groups, there were no significant correlations between body data and the IAAF scores (Fig. 4). In the decathlete group, there was a significant positive correlation between body mass and the IAAF scores (r = 0.835, p = 0.019), and between muscle mass and the IAAF scores (r = 0.797, p = 0.032) as well (Fig. 5).

Discussion

This study aimed to reveal the relation between body composition and performance in Japanese male college track and field athletes. In the distance athlete group, there were significant negative correlations between the percentage of fat and the IAAF scores. In the decath-lete group, there was a significant positive correlation between body mass and the IAAF scores, and between muscle mass and the IAAF scores. These results are simi-lar to our hypothesis. Meanwhile, results for the sprinter, jumper, and thrower groups differ from our hypothesis that track and field events, which need anaerobic power, are correlated with muscle mass. In the sprinter group and the distance athlete group, there were significant negative correlations between the percentage of fat mass and the IAAF scores. In the jumper group and the thrower group, there were no significant correlations between body data and the IAAF scores.

The differences in body composition among each group. The body mass, muscle mass, fat mass, and the parent-age of fat in the thrower group were significantly higher than in the other groups (Table 1). Throwing events are the only events in which the distance which the objects are thrown is measured. As the objects are heavy, from a mechanical point of view, the key to throwing objects a long distance is by applying great force to the objects11). Therefore, throwers presumably need to have a great deal


performance in male Japanese college sprinters, distance athletes and decathletes.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

shot put performance with a rotational style was signifi-cant at the beginning of a training period, but decreased to moderate and non-significant levels during competitions in well-trained shot putters15). These results suggest that increasing muscle mass could be insufficient to improve throwing performance.

Correlation between body data and IAAF scores in de-cathletes. In the decathlete group, body mass and muscle mass were significantly positively correlated with the IAAF scores (Fig. 5). Various abilities including sprint-ing, endurance, jumping, and throwing are necessary in decathlon. We consider that the significant correlation between muscle mass and the IAAF scores was because increasing muscle mass increases explosive power, which is required in all events in decathlon. Furthermore, the significant correlation between body mass and the IAAF scores may be because body weight is mostly comprised of muscle mass.

Suggestions to athletes, coaches, and other people in-volved in sports. Our study suggests that a decrease in the percentage of body fat is effective for sprinters and distance athletes to improve their performance. We hope that athletes, coaches, and other people involved in sports use this information to improve training programs. Mean-while, an excess energy deficiency has the potential to cause various health problems (e.g., low bone mineral density, disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, pubertal status, pubertal timing, low immunological system)16). When athletes try to decrease the percentage of their body fat, they must be aware of their health con-dition. For decathletes and their coaches, we suggest that a muscle mass gain is effective in improving decathlon performance.

Limitations. This study has the following limitations. There were only a few subjects for each event. Therefore, the statistical analysis may not reveal important facts. Future studies should have more subjects. Additionally, compared to other events, the number of decathlete sub-jects is less than half. By increasing the number of de-cathletes, the results of their group might differ from the current results.

Conclusion

In the sprinter and distance athlete groups, there were significant negative correlations between fat mass and the IAAF scores. In the decathlete group, there was a significant positive correlation between body mass and the IAAF scores, and between muscle mass and the IAAF scores. In the jumper group and the thrower group, there were no significant correlations between body data and the IAAF scores. These findings reveal that there were some correlations between body composition and athletic

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relationship of height, body mass, muscle mass, fat mass

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