reia report
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER – 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER – 3
CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME, MAN
POWER & PLANT PLANNING
CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR
CONDUCTING CEIA STUDY
CHAPTER – 5
HYDROLOGY
CHAPTER – 6
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS-
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS
CHAPTER – 7
BASELINE STATUS FOR ECOLOGICAL
ASPECTS
CHAPTER – 8
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
CHAPTER – 9
PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
CHAPTER – 10
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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CHAPTER-1 INTROUDCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Ltd (KBJNL) was incorporated on19th August 1994 under the
Companies Act, 1956 as Company, wholly owned by the Government of Karnataka for
implementation of the Upper Krishna Project (UKP) in the state of Karnataka.
The Company is responsible for planning, investigation, estimation, execution, operation and
maintenance of all irrigation projects coming under the UKP. The Company is also responsible
to obtain Government of India's clearance and execute the UKP. The Company is also
entrusted with the responsibility of rehabilitation and resettlement of the people affected by the
Project. The Company is authorised to sell water and recover revenues from individuals,
groups of farmers including those in the Command Area Development Authority, towns, city
municipalities and industries.
1.2 PROJECT PROFILE Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme is one of the major irrigation projects taken-up to benefit drought
prone Taluka of Chittapur of Gulbarga District and Yadgir Taluka of Yadgir District by KBJNL.
Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a Barrage across Bhima River near
Sonthi village of Chittapur taluka in Gulbarga District, in Karnataka at latitude of 160, 49' 50" &
longitude of 760, 55' 45" to impound 2.89 TMC of water including a dead storage of 0.265 TMC
and one lift irrigation scheme benefiting Chittapur taluka of Gulbaraga Distirct and Yadgir
taluka of Yadgir District.
The total water allocation for the scheme is 4.00 TMC and is earmarked for irrigation purpose.
By utilizing 4.00 TMC (including Evaporation losses) it is proposed to irrigate 16800 ha of
Culturable Command Area (CCA) situated in drought prone areas for Chittapur taluka of
Gulbarga district and Yadgir taluka of Yadgir District. The project location map is enclosed as
Figure-1.1.
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Figure-1.1: Project Location Map
1.3 CONNECTIVITY The barrage site is approachable by road from Shahapur which is about 24 kms. Approach to
site by air is from nearest Airport situated at Hyderabad, which is about 300 km. Approach by
Rail is from Station Nalwar (Madras Mumbai Route and Hyderabad – Chennai via Wadi
Junction) which is 20 km away.
1.4 PROJECT DISTRICT-PROFILE
Gulbarga district has a total area of 16174 km2. This constitutes 5.93% of the area of the state.
The region is characterized by black cotton soil, expanses of flat treeless surface, a range of
hills covering a surface of about 100 km and some lower belts following the main rivers. The
district is devoid of forest except in the hilly portion of Aland and Chincholi. The area under
forest is 4.2% of the total area of the district.
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Yadagir district occupies an area of 5234.4 km2
1.5 NEED FOR THE PROJECT
. It is the second smallest district in the state.
The district is having one revenue sub-divisions viz. Yadgir. There are 03 revenue blocks in
the district namely Shahapur, Shorapur and Yadgir. There are 3 educational blocks in the
district namely Shahapur, Shorapur and Yadgir. The district is predominantly an agricultural
district divided into two agro climatic zones namely eastern transition and north eastern dry
zone. The zones indicate the predominance of rain dependent dry land agricultural area.
Gulbarga district in Karnataka state is one of the most drought prone areas in the State of
Karnataka which exaggerated vulnerability of the poor and the minorities living in the district.
The district is one of the most backward districts in the state and occupies a lowest position in
economic as well as human development.
High-Power Committee for Redressal of Regional Imbalances (HPCRRI, 2002) identified nine
of the ten talukas in Gulbarga district as the most backward taluks. According to Human
Development Index (HDI) report (1999), the district is ranked nearly at the bottom among all
27 districts of the state. The details are given in Table-1.1.
Table-1.1: HDI Index of Gulbarga District
Irrigation through dug wells is more prevalent in few taluks of Gulbarga district, e.g., Aland,
Gulbarga, Yadgiri and Afzalpur taluks. About 75% of the geographical area of the district is
under cultivation. Presently the quantity of ground water used for irrigation is comparatively
low. The groundwater levels are falling every year, hence, there is an urgent need to provide
irrigation by lifting water from river Bhima.
The proposed project is under taken to maintain a sustainable development of the area and to
take up planned irrigation in the area to enhance the food production for the overall socio-
economic development of the area and to improve environmental quality and living status of
the population by harnessing the vast potential of available water resources which was
otherwise going as a waste.
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1.6 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK A Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) report is prerequisite for
obtaining Environmental Clearance.
The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MOEF), Government of India. MOEF formulates environmental policies and accords
environmental clearance for the projects. The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) accords
No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate for the
projects.
As per the guidelines pertaining to Environmental clearance issued by Ministry of Environment
and Forests (MoEF) dated September 14, 2006, the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA
study were approved by MoEF. A copy of the approved Terms of Reference for the CEIA
study is enclosed as Annexure-I.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY
The brief scope of EIA study includes:
• Assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic
aspects of environment
• Identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due to
activities envisaged during construction and operation phases of the proposed
irrigation project.
• Prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components using appropriate
mathematical/simulation models.
• Delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to minimize
adverse impacts during construction and operation phases of the proposed project.
• Formulation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Plan.
• Formulation of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during
construction and operation phases.
• Estimation of Cost for implementation of Environmental Management Plan,
Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Programme and
other Management Measures.
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1.8 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT
The document for the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme
has been presented in four volumes as listed below:
• Volume-I : Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report • Volume-II : Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Report • Volume-III : Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report • Volume-IV : Command Area Development (CAD) Plan Report
The present document (Volume-I) outlines the findings of the EIA study for the proposed Sonthi
Lift Irrigation Scheme. The contents of the document are organized as follows:
Chapter-1 The Chapter gives an overview of the need for the project. The policy, legal and
administrative framework for environmental clearance has been summarized. The objectives
and need for Comprehensive EIA study too have been covered.
Chapter-2 gives a brief description of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme.
Chapter-3 outlines the construction methodology to be adopted for the proposed Sonthi Lift
Irrigation Scheme.
Chapter-4 outlines the methodology adopted for conducting the Comprehensive EIA study for
the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme.
Chapter-5 outlines the Hydrological and Water Related Aspects of the proposed Sonthi Lift
Irrigation Scheme.
Chapter-6 covers the environmental baseline conditions covering physico-chemical aspects of
environment. The baseline study involved both field work and review of existing documents,
which are necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other
purposes.
Chapter-7 presents the biological aspects of environment. As a part of the Comprehensive
EIA study, detailed ecological survey was conducted for three seasons. The findings of the
ecological survey were analysed and ecological characteristics of the study area have been
covered in this Chapter. The study also utilizes the available data from various secondary data
as well.
Chapter-8 delineates the pre-project environmental baseline conditions visa-vis socio-
economic aspects of environment.
Chapter-9: describes the anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the
construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme on physico-chemical
and ecological aspects of environment. It is essentially a process to forecast the future
environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the
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construction and operation of the proposed project. An attempt has been made to forecast
future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain
parameters, which cannot be quantified, qualitative assessment has been done so that
planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible
implications.
Chapter-10: describes the anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the
construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme on socio-economic
aspects of environment.
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CHAPTER-10 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
10. INTRODUCTION Forced resettlement carries severe risks of impoverishing the uprooted people, many of
who are poor even before displacement. A project of this magnitude is likely to entail both
positive as well as negative impacts on the socio-cultural and socio-economic fabric of the
area. During construction and operation phases, a lot of allied activities will mushroom in
the project area. The construction phase would require a large labour force. It is felt that
most of the labour force may come from other parts of the country. Economic opportunities
would increase both directly as well as indirectly. Infrastructure facilities are likely to
increase.
10.8.1 Economic Impacts The construction of the proposed project would invariably create a number of direct
employment opportunities. However, indirect employment opportunities would also be
generated which would provide great impetus to the economy of the local area. Various
types of businesses, such as shops, food-stalls, tea stalls, restaurants, workshops, etc.
would invariably come-up, which would be run by the more entrepreneurial local residents.
Besides, a variety of suppliers, traders, transporters, service providers, etc., are also likely
to concentrate here and likely to benefit immensely, as demand for almost all types of
goods and services will increase significantly. The business community as a whole would
be benefited. The locals would also avail these opportunities arising from the project and
increase their income levels.
The construction and operation of the project will provide an impetus to the industrialization
and urbanization in the area. Many of the agricultural lands or barren lands are likely to be
put to non-agricultural use. The power station would require lot of ancillary developments
like shops, restaurant, workshops, etc. which will have a significant impact on the existing
land use of the area.
Job opportunities will drastically improve in this area. At present most of the population
sustains on agriculture and allied activities. There are no major industries or other avenues
of occupation in the area. The project will open a large number of jobs to the local
population during project construction phase.
10.8.2 Impacts on Infrastructure facilities
The availability of infrastructure could be a problem during the construction phase.
Increase in economic opportunities would lead to influx of population, thereby increasing
the population of this area. This may create pressure on the existing infrastructure facilities
available. The district administration along with the project developer has to play a leading
role in developing infrastructure facilities, such as providing adequate water supply,
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sewage treatment, housing, health and education etc. These facilities need to be ensured
before hand and adequate measures need to be taken at appropriate time.
10.8.3 Impacts on cultural/religious/historical monuments Monuments of cultural/ religious/ historical/ archaeological importance are not reported in
the project area. Thus, no impact on such structures is envisaged.
10.8.4 Impacts of socio-cultural environment Certain deleterious impacts are likely to emerge due to inter-mixing of the local
communities with the expatriate labour force. Differences in social, cultural and economic
conditions among the locals and labour population could become a reason of friction
between the migrant labour population and the local population.
10.2.5 Impacts due to land acquisition One of the most important and negative impact due to the commissioning of the project
would be that a number of families could be displaced from their lands, and economic
activity. As per the assessment, a total of 2861 landholders/ land titleholders would be
losing land in varying proportions. 1760 PAFs would be losing homesteads.
10.10.6 Impoverishment Risk Assessment (IRA) In project feasibility and preparation studies, the IRA performs two basic functions.
Foremost, it serves as a diagnostic and predictive tool, to anticipate risks in resettlement
and to assess their nature and their expected intensity. Secondly, IRA is also used as a
problem resolution and planning function, to guide the incorporation of measures matching
each main risk, either for prevention or mitigation. The IRA identifies impoverishment not
only in terms of income, but also in terms of employment opportunities, health care,
nutrition, food security, common assets, education, shelter or social capital.
The IRA framework has been synthesized from the knowledge of past experiences, which
saves considerable time and effort in feasibility work by not demanding general risk
analysis to start afresh in each project, but rather by ex-ante offering a well-tested starting
point. The matrix of eight basic risks in light of historical experience, predictable in most
resettlement situations: landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization,
increased morbidity and mortality, food insecurity, loss of access to common property, and
social (community) disarticulation. Each of these risks is briefly discussed below in Table-
10.19.
Table-10.19:Impoverishment Risk Assessment Sr. No
Risks involved
Description of risks involved Details
1. Landlessness Expropriation of land removes the main foundation on which people build productive systems, commercial activities, and livelihoods. Often land is lost forever, sometimes it is
As per our assessment, there are about 2004 PAFs who are likely to lose their lands in varying proportions due to the process of land acquisition. There are 54 villages from
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Sr. No
Risks involved
Description of risks involved Details
partially replaced, and seldom is it fully replaced or fully compensated. This is the principal form of de-capitalization and pauperization of displaced people, as they lose both natural and man-made capital.
which this land has been identified. The villagers depend on their lands for their livelihood. In addition, there are a number of families that are dependent on these lands for their livelihood, who work as agricultural labour work force. Acquisition of lands would invariably affect their means of livelihood and sustenance.
2. Joblessness Loss of wage employment occurs on account of acquisition of agriculture land, Yet creation of new jobs is difficult and requires substantial investment. Resulting unemployment or underemployment among resettlers endures long after physical relocation has been completed.
There are a number of PAFs who are dependent on Agricultural land. As This would adversely affect the job opportunities in the area.
3. Homelessness Loss of housing and shelter may be only temporary for many displaced families, but for some homelessness remains a chronic condition.
About 1760 PAFs are lilely to lose homestead. Thus, homelessness would be an issue for these families
4. Marginalization Marginalization occurs when families lose economic power and slide on a downward mobility path middle-income farm - households do not become landless, they become small landholders, small shopkeepers’ and craftsmen downsize and slip below poverty thresholds. Relative marginalization often begins long before actual displacement; for instance when lands are condemned for future flooding they are implicitly devalued as new public and private infrastructure investment are prohibited and the expansion of social service is undercut.
This aspect needs to be carefully and sensitively assessed, as the main source of sustenance, ie., land would be acquired and thus the main source of income and livelihood is gone; the possibility of many of the PAFs would become marginalized. As mentioned there are 2861 land titleholders that would lose land due to the process of land acquisition. It is felt that only a few families/ individuals that would be able to bear the brunt of land acquisition. For the remaining the possibility of sliding on a downward mobility path would be inevitable unless alternative sources of livelihood are not provided.
5. Increased Morbidity and
Serious decreases in health levels result from displacement
Fluctuations in morbidity and mortality rates would depend
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Sr. No
Risks involved
Description of risks involved Details
Mortality caused social stress, insecurity, psychological trauma and out-break of relocation related illnesses particularly water-borne and vector-borne diseases. Unsafe water supply and poor sewerage system increase vulnerability to epidemic and chronic diarrhea, dysentery etc. The weakest segments of the demographic spectrum, viz., infants, children and the elderly are severely affected the most.
on the displacement related social stress, insecurity, psychological trauma. Out-break of illnesses particularly water-borne and vector-borne diseases can be envisaged. But these would depend on the kind of civic amenities provided at the relocation or at the labour camps, where the labour would be housed. Health indicators could also fluctuate due to the presence of labour colonies that have come to work in the plant construction. Thus it is imperative to provide proper civic amenities in these colonies as well.
Having understood the socio-economic status of the project affected families, and the
impacts that are likely to influence the project affected families and the project area. Both
positive as well as negative impacts are envisaged during construction and operation
phase of the proposed Kundlaia Major Multipurpose project. Project planner need to
understand the negative impacts with sensitivity, and formulate mitigation measures
appropriately; such mitigations measures that would be acceptable to the concerned
population groups and that are sustainable.
A detailed Resettlement and rehabilitation Plan has been formulated to minimize the
adverse impacts on socio-economic environment. The same has been outlined in
Environmental Management Plan outlined in Volume-II of this Report.
10.9 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES
a) Construction Phase The construction phase of a water resources project, could lead to increased incidence of
various water-borne and vector-borne diseases, if adequate precautions or control
measures are not undertaken.
The health risks specific to water resources projects emanate from congregation of labour
at various construction sites. During construction phase, new groups come and go
constantly keeping the human population in a flux. These groups are usually housed in
temporary dwellings without proper sanitary conditions and water supply. In the final
stages, colonies for project maintenance, townships are built. During construction phase or
for permanent settlement, if adequate precautions are not taken, the vector-borne disease
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epidemiology may show sudden or long lasting change. Many of the immigrant population
could be reservoir of infection for various communicable diseases. Once they settle in
labour camps/colonies, there could be increased incidence of various diseases. This
aspect needs to be looked into with caution, and efforts must be made to ensure that a
thorough check up of the labour population congregating in the area is conducted. Those
affected by any ailments need to be properly quarantined depending on the ailment with
which they are suffering.
Population migration induced by actual or possible opportunities for work can aggravate
problems as a result of housing difficulties, over-crowding, rise in cost of living and some
unpredicted social problem, as well as the introduction of new sources of diseases or new
diseases or immigrants immunologically susceptible to the endemic diseases prevalent in
the areas of development. The overcrowding could lead to increased incidence of
respiratory infection and tuberculosis. The scarcity of water in the houses and the absence
of sanitary facilities in labour camps could be responsible for increased prevalence of
gastero-enteritis and other water-borne diseases.
b) Operation Phase Increased incidence of water-related diseases Health risks include diseases hazards due to lack of sanitation, (lack of potable water,
inadequate human waste disposal facilities) and hazards due to local carriers. Mitigation
measures include provision of adequate sanitary health care and human waste disposal
facilities near the construction sites and labour camp.
Malaria is a common vector borne disease in the project area. The preferred environmental
setting for vectors is fresh water open to sunshine or moderate shade. The habitats for
larvae growth are permanent or semi-permanent standing fresh water such as small ponds,
pools, standing agricultural water, permanent or semi-permanent fresh water such as open
stretches or canals. Thus, the project may create favorable conditions for breeding of new
pathogens or vectors such as mosquitoes, etc. Most of the water borne diseases can
largely be prevented by adequate hygiene. The experience of various project confirms the
above mentioned hypothesis. In the project area, a sudden spurt in the incidence of
malaria is expected, if adequate control measures are not taken up.
Improvement in availability of water for various uses, increased agricultural production,
availability of diversified food, strengthening of educational and health facilities significantly
improves public health in the project area. On the other hand, water resources
development also has negative impacts, since, it could increase the habitat of certain
vectors like mosquitoes. Thus, poorly planned and managed water resources projects
could increase the prevalence of vector-borne diseases like malaria and filariasis. The
following factors are responsible for increased incidence of vector-borne diseases:
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Rain pools Collection of rain water in roadside ditches, clogged drainage and other natural
depressions, expected to partial or full sunlight could serve as breeding habitats for
mosquitoes. This can lead to increased incidence of malaria. The water-borne diseases are
common in the command area. The overall picture does not indicates whether there will be
rise in the number of cases because of the project. With the increased water availability,
the quality of water being supplied is expected to improve, leading to reduction in incidence
of water-borne diseases. However, adequate measures in the form of strict public health
measures are required.
Impacts on water –borne diseases The provision of 20 Mm3 of water for meeting drinking water requirements will go a long
way in reducing the incidence of water-borne diseases. With the increased water
availability, quality of water being supplied is expected to improve, leading to reduction in
incidence of water borne diseases. However, adequate measures in the form of strict
public health measures are required.
Water washed diseases The water washed diseases occur mainly due to scarcity of water and with the
improvement of water availability, the incidence of these diseases is reduces in a water
resources project. This impact is envisaged in the proposed project as well.
Impacts on Fluorosis problem in the area The proposed Kundalia Major Multipurpose project will provide 20 Mm3
Improvement in agriculture production
of water every year
to meet drinking water requirements. This will serve a population of 1.35 million, who will
be served with low fluoride levels. Thus, Rajgarh district, which is categorized as fluoride
affected, will be immensely benefitted due to the project.
10.10 IMPACTS DUE TO COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT Change in cropping pattern
The existing and the proposed cropping pattern in the command area of the proposed
Kundalia Major Multipurpose project is given in Tables-10.20 and 10.21 respectively.
It can be observed from Tables 10.20 and 10.21, that in project operation phase, area
under crops will increase from 44,000 ha to 75,000 ha. The increase in cropping intensity
will increase the agricultural production, with a corresponding increase in the remuneration
from agriculture. The increased income levels will have a quantitative effect on the quality
of demand for various facilities, which will facilitate improvement in the infrastructure
sector. The increased income levels would lead to demands for better communication,
health, education and other services. The increased income levels would also provide an
impetus for development of these facilities.
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At present, the area under agriculture in the command area is 44,000 ha. With the
introduction of irrigation, not only the irrigation intensity will improve, but also the cropping
intensity will improve. The introduction of irrigation will also lead to improvement in
agriculture productivity as well. The details are given in Table-10.22.
PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN IN THE COMMAND AREA OF THE SONTHI LIFT IRRIGATION PROJECT, KARNATAKA
Sl. No. Cropping Season Irrigated
Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Kharif a) Hybrid Maize 600 50.60 b) Groundnut 3200 20.25 c) Tur 3000 22.24 d) Pluses 2400 18.53 Sub-Total -A 9200 Rabi a) Local Jowar 1920 55.65 b) Sunflower 1280 20.25 c) Safflower 1600 15.20 d) Pulses 1000 18.53 Sub-Total –B 5800 Bi-Seasonal crops a) Cotton 1200 8.00 b) Chillies & Vegetables 600 31.00 Sub-Total -C 1800 Tptal(A+B+C) 16,800
The total agriculture production would increase from 0.581 lac tonne per year at pre-project
level to 1.98 lac tonne per year in project operation phase. Thus there will be an increase in
agriculture production by about 1.401 lac tonne. The details are given in Table-10.23. The
increase in crop production would also increase the income level, which is a significant
positive impact.
Increased income Level The net profit from agriculture production would increase from Rs. 779.4 million per year at
pre-project level to Rs. 3013.48 million per year in project operation phase. Thus there will
be an increase in total profit from agriculture production by about Rs. 2234.08 million per
year. The details are given in Table-10.24. The increase in income level is a significant
positive impact.
Improvement in livestock The improvement in the socio-economic status of the population in the command area will
indirectly improve the quality of livestock. The main reasons could be improvement in the
supply and availability of the veterinary services along with the betterment in the
infrastructure facilities in the area.
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During project operation phase, food grain production will increase from 0.581 lakh tonnes
per year to 1.98 lakh tonnes per year. The increase in agriculture byproducts would be of
the order of 1.401 tonnes per year. Assuming even 50% of agriculture by product is usable
as fodder, hence, about 0.70 lakh tonnes of additional fodder would be available. This
would satisfy the fodder requirements of about 7,700 cattles per year. This will reduce the
pressure on the existing forests or vegetation of the area, which is a significant positive
impact. Considering cost of fodder as Rs. 3,000/tonne, the cost of increased fodder
production would be of the order of Rs. 210 million/year. The project would also improve
the water availability for livestock. The coupled with improved fodder availability improve
the livestock status of the area. It has been observed in other Irrigation Projects the
number of livestock does not increase significantly. It is the quality of livestock that show
similar improvement. Similar impacts are envisaged in the proposed Kundalia Major
Multipurpose Project as well.
Employment generation The increase in the irrigation intensity in the command area would improve the employment
scenario to a large extent. The introduction of irrigation requires a greater amount of labour
in fields. This would improve the employment scenario not only for the local farmers, but
would also increase the demand for agricultural labour. On average, labour demand in
irrigated and unirrigated field is 200 mandays/year/ha and 100 mandays/ha/year. The
employment potential in with out -project phase for a cropped area of 44,000 ha has about
4.4 million which will increase to 15.0 million mandays in project operation phase. Thus,
with the increase in the irrigation intensity, manpower requirement in the agriculture sector
would increase by 10.6 million man days per year.
As per the general definition, a main worker is defined as one who is engaged in any
economically productive activity for at least for 183 days or six months in a year. Thus, the
increased irrigation intensity will ensure employment to about 58,000 persons per year.
This is a significant positive impact. Urbanization The commissioning of the project will increase the gross money flow in the command area.
This will lead to significant impacts in the project area. The area will have increased
demands for services, such as sewerage system, communication, transportation, medical
and educational facilities, etc. It is presumed that all these developments would result in
generation of additional employment. Thus, with the increased income level, there will be a
greater demand for urbanization in the command area.
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Industrialization The cropping pattern proposed for the command area envisages significant increase in the
production of soyabean, wheat and gram. The increased production will lead to
mushrooming of small scale agro-industries for processing of some of the agriculture
produce.
The increased level of industrialization would provide greater employment opportunities.
The industrialization will also increase the demands for improvement in infrastructure
facilities. This will lead to improvement in roads, communication, markets, storage yards,
service yards, etc. as ancillary benefits.
Other changes With the improvement in irrigation intensity, there will be an increase in the agricultural
production of the command area. This, subsequently, will increase the money flow in the
command area as well as in the surrounding areas. The increased agricultural production
will automatically lead to industrialization and demand for better infrastructures facilities.
There will be an increased migration in the command area, as it will provide better
economic avenues in comparison to the surrounding area. The influx of migrants in the
area will slightly change the population composition. The influx of migrants along with the
increasing pressure on land and greater influx of money in the command area will lead
to a diversification of occupational profile. Small scale industrial units and commercial
establishments are likely to come in the area.
The command area will have increased demands for services, such as sewerage system,
communication, transportation, recreation, schools, hospitals, etc. The presumed benefit of
all these development is generation of additional employment. This array of services can
provide amenities hitherto lacking and stimulate changes in the tasks performed by women
in society and to the status of women within the society.
Impacts due to Water supply for drinking water requirements The provision of 20 Mm3 of water for meeting drinking water requirements will go a long
way in reducing the hardships to the local population. The project will supply water to about
187 villages. The fluoride-affected villages in Rajgarh district are spread over 5 blocks of
the district, namely, Rajgarh, Biaora, Khilchipur, Zirapur and Sarangpur. Considering per
capita water supply as 40 lpcd, a population about 1.35 million shall be served with fluoride
free drinking water.
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CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme is one of the major irrigation projects taken-up to benefit
drought prone Taluka of Chittapur of Gulbarga District and Yadgir Taluka of Yadgir District
by KBJNL.
Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a Barrage across Bhima River near
Sonthi village of Chittapur taluka in Gulbarga District, in Karnataka at latitude of 160 49' 50"
& longitude of 760 55' 45" to impound 2.89 TMC of water including a dead storage of 0.265
TMC and one lift irrigation scheme benefiting Chittapur taluka of Gulbaraga Distirct and
Yadgir taluka of Yadgir District.
The total water allocation for the scheme is 4.00 TMC and is earmarked for irrigation
purpose. By utilizing 4.00 TMC (including Evaporation losses) it is proposed to irrigate
16800 Ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA) situated in drought prone areas for
Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district and Yadgir taluka of Yadgir District.
The proposed Sonthi lift irrigation scheme envisages diversion of 4 TMC of water for
irrigation by constructing a Barrage across Bhima river near Sonthi village of Chittapur
taluka in Gulbarga District, Karnataka to irrigate 16800 Ha of Culturable Command Area
(CCA) situated in drought prone areas for Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district and Yadgir
taluka of Yadgir District.
The Government of Karnataka had allotted hydel power using seasonal floods to generate
13.5 MW (4.5 MW x 3 units) as per G.O. No: PD/267/NCE/2004, Bangalore Dated:
13.09.2004 and also as per G.O.No: No: PD/264/NCE/2007, Bangalore Dated: 09.08.2007.
The total cost of the project at 2007 price level was 57.41 crores and will be developed by
M/s Sugnaneshwara Hydel Power Pvt. Ltd
2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
a. Barrage: Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme, involves, construction of gated barrage across
River Bhima near Sonthi Village in Chittapur Taluka. The length of barrage is 665 meters.
The length of earthen dam towards the left flank is 275 meters and on the right flank is 180
m.
The spillway crest is kept at RL 368.00 m Full reservoir level is at RL 376.00 m and
Maximum water level is at 376.00 m. 37 Nos. of vertical crest gates of size 15.00 m x 8.3
m is constructed. The clear road way of 7.50 m wide is provided over the barrage.
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The spillway has been designed for maximum flood discharge of 11.00 lakh cusecs and is
of solid gravity type. The profile of spillway is aero file. The upstream face of the spillway is
kept vertical from RL 366.50 to 367.50 m and from RL 367.50 to 368.00 m (crest level)
given a slope of 1H: 1V and then to the down stream basin up to RL 367.00m aero file is
provided.
b. Canal: In the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme, canal system is mainly contour lift canals. As
per the topographical survey conducted, the canal system consist mainly of 1)Sonthi feeder
canal, 2)Sonthi main canal, 3)Sonthi branch canal 4)Distributory No.1 canal and 5)Yargol
minor canal which are planned to irrigate 16000 Ha of lands under Scheme-A for the
utilization of 4TMC of water. The Details of canals proposed are given in Table-1.2
Table-1.2 The Details of canals proposed
No. Name of canals Length (km)
Discharge (Cumecs) FSD (m) ICA (ha)
1. Feeder Canal 1.886 8.00C 1.90 -
2. Sonthi Main canal 38.00 3.05 1.30 6100
3. Distributory No.1 15.00 2.61 1.30 5227
3. Sonthi Branch canal 20.00 2.11 1.30 4213
4. Yargol minor canal 9.50 0.23 0.50 460
a) The Sonthi Main canal is a contour canal with its distributaries and minors as ridge
canals. The Sonthi Main canal after the railway line crossing i.e. from cistern point, runs in
full cutting parallel to the railway line from Km 0.000 to 0.930. Further, the canal runs in a
RCC trough from Km 0.930 to 3.360 in the foot of the hill. From Km 3.360 to 5.000, the
canal runs in hilly area in full cutting and further runs on a contour with full cutting and
partial embankment. From Km:11.50 to 22.50Km, the canal runs in the command area of
Hattikuni & Soudagar Projects in full cutting. From Km:22.50 onwards, the canal runs in
undulated area crossing small nalas in gentle slopes and tails off in to a nala which leads to
Warakenahalli Tank at Km:38.00.
b) The Sonthi Branch canal takes off at Km:1.540 of feeder Canal before Railway
crossing and traverse to a length of 20.00km and runs almost parallel to the Railway line
up to Km.12.00 and then tails off in to Bheema River at Km:20.00 near Tumkur Village of
Yadagir Taluka. The proposed ICA of the Branch canal is 4213Ha.
c) The Disrtibutory No:1 was earlier proposed to take off from the Sonthi Branch canal
in the 1st Km. Now, the Dy. No:1 is proposed to take off directly from the Feeder canal at
Ch:0.010km, there by avoiding a dead run of about 1.20kms. The length of the Dy. No:1 is
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about 15kms. The Dy. No:1 is a ridge canal surpassing the saddles. The proposed ICA of
the Dy. No:1 is about 5227Ha.
d) The Yargol Minor canal takes off from the cistern after Railway crossing of the
Feeder Canal and traverse to a length of about 9.50 kms. and tails off into the
Kumbarahalli Tank near Village Kumbarahalli. The Yargol Minor canal is a contour canal
which runs almost parallel to the Railway line with an ICA of about 460Ha.
e) Capacity requirement of the canals is based on the command area under the canal
and peak fortnightly crop water requirement for the command area based on the project
crop planning. Canals are generally aligned in normal cut only and high embankments are
avoided. Alignment of canals is finalized based on considerations like balanced sections,
cross drainages requirement, clearance at CD works, proximity to existing villages/habitats
etc. Generally, the strata along the canal alignment consist of hard soil, soft rock and hard
rock. In few reaches the alignment are inevitably located in expansive B.C. soil strata. In
these reaches, treatment in form of CNS layer as per the recommendations of IS: 9451-
1994 is proposed.
f) The project being a lift irrigation scheme located in a drought prone area with
limited water allocation. As such, canal water is of high value. Therefore in order to
minimize the seepage losses and to extend benefits of irrigation to a large area, all the
canals up to outlet are provided with canal lining. For the canal lining, cast-in-situ cement
concrete lining is proposed as per IS: 3873.
g) As the crop water requirement is based on Modified Penman method, the
capacities of canals are designed for the maximum discharge with due provision of 10 %
extra for rush irrigation by adopting a BDC ratio of 0.000377.
h) Canal sections are designed as lined canal section adopting Manning’s formula with
the value of Rougosity coefficient as 0.018 in contour canals. Bed fall is finalized in such a
way as to ensure non silting velocity of about 0.70 m/s. In ridge canals, bed slope is made
to confirm the ground slope subject to limiting the velocity to optimum velocity of 1.0 m/s.
Bed width and Full Supply Depths are so proportioned that B/D ratio is in the range of 0.80
to 1.20. Suitable head loss at structures wherever required, namely, at flumed aqueduct,
cross regulator etc., is provided.
i) FSL of parent canal is so fixed as to provide minimum driving head for the off-taking
canal and the bed level of off-taking canal is fixed accordingly. However in small canals,
considering the terrain and steep cross gradient, bed level of off-taking canal is proposed
to be fixed at the bed level of parent canal only.
j) Canal structures are proposed as per the site conditions, site requirements and
relative levels of Canal bed. FSL, Nala bed, HFL, Catchment area, Designed flood etc. All
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the structures are proposed to be constructed with Cement Concrete only. Designs and
drawings of typical canal structures like Super Passage, Road Bridge, RCC Trough, Cross
Regulator, Head Regulator etc.,
c. Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme: The scheme comprises of an intake channel of 3 km
length to draw water from the foreshore of the reservoir at Kollur village and construction of
Jackwell at the end of intake channel near Tarkaspet village and there by lifting the water
by installing 3 vertical turbine pumps, including a standby pump of 1944 HP capacity to an
height of 43.20 m through raising mains of 2.20 m diameter for a length of 4.32 kms. A
delivery chamber is constructed from where the canal network will start in a gravity flow for
irrigating 16800 Ha of land of Gulbarga and Yadgir Districts.
Under this lift irrigation scheme total 31 villages are being benefited, i.e. 9 villages of
Chittpaur taluka of Gulbarga Distirict viz., 1) Kollur 2) Sonthi 3) Kanaganahalli 4)
Holandagere 5) Banahatti 6) Tarkaspet 7) Rampurhalli 8) Shampurhalli and 9) Nalwar and
22 villages of Yadgir taluka of Yadgir Distirict viz., 1) Yargol 2) Talak 3) Hedagimudra
4)wadanahalli 5) Bomashetthalli 6) Thangundi 7) Tumkur 8) Mudnal 9) Achola 10) Arekera-
B 11) Khanahalli 12) Kyasapanahalli 13) Basavanthpur 14) Alipur 15) Kanchagarahalli 16)
Horancha 17) Hattikuni 18) Yadahalli 19) Chamanahalli 20) Bandahalli 21) Hongera and
22) Naganayakanahalli.
d. Power Requirement for Lift Irrigation Scheme: It is estimated that about 7.50 Mega
Watts of power would be required for running these huge pumps and special / express
power lines have to be drawn up for the purpose.
e. Public Co-operation and Participation: The public is very eager to co-operate and
participate in the execution of the project to improve the socio-economic condition and
overall development of the region general.
2.3 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT The salient features of Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project are given in Table-2.1.
Table-2.1 Table-2.1: Salient Features of Sonthi Lift Irrgation Project, Karnataka
Sl. No. Details Salient features
1 Name of the project Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme 2 Type of project
(Irrigation or Multipurpose) Irrigation
3 Location a) Barrage Across Bhima river near Sonthi village in
Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga District. Latitude - 160, 49' 50"
Longitude- 760, 55' 45" b) Lift Irrigation Schemes Lift irrigation schemes at Tarkaspet village of
Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district.
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
3.1 River Basin a) Name Krishna b) Located in Bhima river. i) State (s) Karnataka State ii) Countries (if international river) -
3.2 River / Tributory Bhima river. Which is tributary to Krishna main stream
3.3 State (s) /District(s)Taluka (s) or Tehsils in which following are located
a) Reservoir Karnataka/Gulbarga /Chittapur b) Headwork (Barrage) Karnataka /Gulbarga/Chittapur. c) Command Area Karnataka /Gulbarga/Chittapur/Yadgir. d) Power house. Mini Hydel Scheme,
Karnataka/Yadgir/Shahapur. 3.4 Name of village near the head
works Tarkaspet village of Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga district.
3.5 Location of Headwork Sonthi LIS a) Longitude 160,53' 07" b) Latitude 760, 59' 07" c) Lies in Earthquake Zone No. Zone - II
3.6 Project area reference to: - a) Degree Sheets _ b) Index Plan Enclosed
3.7 Access to the project Name Distance from project site
a) Airport Hyderabad 300 km b) Rail head Station Nalwar 20 km c) Road head Yadgir / Shahapur 30 km / 24 km d) River head - e) Sea port - 4 International/ Interstate aspects
of the project.
a) Catchment area of the basin (K-6, Bhima)
70,613.70 sq.km.
b) Catchment area in the state. 22,853.70 sq.km. c) Submergence due to projects i) In the state 642.00 ha.(SLIS) ii) In other states - d) Water allocation for the state (if
any) (Karnataka) 41.92 TMC
e) Water allocation for other states
-
f) Committed utilization. 41.92 TMC
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
(Karnataka) Upstream projects - Downstream projects - Sub Total - g) Proposed utilization by the
project
i) Irrigation 4.00 TMC Khariff 2.30 TMC Rabi 1.40 TMC Two Seasonal 0.30 TMC Total 4.00 TMC ii) Water supply - iii) Industrial and other purpose - iv) Evoparation losses (included
in 4 TMC) 0.365 TMC
v) Gross annual utilization 4.00 TMC 5 Estimated life of the project
(Years) 100 years
6 Irrigation (Ha.) By Lift a) Gross command area (GCA) 17920 ha. b) Culturable command area
(CCA) 16800 ha.
c) Area under irrigation (break-up) i) Kharif 9200 ha ii) Rabi 5800 ha iii) Hot weather - iv) Two seasonal 1800 ha v) Perennial - vi) Gross irrigated area (GIA) ** 16800 ha. vii) Intensity of irrigation
(GIAx100%)/CCA 105%
viii) District (s) benefitted. Gulbarga and Yadgir d) Cost per hectare of gross area
irrigated Rs. 2.98 lakhs
g) Water utilization 4.00 TMC 7 Flood control Not Applicable 8 Navigation Not Applicable 9 Water supply Not Applicable
10 Project performance Period of Simulation
No. of failure
a) Irrigation 1965-66 to 2005-06 (41 years)
-
11 Hydrology
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
11.1 Catchment Area 11.1.1 Catchment area at head work site
(sq.km)
a) Gross 26712 sq.km. b) Intercepted - i) By existing projects In Maharashtra- 47,760 sq.km. ii) By ongoing projects - iii) By contemplated projects - c) Un-intercepted In Karnataka- 5,568 sq.km.
11.1.2 Catchment area classification according to mode of precipitation (sq.km)
a) Rainfed 26712 sq.km. b) Snowfed -
11.2 Precipitation 11.2.1 Catchment period of record from 1965 to 2010
Rain fall (weighted mm) Annual Monsoon (June-Oct)
a) Average 740.00 634.85 b) Maximum 1265.00 1083.40 c) Minimum 263.00 205.00 d) Co-efficient of variation
11.2.2 Command Cropping season Annual Khariff
(June to October)
Rabi (November
to February)
Hot (March to May)
a) Average 740.00 634.85 105.80 b) 80% dependable 592.00 507.88 84.64 c) ETo (mm) 73.88 65.40-
92.40 60.45-77.25
11.3 Annual yield calculated at the proposed site (M.cum) period of record
1965 to 2006 Gross Net
a) Maximum - 14896 b) Minimum - 229 c) Average - 4563.67 d) Dependable (percent) - 3422.75 (75%) Annual Monsoon i) 50 2281.835 - ii) 75 3422.7525 - iii) 90 4107.303 -
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
iv) 98 4472.3966 - 11.4 Climatic Data (Command)
11.4.1 Name of Stations and period of record
Sl. No. Names Period of Record From To
1 Gulbarga 1959 1968 11.4.2 Data Normal Maximum Minimum
a) Air temp. (o.C) 32 44.00 7.20 b) Humidity (per cent) 68 - - c) Wind (km/hr) 9.0 24.30 -
11.5 Utilization within the State Karnataka (M.cum)
1186.86 M.cum (41.92 TMC)
11.5.1 State's share in case of interstate river
1186.86 M.cum (41.92 TMC)
11.5.2 Committed utilization Major Medium Minor a) Upstream projects - - - a) Down stream projects - - -
11.5.3 Proposed utilization by the project a) Irrigation 4.00 TMC i) Khariff 2.30 TMC ii) Rabi 1.45 TMC iii) Two seasonal 0.25 TMC
Total 4.00 TMC b) Water supply - c) Industrial and other purpose -
11.6 Floods near the headwork site. 11.6.1 Historical - period of record 2006 Location at Devanagoan Bridge.( U/S of
Proposed Bhima Barrage) a) Maximum water level (El-m) 407.375 m b) Maximum discharge estimated
(cumec) 9168.740
c) Year of occurrence, date 2006, August-13 11.6.2 Observed - period of record Location at Devanagoan Bridge
1998 - 2006 a) Maximum water level (El-m) 407.375 b) Maximum discharge (cumec) 9168.740 c) Year of occurrence, date 2006, August-13
11.6.3 Estimated flood a) 50 year return period - b) 100 year return period 20,000 cumec (7,06,000 cusec) c) 1000 year return period - d) Standard project flood (cumec) - e) Maximum probable flood 44,050 cumec (15,50,000 cusec)
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
(cumec) 11.6.4 Design flood (cumecs)
a) Dam - b) Weir/Barrage 32212 cumec (11,37,550 cusec) c) Construction Diversion - d) Flood Control Works -
11.6.5 River flows (minimum observed) a) Water level (El-m) 364.000 b) Discharge (cumec) 0.019 on 02-12-2002. c) Months of 'nil' flow Feb-2001, Mar-2000,2001, Apr-2000,2001
&2002, May-2001 &2002, June-2002 & July- 2001 & 02.
12 Reservoir - 12.1 Water levels (El-m) -
a) Maximum Water Level (MWL) 376.000 m b) Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 376.000 m c) Minimum Draw Down level
(MDDL) 368.000 m
d) Outlet levels i) Irrigation 365.500 m (CBL of intake channel) ii) Power - iii) Others (Please specify) - proposed utilization by the project Crest level of Spillway- 368.000 m.
12.2 Free Board (m) 1.756 m. 12.3 Wave height (m) 1.32 m. 12.4 Live storage (M.cum) 87.79 M.cum (2.486 TMC) 12.5 Capacity at (M.cum)
a) Maximum Water Level 104.00 M.cum (3.672 TMC) b) Full reservoir level 104.00 M.cum (3.672 TMC) c) Minimum draw down level 9.38 M.cum (0.265 TMC) d) Dead storage level 9.38 M.cum (0.265 TMC)
12.6 Average monthly evaporation losses from the reservoir (M cum)
10.15 M.cum (0.36 TMC)
13 Submergence 13.1 Land and property submerged MWL FRL
a) Villages affected (No.) 4 4 i) Fully 1 1 ii) Partially - - b) Land affected (ha) i) Gross - 642 Ha. ii) Culturable - Dry land- 642 Ha. iii) Irrigated - -
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
iv) Forest - - v) Others (specify) - c) Buildings/houses (No.) i) Private 915 ii) Communities - iii) Governament 52 d) Wells (No) - e) Road/Rail (Km.) - f) Transmission lines (km.) - g) Any other -
13.2 Submergence ratio (with reference to culturable command areas)
642.18 /16000 = 0.04
13.3 Number of faimilies/persons affected
Families Persons
a) Total 852 942 b) Scheduled Castes / Scheduled
Tribes 381
c) Other Backwards Castes 342 d) General 129
13.4 Anticipated back water levels at important places along the periphery of the reservoir
S. No. Name of place Back water level
(El-m) 1 Plinth level of
Chandralamba Temple 406.058
2 Plinth level of Someshwara Temple
409.970
14 Head works 14.1 Dam Not applicable 14.2 Barrage
14.2.1 Location with respect to dam, if any.
Across Bhima river near Sonthi village in Chittapur taluka of Gulbarga District.
14.2.2 Length (m) 665 m. 14.2.3 Spillway bays
a) Total length (m) 665 m. b) Full pond level (El-m) 376.000 m - FRL c) Maximum water level (EL-m) 376.000 m. d) Maximum height of spillway
crest above deepest foundation (m)
4.00 m.
e) Length of bay (m) 15 m. f) Crest level (El-m) 368.000 m. g) Number of gates 37 Nos. h) Type of gates Vertical Gates.
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
j) Size of gate (m) 15.00 m X 8.3 m. k) Type of energy dissipation
arrangement. Aerofile profile with end sill wall apron
l) Maximum discharging capacity (cumec)
32,212
m) Tail water level (E1-m) - (i) Maximum 376.00 (ii) Minimum 368.00
14.2.4 Under Sluice Bays Not Applicable 14.2.5 Guide bund/afflux bunds -
a) Guide bunds - i) Upstream - ii) Donstream - b) Afflux bunds - c) Other protective works
(if any) Earthen Embankments (Bunds)
Details Left flank Right flank
Type of construction Composite section with central hearting of impervious material and outer casing with gravel.
Length (m) 275.00 180.00 Top width (m) 7.50 7.50 Top level (El-m) 380.250 380.250 Max. height above
GL (m) 6.000 6.000
14.3 Weir Not applicable 14.4 Head Regulator (s) Not applicable 15 Canal System
15.1 Main Canal (Name) Feeder Canal 15.1.1 Purpose of canal (Irrigation/
Power/Navigation/Diversion/Water supply/ Multipurpose
Irrigation
15.1.2 Type a) Flow/lift Lift b) Lined-Unlined Lined c) Discharging capacity of the
channel above which lining is proposed
All capacity upto FIC
d) Type of lining Cement Concrete 15.1.3 Design data
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
a) Length (Km) 1.88 b) Full supply level a head/tail
(E1-m) 409.90/408.73
c) Full supply depth at head/tail (m)
1.90/1.35
d) Bed width at head/tail (m) 2.20/1.65 e) Side slope at head/tail 1:1 /1:1 f) Bed slope (range) 1 in 3000 g) Maximum dischaging capacity
at head/tail (m3/sec) 8.07/3.37
h) Total number of canal structures
i) Total assumed head of losses across the structure (m)
0.25
j) Gross command area (ha) 17,920 k) Culturable command area (ha) 16,000
15.1.4 Distribution System a) Number 5 b) Total length (Km) 66.88
15.2 Efficiencies (Percent) i) Conveyance 75 ii) Field application 68
16 Cropping Pattern 16.1 Name of Crops (Seasonwise) Percentage area (CCA)
Existing Proposed (I) Kharif
1) Tur dal - 18.75 2) Bajra 14.00 - 3) Jawar Kharif 30.00 - 4) Oil Seeds 9.00 - 5) Pulses(Black gram, Green
gram, Cow Pea) 20.00 15.00
6) Ground nut 15.00 20.00 7) Maize 3.00 3.75 (II) Rabi
1) Toor - - 2) Bajra - - 3) Ground nut - - 4) Jawar rabi 6.00 12.00 5) Sun flower - 8.00 6) Safflower - 10.00
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
7) Pulses - 6.25 8) Wheat - - 9) Cotton - - 10) Other crops 3.00 - (III) Two Seasonal 1) Cotton - 7.50 2) Chillies - 3.75 Total 100.00 105.00
17 Power Not Applicable- However, a Mini Hydel Scheme work for generating 10.50 MW power under private sector is under progress.
18 Cost 18.1 Cost of the project (Rs Lakhs)
Unitwise (refer para II Guidelines -para 1.18)
Rs. 50205.00 lakhs
18.2 Allocated cost (Rs lakhs) a) Irrigation Rs. 50205.00 lakhs b) Power - c) Flood control - d) Navigation - e) water supply - f) Any other -
19 Benefits / Revenue 19.1 Benefits Qty (t) Unit
price (Rs/t)
Value Rs lakh
a) Food Production (tonne) 411890.00 3488.35/ MT
14368.16
b) Power (kwh) - - - c) Flood protection (ha) - - - d) Navigation (tonnage) - - - e) Water supply (Population
served) - - -
f) Any other (fisheries) - - - Total 14368.16
19.2 Revenue Area Rate Amount Rs. lakh 1 Betterment levy - - - 2 Water Rates 16800 118.69/ha 19.39 3 Irrigation cess - - - 4 Pisiculture rights auction - - - 5 Power rates - - - 6 Navaigation - - -
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Sl. No. Details Salient features
i) Cargo rates - - - ii) Regd charges - - - iii) Passenger tax - - - iv) Others - - - Total 19.39
20 Benefit Cost Ratio a) B. C. Ratio i) Irrigation 1.75 (Drought Prone Area) ii) Flood control - iii) Power - b) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) -
2.4 PROJECT BENEFITS The project on completion will provide:
• Irrigation over a GCA of 17,920 ha, with irrigable area as ha of Net CCA 5800ha in
Rabi and 9,200 ha in kharif cropping season in 31 villages. The total area to be
irrigated is 16,000 ha, with an irrigation intensity of 105 %.
• Enable upliftment of urban population living in small to medium size town, clusters
of Gulbarga District.
• Generate permanent employment potential to the large agricultural laborers
available in the area.
• Increased agricultural activities and production will also generate multiple type of
indirect employment facilities e.g. workshops, food processing units, transportation
etc.
• Creation of a large manmade lake will provide good facility for water sport, tourism
and will generate number of indirect employment particularly in non-cropping
period.
2.5 COST ESTIMATES
The detailed estimate of Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme amounting to Rs.600.00 Crores is
prepared as per CWC Guidelines for Preparation of Project Estimates for River Valley
Projects (Second Revised Edition, March 1997).
The rates adopted for the estimates are based on Schedule of Rates of W.R.D. for the year
2012-13 and P.W.D. Gulbarga Circle S.R. 2012-13.
Initially, the work of construction of Bridge cum barrage across river Bhima near Sonthi
Village, Chittapur Taluk, Gulbarga District was taken up with an estimated cost of Rs.
3310.00 lakhs vide Technical Sanction Dated: CEC-1/10 during May-2003 and work was
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taken up under the KBJNL Fund. Subsequently, the total expenditure incurred on the work
of Construction Bridge cum Barrage to convert the submergible barrage into an all weather
non submersible bridge cum barrage and providing vertical lift crest gates is Rs. 72.79
crores. The work of construction of Lift Irrigation Head Works is taken up under the KBJNL
Fund on turn key basis for a cost of Rs.30.30 crores. Till now, an amount of Rs. 15.33
crores has been spent on the lift irrigation head work. The work of construction Feeder
canal for a cost of Rs. 2.43 crores has been taken up under KBJNL Funds and amount
spent is Rs. 1.93 crores.
The summary of cost is given in Table-2.2.
Table-2.2 : Summary of cost required for commissioning of Kundalia Major Multipurpose Project
Rs in Crores
No Description of works
Estimate cost as
per 2011-12 Rates
Expenditure incurred
upto August-
2012
Balance cost
Funds allocation
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-
16
1a) Barrage and Allied works
280.61
185.00 415.00 165.00 100.0 100.00 50.00
b) Submergence LAQ & R & R works
2) Sonthi LIS 3) Canal
Networks and LAQ
319.39
Total Rs 600.00 185.00 415.00 165.00 100.00 100.00 50.00
2.6 LAND REQUIREMENT The total land to be acquired for the project is 1412 ha. The ownership wise status of land
acquisition is given in Table-2.3.
Table-2.3: Ownership status of land to be acquired for the project Component Government
(ha) Private(ha) Forest (ha) Total (ha)
Land acquired for intake channel, pump house, raising main and Delivery chamber for lift
- 38.96 - 38.96
Canal network - 610.8 0.78 611.58 Borrow Area - 40.00 - 40.00 Submergence Area 2.43 669.52 - 671.95 Resettlement and Rehabilitation
- 40.48 - 40.48
Approach roads to Sonthi Barrage
- 9.84 - 9.84
Total 2.43 1409.60 0.78 1412.81
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2.7 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL 2.8 COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN
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CHAPTER -3 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME, MAN POWER & PLANT PLANNING
3.1 Introduction
All the major components of work related to Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme are being
executed through reputed contractors by processing of tenders and acceptance thereof,
strictly under Karnataka Transparency Public Procurement Act, (KTPP Act). The present
status of programme and progress in respect of each major components are as under:
3.2 Present Status of Work:
Barrage:
The entire barrage work are divided into following two components.
i) Civil works pertaining to main barrage. (Salient features is enclosed)
ii) Design, supply, fabrication, erection including commissioning of gates (37
No.).
The civil works of barrage is completed in all respects. The fabrication, erection and
commissioning work of all 37 vertical gates is entrusted to Karnataka State Construction
Corporation Limited (Government undertaking company) and work of fabrication, erection
is completed in all respects. The commissioning of the gates will be carried out during
ensuing monsoon. It is planned to impound water in the barrage up to RL 372 m during
2012-13.
Rehabilitation Centres
The lands required for formation of one rehabilitation centre is identified and land
acquisition process, preparation of lay-out plans, preparation of estimate etc., are under
progress. The survey work of affected structures of the entire village is being carried out
and the acquisition process of these structures is under progress. The survey work of lands
which will get submerged under the back water of reservoir (FRL) is completed and
necessary action is being taken up to acquire these submergence lands.
The Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R&R) is entrusted to the Managing Director,
Rehabilitation & Resettlement Authority, Bagalkot.
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Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme:
The head works related to Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme comprises of the following
5-components.
i) Intake Channel – 3.00 Km
ii) Jack well cum pump house.
iii) Raising main – 4.32 Km
iv) Delivery Chamber v) Electrical Sub-Station
The present status of the above works is as under:
The work of construction of intake canal and pump house cum jack well structure is in
progress. Delivery chamber is completed and laying/ jointing of gunited and in-lined MS
pipes for raising main is nearing completion. All the electro-mechanical equipments
required for the commissioning of the scheme are procured and the erections of these
equipments are in progress.
Canal Network
The survey, Investigation, Preparation of estimates and draft tender papers etc., for main
canals, Branch canals and Distributory network of the lift canals are assigned on
Consultancy Services. Presently, the survey work for net work of the lift canals is
completed. Alignment of distributaries and preparation of detailed estimates thereof is
under progress.
With the present status of progress on above component of work, it is planned to complete
the construction of project by 2013-14.
Power requirement:
The power sanction for lift irrigation schemes is obtained from KPTCL / GESCOM the
details are as under.
The work of providing power supply to the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme is under progress
on self execution scheme in consultation with the KPTCL / GESCOM authorities.
Sonthi LIS : 7500 KVA
Barrage : 250 KVA
Total : 7750 KVA
Say : 7.750 MVA
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Man power planning
As explained above, all the major components of work are being executed on contractual
basis and the responsibility of man power planning rests with the respective contractor.
However the man power requirement of project organization concerned, the organization
chart is depicted below.
ORGANIZATION CHART
Chief Engineer, KBJNL, Canal Zone-1, Bheemarayangudi.
Executive Engineer, KBJNL, Sonthi LI Division, Khanapur Camp.
Assistant Executive Engineer, KBJNL,
NRBC-17, Sub Division, KHANAPURA.
Assistant Executive Engineer, KBJNL, JBC-16,
Sub Division, KHANAPURA.
Assistant Executive Engineer, KBJNL, NRBC-
16, Sub Division, DORANAHALLI.
In addition to the above, a Quality Control wing is setup for carrying out all the necessary
quality test / QAP under the guidance of the Superintending Engineer, Quality Control,
Bheemarayanagudi.
Superintending Engineer, KBJNL, NRBC Circle No.2, Krishnapur.
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CHAPTER-4 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR CONDUCTING CEIA STUDY
4.1 INTRODUCTION Standard methodologies of Environment Impact Assessment were followed for conducting
the Comprehensive EIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project. A brief
account of the methodologies and matrices followed in the present study is given below
under different headings. All the methods were structured for the identification, collection
and organization of environmental impact data. The information thus gathered has been
analysed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation
and decision-making.
4.2 STUDY AREA
The study area covered as a part of the EIA study is as below:
• Submergence area • Area to be acquired for various project appurtenances • Area within 10 km radius of various project appurtenances including i.e. canal
network, etc. • Gross Command Area
4.3 STAGES IN AN EIA STUDY
The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps involved in an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) study, which are described in the following paragraphs.
Scoping : An exhaustive list of all likely impacts drawing information from as many
sources as possible was prepared. The next step was to select a manageable number of
attributes which were likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project. The various
criteria applied for selection of the important impacts were follows :
• magnitude • extent • significance
Description of Environment : Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain
the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly
affected by the implementation of the project. The baseline status assessed as a part of
CEIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project involved both field work and
review of data collected from various secondary sources.
Prediction of Impacts: is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental
conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the
construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project. An attempt was
made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible.
However, for intangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been made so that planners
and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications.
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Environmental Management Plan: the approach for formulation of an Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize
the negative ones. The steps suggested as a part of EMP include modifications of plans,
engineering designs, construction schedules and techniques, as well as operational and
management practices. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost
required for implementation of various management measures has also been estimated as
a part of the present study.
Environmental Monitoring Programme: An Environmental Monitoring Programme for
monitoring of critical parameters during project construction and operation phases has
been prepared as a part of the CEIA study to oversee the environmental safeguards, to
ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality. The monitoring programme also
helps in suggestion of remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but
arising during construction and operation phases. The exercise will also generate data for
future use and serve as a reference for assessment of impacts of hydropower projects in
similar settings.
4.4 SCOPING MATRIX Scoping is a tool which gives direction for selection of impacts due to the project activities
on the environment. As a part of the study, scoping exercise was conducted selecting
various type of impacts which can accrue due to the proposed irrigation project. Based on
the project features, site conditions, various parameters to be covered as a part of the
CEIA study were selected. The results of scoping analysis are presented in Table-4.1.
Table-4.1:Scoping Matrix for EIA study for Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts A. Land Environment Construction phase • Increase in soil erosion
• Pollution by construction spoils Operation phase • Acquisition of land for alignment of canal
network. • Impact on soil erosion rates.
B. Water resources and water quality Construction phase • Impacts due to disposal of sewage from labour
camps or colonies. Operation phase • Impacts on downstream water users.
• Increase in ground water recharge. • Impacts on groundwater levels and increased
vulnerability to waterlogging. • Impacts on groundwater quality due to increased
use of agro-chemicals. C. Air Environment Construction phase • Impacts due to fuel combustion in various
construction equipment • Entrainment of fugitive emissions from various
construction sites. • Impacts on ambient air quality due to increased
vehicular movement
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Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts D. Noise Environment Construction phase • Increased noise level due to operation of various
construction equipment • Impacts due to increased vehicular movement
E. Aquatic Ecology Operation phase • Introduction of irrigation and thereby increase in
ponds and tanks will increase the fish potential • Impacts on riverine ecology due to diversion of
water for irrigation. • Impacts due to increased human interferences.
F. Terrestrial Ecology Construction phase • Loss of trees due to siting of various project
appurtenances • Impacts on vegetal cover due to cutting of trees
by immigrant labour population Operation phase • Improvement in vegetal cover
• Changes in floral composition, density, diversity due to increase moisture content.
• Impacts on wildlife movement • Impacts on wildlife habitats
G. Socio-Economic Aspects Construction phase • Improved employment potential during project
construction phase • Development of allied sectors leading to greater
employment • Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities
Operation phase • Acquisition of land for various project appurtenances including distributaries minors, etc.
• Impacts on archaeological and cultural monuments
• Impacts on mineral reserves • Increased agriculture production • Improvement in livestock status due to additional
fodder availability • Increase in to industrialization and urbanization. • Improvement in infrastructure facilities. • Increased revenue from increased agriculture
production. H. Public Health Aspects Construction phase • Increased incidence of water-borne diseases due
to lack of potable water and absence of adequate sanitation facilities.
Operation phase • Reduction in fluoride levels in groundwater. • Increased vulnerability of incidence of vector-
borne diseases due to increase in stagnant pools of water which habitats for proliferation of mosquitoes.
• Improvement in public health due to potable water supply, improved infrastructure and increased income level.
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Based on scoping matrix, the environmental baseline data has been collected on which the
impacts due to the project have been superimposed to understand the beneficial and
deleterious impacts due to the construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift
Irrigation Project.
4.5 DATA COLLECTION
Primary surveys were started in December 2012 and field studies were conducted for
various seasons to collect data on flora, fauna, forest types and ecological parameters,
geological and soil features. During these surveys data and information was collected on
physico-chemical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the study area. In addition,
detailed surveys and studies were also conducted for understanding bio-diversity in the
study area.
4.5.1 Physico-chemical aspects Geology The regional geology around the project area highlighting geology was based on the
existing information available in the Engineering Reports of the project.
Hydrology Hydrological data for river Bhima as available in the Engineering Report was collected and
suitably incorporated in the Comprehensive EIA study.
Landuse pattern Landuse pattern of the study area including command area was carried out by standard
methods of analysis of remotely sensed data and followed by ground truth collection and
interpretation of satellite data. For this purpose digital satellite data was procured from
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, IRS-P6 LISS-IV. The data was
processed using ERDAS software package.
Soils The soil quality was monitored at various locations in the catchment area. The monitoring
was conducted for three seasons listed as below:
• Winter Season : December 2012 • Pre-Monsoon Season : May 2013 • Monsoon Season : September 2013
The parameters monitored are listed as below:
• pH • Electrical Conductivity • Sodium • Bulk Density • Available Phosphates • Available Potassium • Available Nitrogen • Particle Size Distribution • Porosity • Organic Carbon
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Water Quality The existing data on water quality has been collected to evaluate the surface and ground
water quality on upstream and downstream of the project site.
River water Quality
Samples to be collected from various representative locations on river Bhima in and
around water abstraction sites. The water quality was monitored for three seasons listed
as below:
• Winter Season : December 2012 • Pre-Monsoon Season : May 2013 • Monsoon Season : September 2013
The parameters monitored are listed as below:
• pH • Total Alkalinity • Electrical Conductivity • Total Dissolved Solids • Total Hardness • Total Suspended Solids • Chlorides • Nitrates • Sulphates • Fluorides • Phosphates • Calcium • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium • Iron • Manganese • Phenolic compounds • Chromium • Copper • Lead • Cadmium • Mercury • Zinc • Cyanides • Arsenic • Dissolved Oxygen • Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand • Chemical Oxygen Demand • Total Coliform • Fecal Coliform • Oil & Grease
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Ground Water Samples were collected from various representative wells in the command area. The
ground water quality was monitored for three seasons listed as below:
• Winter Season : December 2012 • Pre-Monsoon Season : May 2013 • Monsoon Season : September 2013
The parameters monitored are listed as below:
• pH • Electrical Conductivity • Total Dissolved Solids • Total Alkalinity • Total Hardness • Nitrates • Chlorides • Sulphates • Fluorides • Phosphates • Calcium • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium • Iron • Manganese • Copper • Chromium • Lead • Phenolic compounds • Cyanides • Arsenic • Cadmium • Mercury • Zinc • Oil & Grease • Dissolved Oxygen • Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand • Chemical Oxygen Demand • Total Coliform • Fecal Coliform
Ambient air quality The ambient air quality was monitored at various locations in the study area. The
parameters monitored were PM10, SO2 and NO2.
Ambient Noise level As a part of the EIA study noise level was monitored at various locations in the study area.
Monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely Winter (December 2012), Pre-
monsoon (May 2013) and Monsoon Season (September 2013) At each station, hourly
noise level was monitored during day time. Using the hourly noise levels, day time
equivalent noise level was estimated.
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4.5.2 Ecological Aspects Terrestrial Ecology Flora Data on forest type legal status and their extent in the catchment and study area has been
collected from forest department. The other relevant data on bio-diversity economically
important species medicinal plant. Rare and endangered species in the study area and its
surroundings have been collected from secondary as well as primary sources. Field
studies were conducted to collect data on various aspects in the study area. The various
aspects studied were floral density frequency and abundance of species of trees, shrubs,
herbs and grasses. Species of economical species and medicinal use and endangered
species were also identified as a part of the study.
The monitoring was conducted for the following three seasons:
• Winter Season : December 2012 • Pre-Monsoon Season : May 2013 • Monsoon Season : September 2013
Fauna The assessment of fauna has been done on the bases secondary data collected from
different government offices like forest department, wildlife department, fisheries
department, etc. and visual observations during field visits. The presence of wildlife was
also confirmed from the local inhabitants depending on the animal sightings and the
frequency of their visits in the catchment area. Review of secondary data was another
source of information for studying the fauna of the area. In addition, sightings of faunal
population during field studies as a part of ecological survey were also recorded.
Aquatic Ecology and fisheries Water samples from river Bhima were also collected as a part of field studies. The density
and diversity of periphyton and phytoplanktons, species diversity index and primary
productivity, etc. were also studied. The monitoring was conducted for the following three
seasons:
• Winter Season : December 2012 • Pre-Monsoon Season : May 2013 • Monsoon Season : September 2013
4.5.3 Socio-economic Aspects Demography The demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the submergence area as well as
the study area have been studied through primary as well secondary sources. Detailed
socio-economic census survey was conducted in all the affected villages due to the
proposed project. Collection of data was completed at two levels - at village/ block and
individual household level. The socio-economic survey at the village/ block level was
aimed at finding out the status and extent of amenities and resources at the disposal of
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villages/ blocks. The household surveys were conducted with the main aim of evolving and
preparing compensatory and rehabilitation packages for families who would be rendered
houseless, landless and whose part of land would be acquired for various project activities.
Based on the assessment of demographic profile of the Project Affected Families (PAFs),
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan using guidelines and norms as per Policy laid down
in National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy (NRRP)-2007.
4.6 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTION The summary of the data collected from various sources is outlined in Table-4.2.
Table-4.2:Summary of data collected from various sources Aspect Mode of Data
collection Parameters monitored
Frequency Source
Meteorology Secondary Temperature, humidity, rainfall
- India Meteorological
Department (IMD)
Water Resources
Secondary Flow, Design hydrograph and
design flood hydrograph
- Detailed Project Report (DPR)
Water Quality
Primary Physico-chemical and bacteriological
parameters
Three seasons
Field studies for Pre-monsoon, monsoon and
winter seasons Ambient air
quality Primary PM10, SO2 and
NOThree
seasons
2 Field studies for Pre-monsoon,
post-monsoon and winter seasons
Noise Primary Hourly noise level
Three seasons
Field studies for Pre-monsoon, monsoon and
winter seasons
Landuse Primary and secondary
Landuse pattern
- NRSA and Ground truth
Studies Geology Secondary
Geological
characteristics of study area
- Detailed Project Report (DPR )
Soils Physico-chemical
parameters
Three seasons
Field studies for Pre-monsoon, monsoon and
winter seasons Terrestrial Ecology
Primary and secondary
Floral and faunal diversity
Three seasons
Field studies for Pre-monsoon, monsoon and
winter seasons
Aquatic Ecology
Primary and Secondary
Presence and abundance of
various species
Three seasons
Field studies for Pre-monsoon, monsoon and
winter seasons
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Aspect Mode of Data collection
Parameters monitored
Frequency Source
Socio-economic aspects
Primary and secondary
Demographic and socio-economic,
Public health cultural aspects
- Field studies for PAFs, Secondary
data collection from Revenue
Department and literature review.
4.7 IMPACT PREDICTION Prediction is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the
project area that might be expected to occur because of implementation of the project.
Impact of project activities has been predicted using mathematical models and overlay
technique (super-imposition of activity on environmental parameter). For intangible impacts
qualitative assessment has been done.
The environmental impacts predicted are as follows:
A. Project construction phase
• Pollution due to large scale quarrying activities
Land Environment
• Degradation of land during construction activities, i.e. as a result of disposal of
construction
waste.
• Generation of muck and other construction wastes
• Pollution due to increased soil erosion from the construction sites.
• Impacts due to disposal of solid waste from labour camps.
• Pollution due to disposal of untreated sewage from the labour colonies.
Water Environment
• Pollution due to disposal of runoff from construction sites.
• Impacts due to discharge of effluents from the crusher.
• Increase in turbidity during construction phase with corresponding reduction in
photosynthetic activity and primary productivity.
Ecology
• Impacts on terrestrial ecology due to increased human interferences due to
congregation of labour population during construction phase
• Impacts on ambient air quality as a result of construction activities, e.g. operation of
various construction equipments, increased vehicular traffic etc.
Air Environment
• Impacts due to fugitive emissions.
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• Impacts on ambient air quality due to source of construction power to be identified at
the time of construction.
• Increase in noise levels as a result of operation of various construction equipment.
Noise Environment
• Impacts due to increased vehicular traffic.
• Improvement in the employment scenario as a result of absorption of locals in the
construction activities.
Socio-Economic Environment
• Traffic congestion and traffic safety aspects due to increased traffic movement.
• Increased stress on existing infrastructure facilities due to congregation of labour
population.
• Incidence of water-borne diseases in construction staff colony
B. Impacts during the operation phase
• Impacts on landuse pattern due to increase in cropping intensity
Land Environment
• Increased irrigation intensity in the command area
• Impacts on soil quality due to increased and continued use of agro-chemicals.
• Increased potential for waterlogging and soil salinization in the command area.
• Impacts due to acquisition of land for various project appurtenances including
ownership status
• Impacts on reservoir water quality.
Water Environment
• Reduction in fluoride levels in groundwater.
• Disposal of effluents containing agro-chemicals including pesticides from surface and
sub-surface drainage system.
• Impacts due to increased use of agro-chemicals in the command.
• Impacts on the bio-diversity as a result of introduction of irrigation in the command
area.
Ecology
• Impacts due to acquisition of forest land and impacts on flora and fauna
• Impacts on ecologically sensitive sites like national park, wildlife sanctuary, etc. if any
• Impacts on rare, endangered and threatened species.
• Impacts on medicinally important and other economically important species if any.
• Impacts on migratory routes of wildlife
• Increased potential for farm and tank fisheries in the command area.
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• Acquisition of private lands for construction of various project appurtenances namely
construction of road network joining the quarry sites and the construction sites, canal
and drainage network in the command area.
Socio-Economic Environment
• Improvement in employment potential as a result of increase in irrigation intensity.
• Improvement in quality of life as a result of higher agricultural production, and
improvement in income levels.
• Improvement in the status of livestock as a result of greater water availability and
fodder from agricultural residues.
• Increased incidence of vector-borne diseases.
• Improvement in public health, educational status, etc. as a result of economic
development.
• Impetus to industrialization as a result of improved water availability.
• Impetus to urbanization as a result of improved water availability and overall increase
in income levels.
4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST ESTIMATES Based on the environmental baseline conditions and project inputs, the adverse impacts
were identified and a set of measures have been suggested as a part of Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) for their amelioration. The management measures have been
suggested for the following aspects:
• Measures to control the water pollution due to various effluents to be discharged during construction phase.
• Measures to control air pollution during construction phase. • Measures to contain noise pollution during project construction phase. • Reclamation of areas disturbed during construction including quarry stabilization and
construction waste disposal sites • Development of public health management plan • Maintenance of water quality during project operation phase. • Biodiversity conservation plan • Greenbelt development along periphery of reservoir, colonies, approach road, canals
etc. • Health Delivery system. • Air Pollution Control. • Noise Control measures • Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan • Sustenance and enhancement of fisheries potential. • Infrastructure development for agriculture.
The expenditure required for implementation of these management measures has also
been estimated as a part of the EMP study.
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4.9 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT A Catchment area Treatment Plan for the catchment area intercepted at the diversion
structure of the proposed dam site has been prepared as a part of the Comprehensive EIA
study. The landuse pattern using satellite data, slope map (prepared using Survey of India
toposheets), etc. has been used.
The CAT Plan comprises of delineation of watersheds in the catchment, mapping of
critically degraded areas based on Integration of Remote Sensing technique, GIS
methodology and Silt Yield Index method coupled with ground survey.
A Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan has been be prepared for sub-watersheds with
very high and high erosion intensity. The cost required for implementation of CAT plan has
also been estimated as a part of the study.
4.10 DAM BREAK ANALYSIS
A dam break analysis has been conducted to simulate hypothetical failure of dam including
preparation of inundation maps. A Disaster Management Plan (DMP) including the cost
estimates has been prepared for dealing with emergency situation. It includes emergency
preparedness plan, surveillance plan, evacuation plan etc including communication
system.
4.11 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN As a part of the CEIA study, a Local Area Development Plan (LADP) has been formulated
for implementation in study area villages. An amount of 0.5% of the project cost has been
earmarked for implementation of Local Area Development Plan. The key features of the
Local Area Development Plan includes upgradation of infrastructure facilities in schools of
various Study Area villages, scholarship to students, upgradation of infrastructure in
various PHCs in the study area.
4.12 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME It is necessary to continue monitoring of certain parameters to verify the adequacy of
various measures outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and to assess
the implementation of mitigative measures. An Environmental Monitoring Programme for
monitoring of critical parameters has been suggested for implementation during project
construction and operation phases. The staff, necessary equipment and agencies to be
involved for implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme and costs have
also been indicated.
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CHAPTER-5 HYDROLOGY
5.1 lntroduction
The Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a barrage across Bhima River
near Sonthi village in Chittapur taluka, Gulbarga district, in Karnataka to impound 4 TMC of
water including a dead storage of 0.265 TMC. A foreshore lift irrigation scheme is proposed
to irrigate an area of 16000 ha., of lands in Chittapur and Yadgir taluka.
5.2 Water availability
a) For assessing the availability of water at Sonthi barrage (CA=69184 Sq.Km) site,
the observed flow data at the C.W.C. Gauging Stations namely, at Takali (CA= 33916
Sq.Km), at Yadgir (CA= 69863 Sq.Km) on river Bhima, at Wadakbal on river Sina (CA =
12092 Sq.Km) were considered where in the flow data is available from 1965-66 to 2010-
11. The flow data is tabulated at Table -1, Table-8 and Table-14 respectively for Takali on
river Bhima, for Wadakbal on river Sina and for Yadgir on river Bhima. The percent
monsoon flows of river Bhima at Takali, of river Sina at Wadakbal , and of river Bhima at
Yadgir are arrived at by dividing monthly flow of the corresponding year by the monsoon
total of that year.
b) The abstracts of Maharastra in K5 and K6 Sub-basin projects have been tabulated
at Table-3. The abstracts pertaining to Sina sub-basin projects of Maharastra in K5 and K6
Sub-basin are tabulated at Table-3(a). The abstracts upto Takali excluding Sina
catchment abstractions have been Tabulated at Table 3(b) which is obtained by
deducting figures in Table-3 correspondingly with that in Table-3(a) and has been
distributed on to monsoon months based on the percent monsoon flows of river Bhima at
Takali. (vide:- Table 4 ) c) The virgin flows at Takali on river Bhima is arrived at by adding the gauged flows as
at Table-1 and the distributed flows as at Table-4. The virgin flows are tabulated at
Table-5. d) The planned utilization figures of Karnataka,Maharastra and Andhrapradesh is
tabulated at Annexure –I. e) The net flows at Takali on Bhima Stem i.e. without Sina flows is obtained by deducting the monthly annual planned utilization of K5 and K6 Sub-Basin as indicated in Table-6. by Gross flows arrived at Takali as indicated vide Table:-5. This is Tabulated in Table-7.
f) Similarly the virgin flows at Wadakbal on river Sina (vide:- Table 11 ) and at Yadgir
on river Bhima (vide:- Table 18 ) are worked out and the corresponding net flows of
Wadakbal tabulated at Table 13.
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g) The monthly virgin flows between Yadgir,Takali and Sina gauge sites obtained by
deducting the Gross flows of Takali and Wadakbal from the Gross flows of Yadgir. (i.e,
Table 18- Table:-5- Table 11). The same is tabulated at Table 19. h) Multiplication Factor has been derived by considering the intermediate catchment area
upto Sonnathi and Yadgir GD site. The monthly intermediate virgin flows as at para (g) has
been reduced on to the Sonnathi site by multiplying the figures of Table 19 with
Multiplication Factor and the same has been tabulated at Table 20. i) The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site considering the intermediate catchment area
upto Sonnathi is obtained by deducting the planned utilization of Karnataka and
Andhrapradesh as per Annexure –I (vide:- Table 17(a)) and the same is tabulated at
Table 21. The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site in Tmc is tabulated at Table 22. The net annual flows at Sonnathi from the independent catchment is tabulated at Table-22(a). j) The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site considering the entire catchment area upto
Sonnathi is obtained by adding the net monthly flows at Sonnathi site considering the
intermediate catchment area and the net flows at Takali and Wadakbal.i.e, by adding Table 21, Table 7 and Table 13. The net monthly flows at Sonnathi site in Mcum considering
the entire catchment area upto Sonnathi is tabulated at Table 23 and the net monthly
flows at Sonnathi site in Tmc is tabulated at Table 24. The net annual flows at Sonnathi
from the entire catchment is tabulated at Table-24(a).
k) The gauge data adopted for this estimation is from 1965-66 to 2010-11 (i.e., for 46
years). The Annual Yield Statement with yield series for 46 years (1965-66 to 2010-11) are
appended as Table-24(a). Accordingly the 75% dependable yield works out to 49.49 TMC
and 50% dependable yield works out to 120.64 TMC. The 75% dependable yield of this
project i.e., 49.49 TM is approved by Water Resource Department, Anand Rao Circle,
Bangalore, vide their letter No: WRDO/ P&I/TA-2/AE-2/Sonthi/2010-11, Dated: 07.05.2010
at Annexure- 3 and considering that the utilization is limited to 4.00 TMC, which is
substantially lower than approved yield.
1.1. Design Flood
1) Flood Discharge by Ravey’s formula: Q = CM2/3
Q = CM
Where Q= Discharge in Cumecs
M= Catchment area in Sq.Km C= 18.75 Constant
= 18.75 X (69184)2/3
2/3 = 31599 Cumecs or (1115922 Cusecs)2) High Flood by unit Hydrology : 32212 cumecs or (1137550 cusecs)
3) High flood level : 381.30
4) (a) Scour depth ( in alluvial Soil):
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Dsm = 0.473 ( Q/ksf)
Where Q= Discharge in cumecs KSf: silt factor
1/3
= 1.25 in medium sand
Dsm = 0.473 (31599/1.25)
(b) Maximum Scour Depth (D)
1/3
Nature of River course = Right angle Bend
Constant = 2
Hence, D = 2 X dsm
= 2 X 13.82 = 27.64m
5) Foundation level:
a) (HFL – Maximum Scour Depth) = +353.660 m
b) Lowest Foundation level = +362.000 m
(as per the bore Details)
The work of Design and Drawings regarding construction of Bridge cum Barrage was
entrusted to Aminbhavi & Hegade, Consulting Engineer Pvt. Ltd, Dharwad. The agency
has made elaborate studies on the Design, Discharge, Site selection and foundation.
Details arriving at the structural details (Annexure – 4). The High flood discharge obtain by Unit Hydrograph method ie.. 32212
Cumecs has been considered for the design of the barrage. The construction of the
Barrage was completed during 2008-2009 and has already surpassed two monsoon
seasons that to with an observed high flood 7500 cumecs in the monsoon of 2009. The
structure is safe for a life period of 100 years.
1.2. Yield calculation
By considering the 75 % dependable yield of Bhima at Sonthi from total Catchment {Data
taken from Table-24 (a)}
Yield at the Sonthi barrage site: = (75% Dep. Yield in MCum) – 2(Gattergi + Kollulr-B)
= 1401.38 – 2(17.66 + 20.78) = 1324.50 Mcum
= 46.77 TMC
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CHAPTER-6 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS
6.1 GENERAL
Before the start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the
baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a result
of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has been
adopted for conducting the CEIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme. The
Scoping Matrix as outlined in Chapter-4 was formulated to identify various issues likely to be
affected as a result of the proposed project. Based on the specific impacts likely to accrue due
the proposed project, aspects to be covered in the CEIA study were identified. The other issues
as outlined in the Scoping Matrix were then discarded. Thus, planning of baseline survey
commenced with the shortlisting of impacts and identification of parameters for which the data
needs to be collected.
The baseline status has been divided into following three categories:
• Physico-chemical aspects
• Ecological aspects
• Socio-Economic aspects
The baseline setting for physico-chemical aspects have been covered in this Chapter.
6.2 METEOROLOGY
Gulbarga district lies in the northern plains of Karnataka and has semi - arid type of climate.
Dry climate prevails for most part of the year. December is the coldest month with mean daily
maximum and minimum temperatures being 29.5°C & 15° to 1 DoC respectively. During peak
summer, temperature shoots up to 45°C. Relative humidity varies from 26% in summer to 62%
in winter. The project area has a moderate climate tending to hot ranging from 15.2°C to 44°C.
The monsoon usually arrives in June and last until October.
Rainfall
The southwest monsoon sets in the middle of June and extends till the end of September. Bulk
of the annual rainfall occurs during this season, which constitutes over 75% of the annual
rainfall. Significant rainfall occurs during the winter monsoon owing to northeastem monsoon,
which constitutes 15% of the annual rainfall. The Chittapur Taluka of Gulbarga District and
Yadgir Taluka of Yadgir District receives very low rainfall (The average annual rainfall is 740
mm and 695 mm respectively) The rainfall is erratic and unevenly distributed, causing regular
crop failure.
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Temperature
The project lies in semi - arid type of climate. December is the coldest month with mean daily
maximum and minimum temperatures being 29.5 °C & 15° C to 1 DoC respectively. During peak
summer, temperature shoots up to 45°C. Relative humidity varies from 26% in summer to 62%
in winter.
Humidity Annual mean humidity in morning is found to be 68% and in the evening it is 44%. Maximum
humidity is 82% and Minimum humidity 41 %
Cloud Cover
During the period from May to November skies are moderately to heavily cloud. In the rest of
the year, skies are clear of lightly clouded generally.
Wind Speed
Mean wind speed (high) is 21.4 Kmph during July and Mean low wind speed is 6.5Kmph in
December
Predominant wind directions Morning November to February SE, E, N, NE
March to June S, SW, W, NW July to October W, NW
Evening November to February SE, E, N, NE March to June E, SE, W, NW
July to October W, NW
6.3 HYDRO-GEOLOGY The ground water occurs under water table conditions as well as semi-confined condition in
weathered and fracture zone of the country rock of the area. Recharge of ground water is
mainly from rain water. In lime stone area ground water occurs in the contract zone of lime
stone and granitic gneiss. In granitic area ground occurs mainly in fractures and weathered
portion of rocks. The yield of borewells drastically dwindles during summer and hot condition
makes agricultures stand still.
The quality of ground water is equally important as quantity. The ground water quality depends
mainly on its aquifer. Due to over exploitation of ground water, quality of water degrading day
by day. The concentration of fluoride is increasing and it found more than 1.5 ppm which is
more than permissible limit in western portion due to poor drainage brackishness of water is
observed.
Geohydrological conditions are feasible in the eastern of the area which as well developed
dendretic type of drainage. Some small patches of structurally controlled nalas are seen in this
terrain. In the western portion geohydrological condition unfavorable for tapping of ground
water. The area mainly depends up on rain fed only.
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The command area comes under semi critical and critical zone of ground water. The entire
area depends on ground water for agriculture and drinking purpose. Depletion of ground water
is occurring over a period of year. The proposed lift Irrigation Scheme from Sonthi Barrage
auguments ground water table condition along with irrigation benefit. It reduces
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CHAPTER 7 BASLESINE STATUS FOR ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS
7.1. INTRODUCTION Before start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the
baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a
result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has
been adopted for conducting the CEIA study for the proposed Sonnthi Lift Irrigation Project.
The baseline setting for Ecologcal aspects have been covered in this Chapter following
floral and faunal accounts of the area. Flora is categorized in to three groups as herbs,
shrubs and trees. Fauna is divided into two groups i.e. terrestrial fauna include insects
(butterflies), reptiles, birds and mammals whereas aquatic fauna consists of plankton,
benthos and fishes. Field survey was conducted for baseline study of existing ecological
environment for one season - monsoon season during the present study period.
7.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme envisages construction of a bridge cum barrage across
Bhima River near Sonthi village of Chittapur taluka in Gulbarga District, in Karnataka at
latitude of 160, 49' 50" & longitude of 760, 55' 45" to impound 2.89 M.Cum including a dead
storage of 0.265 TMC of water and one lift irrigation scheme. Thus, the total water allocation
for the scheme is 4.00 TMC (including Evaporation losses) and is earmarked for irrigation
purpose. The Canal network will provide irrigation to 16800 ha of Culturable Command Area
(CCA) situated in drought prone areas- dry lands of Chittapur Taluka (9 Villages) of
Gulbaraga Distirct and Yadgir Taluka (22 Villages) of Yadgir District. In addition, the
proposed scheme will also help to generate incidental power 13.5 MW through surface
power house in downstream area.
The Government of Karnataka had allotted hydel power using seasonal floods to generate
13.5 MW (4.5 MW x 3 units) as per G.O. No: PD/267/NCE/2004, Bangalore Dated:
13.09.2004 and also as per G.O.No: No: PD/264/NCE/2007, Bangalore Dated: 09.08.2007.
The total cost of the project at 2007 price level was 57.41 crores and will be developed by
M/s Sugnaneshwara Hydel Power Pvt. Ltd.
The proposed scheme is undertaken by KBJNL. Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Ltd (KBJNL)
was incorporated on19th August 1994 under the Companies Act, 1956 as Company, wholly
owned by the Government of Karnataka for implementation of the Upper Krishna Project
(UKP) in the State of Karnataka. The Company is responsible for planning, investigation,
estimation, execution, operation and maintenance of all irrigation projects coming under the
UKP.
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The land use in the proposed project area is dry land agriculture, subject to vagaries of
monsoon rain with low cropping intensity and low productivity. The common crops that are
grown are Jowar, Pulses, Groundnut, Sunflower, etc. The proposed irrigation intensity is
kept at 105% for Khariff and Rabi season to grow semi dry and wet crops as recommended
by the Agriculture Department in case of Barrage across Bhima River near Kollur. Figure 1.1
depicts the location map of the project area on Toposheet and Figure 1.2 presents the
Google view of the proposed project.
7.3 OBJECTIVES
The ecological study of the surrounding area up to 10 km radius and other longitudinally
influenced area in catchment and downstream power house has been conducted in order to
understand the ecological status of the existing flora and fauna to generate baseline
information and evaluate the probable impacts on the biological environment. Similarly,
longitudinal stretch of Bhima River has been surveyed for aquatic ecology.
The floral & faunal survey for three seasons during 2013 for pre-monsson (summer),
monsoon (rainy season) and post monsoon (or winter) has been conducted. For Floral
accounts, a herbarium for unidentified species shall be prepared during the course of the
ecological survey. The survey has been conducted at eight locations following random
quadrat technique for flora and line transect for fauna. The quadrate size will range
from 01 m2 to 100 m2 depending on the type of species number (i.e., Trees, Shrubs &
Herbs etc.) and sensitivity of species. At each sampling location, at least 25 quadrats have
been studied which are varies due to prevailing field conditions of undulating plains. The
objectives of the work as follows:
7.3.1 Flora (Vegetation)
• Identification of forest type and density, bio-diversity in the study area
• Preparation of comprehensive checklist of flora (Angiosperm,
Gymnosperm, Bryophyte, pteridophyte, algae, fungi, Lichen)
• Importance value index of the dominant vegetation in the study area of proposed
project
• Frequency, Abundance and Density of each species of Trees, Shrubs, Herbs
& Grasses at representative sampling sites will be estimated
• Identification and listing of Rare Endangered species -RET
• Identification and listing of plants of genetically, biologically, economical
and medicinal importance
• Ethno botanical aspects of each species need to be assessed
• Assessment of economic values and uses of existing forests in the study area
• Identification of potentially important species from conservation and economic point
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of view
• Major forest produce, if any and dependence of locals on the same in the forests
7.3.2 Fauna
For Fauna inventorisation i.e. wildlife as mammals, avifauna, reptiles and butterflies etc., the
study was carried out in the proposed project vicinity w.r.t. the following objectives:
• To prepare an inventory of the terrestrial fauna (Mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian,
Lower invertebrate etc.)
• To assess present status of the terrestrial fauna present in the study area
• To assess the impacts on terrestrial fauna present in the study area
• Identification and listing of RET- Fauna following WPA
7.3.3 Aquatic Ecology
The Aquatic Ecological Monitoring is to be conducted minimum at five locations in
summer season. The details of the monitoring work proposed to be carried out are as
follows:
• Assessment of biotic resources with special reference to primary productivity,
zooplanktons, phytoplanktons, benthos, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and
fishes in the study area
• Population densities and diversities of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons benthos,
macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish shall be estimated Diversity indices of
these ecological groups will also be calculated separately
• Spawning breeding grounds if any, have to be identified
• Assessment of loss of habitat and conservation needs for Fish species in the project
area
• Based on the existing status of riverine ecology the ecosystems shall be
characterized for trophic status
• Fish species community in the project area and mitigation measures
7.4 STUDY AREA
Project Details: The project site is approachable from Shahpur Taluka of Yadgir district
through Bhimnarayangudi urban area. The project area- Barrage, Reservoir and Canal
intake sites comes under the Gulbarga districts whereas most of the command area
following canal network falls under Yadgir districts. (Figure 1).
The Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme, involves, construction of gated Barrage across River
Bhima near Sonthi Village in Chittapur Taluka. The length of barrage is 665 meters. The
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length of earthen dam towards the left flank is 275 meters and on the right flank is 180 m.
The top of the Barrage is fixed to RL 380.250m. The clear road way of 7.50 m wide is
provided over the barrage . Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme (Sonthi LIS head works-160,53'
07"N; 760, 59' 07"E) comprises of an intake channel (365.500 m, CBL of intake channel) of
3 km length to draw water from the foreshore of the reservoir at Kollur village. Further, canal
system is mainly contour lift canals, which will consist mainly of 1) Sonthi feeder canal, 2)
Sonthi main canal, 3) Sonthi branch canal 4) Distributory No.1 canal and 5) Yargol minor
canal. The Sonthi Main canal is a contour canal and distributaries minors are ridge canals.
Under this lift irrigation scheme total 31 villages are being benefited, i.e. 9 villages of
Chittpaur taluka of Gulbarga Distirict viz., 1) Kollur 2) Sonthi 3) Kanaganahalli 4)
Holandagere 5) Banahatti 6) Tarkaspet 7) Rampurhalli 8) Shampurhalli and 9) Nalwar and
22 villages of Yadgir taluka of Yadgir Distirict viz., 1) Yargol 2) Talak 3) Hedagimudra
4)wadanahalli 5) Bomashetthalli 6) Thangundi 7) Tumkur 8) Mudnal 9) Achola 10) Arekera-
B 11) Khanahalli 12) Kyasapanahalli 13) Basavanthpur 14) Alipur 15) Kanchagarahalli 16)
Horancha 17) Hattikuni 18) Yadahalli 19) Chamanahalli 20) Bandahalli 21) Hongera and 22)
Naganayakanahalli.
Topography: The rock formation in the Command Area is Deccan trap, available at
reasonable depths. The topography of the project and its surrounding area is plain. The
slope of the catchment area range between “1% to 5%”. The major part of the command
area is gently sloping terrain. It is very gently sloping on the low lands and gently sloping to
undulating on midlands and uplands. The command area lies around 1234 feet (376.00 m)
above mean sea level. Geohydrological conditions are feasible in the eastern of the area
which as well developed dendretic type of drainage. Some small patches of structurally
controlled nalas are seen in this terrain. In the western portion geohydrological condition
unfavorable for tapping of ground water. The area mainly depends up on rain fed only. The
command area comes under semi critical and critical zone of ground water. The entire area
depends on ground water for agriculture and drinking purpose. Depletion of ground water is
occurring over a period of year. The proposed lift Irrigation Scheme from Sonthi Barrage
auguments ground water table condition along with irrigation benefit. It reduces burden on
electric energy of the area. Existing land use pattern (agriculture, non agriculture, forest,
water bodies (including area under crz), shortest distances from the periphery of the project
to periphery of the forest, national parks, wild life sanctuary, eco sensitive areas, water
bodies (distance from, the HFL of the river). Presently, the land use consists of agriculture
and non agriculture areas in most of the portion of the command area. Forest patches
are also available here and there with rocky knobs. The details of the existing land use are
presented in Figure 1.1.
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Study Site Selection: The study has been conducted covering submergence zone, dam
site area and d/s influenced zone in the vicinity of 10 km radius from the periphery of project
appurtenances. The field survey was conducted upto the Left and right bank full height in
the river course as well as in surrounding area including agriculture land and village waste
land, designated forest area. The river morphology in the area is ravine type and flows in
deep cut surface on the rocky bottom where both banks are sandy clay deposits. Above
bank height land is undulating plains followed by agriculture land. Being an irrigation
scheme, few representative sites has also been selected from the wide spread command
area. However, secondary data of Satellite imagery for study area was also referred as
secondary data sources in the study area and information for ecosenstive zone was also
collected from the forest department working plan for protected, reserved forest and any
notified area in the vicinity.
Figure 7.1: Topomap map of Project Area on SoI Toposheet (Scale – 1: 2,50,000, Nos.
56C, 56D, 56G & 56H)
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Figure 7.1.2 Google View of the Project Area
7.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology
For study of floral and faunal accounts in and around the proposed project, the area has
been subdivided in to five groups i.e. Barrage axis site, Submergence & Catchemnt zone,
project influenced area d/s zone, command area under canal network, respectively.
Catchment & Submergence zone where quadrat laid down are both left and right banks
near dam axis d/s of Sonnthi village(Left Bank) and right bank to towards
Hurasagundagi/Sirwal village following u/s catchment –submergence zone and d/s project
influenced area. The river flows in the low gradient surface surrounded by undulating land
plains, which will submerge 900 ha area spreads upstream area beyond canal Intake side at
FRL 376m, msl. Therefore, to have a holistic view of complete ecology and biodiversity of
the area, some study site were also selected beyond 10km radius study area from the
project appurtenance. Similarly, faunal survey was also followed in the same tract while
following visual observation with line transects methodology only. The description of study
area is given in Table 7.1 and images shown in Plate 7.1.
Table 7.1: Description of Study Sites for terrestrial ecology (Floral and Faunal accounts) w.r.t. Project Appurtenances
S.NO./ Sites
LOCATION STUDY SITES SITE DESCRIPTION NEARBY FORESTS
A. SUBMERGENCE /CATCHMENT AREA (up to 10km from barrage axis)
1
Submergence Zone A. Left Bank Sonnthi village B. Right Bank Hurasagundagi to Sirwal villages
Riparian Vegetation- along river banks, including and Agriculture fields as the spreads till river bank
Agriculture dominant (Gulbarga district)
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B. CANAL INTAKE POINT-
2 Canal Intake Area 1. Left Bank Kollur Village & 2. Right Bank Hotanmadi village
Riparian Vegetation- along river banks, including and Agriculture fields as the spreads till river bank
Left Bank moist cropland- paddy dominate and right bank dry zone where cotton crops dominate (Distt Gulbarga)
C. Catchment Area- 3 Catchment Area
Biral Nalla Located between Biral khurd and Biral Buzurg villages 3-4 km upwards from right bank Bhima confluences
Riparian Vegetation- along nalla, and widespread Agriculture fields of cotton, tour dal, green chilli and few ever sugarcanes etc.
Agriculture dominant (Gulbarga district)
D. BARRAGE AXIS SITE BHIMA RIVER
4
1) Left Bank across barrage axis from u/s Chandralama temple to d/s Budha Temple-ASI
Approx 1000 m river length covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m barrage axis+ 500m d/s) following –riparian vegetation, forest and wide spread agriculture fields
Riparian buffer vegetation and predominate agriculture fields. Left banks paddy common and right bank cotton crop common (Distt. Gulbarga & Yadgir)
2) Right Bank across barrage axis u/s area following water intake canal and to d/s Power House site till confluence tail water with river Bhima 3) Power House Site
Approx 1000 m river length covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m barrage axis+ 500m d/s) following –riparian vegetation, forest and wide spread agriculture fields
Riparian buffer vegetation and predominate agriculture fields. Left banks paddy common and right bank cotton crop common (Distt. Gulbarga & Yadgir)
E. INFLUENCE ZONE: (5 to 8 km d/s from barrage)
Area along Left bank is also Part of Command Area
5
Left bank (Moist Vegetation) river reach length from Halandgira /Kagnahalli to Banhatti villages
Riparian Vegetation along bank , Agriculture Land of villages and village area vegetation
Agriculture field – paddy field in kagnahalli to Halandagere and cotton field in dry zone from Halandagere to Banhatti zone
Right Bank (Dry Vegetation) u/s and d/s area of Tangedgi village following Tangedgi nalla confluence
Riparian cover with scrubs and agriculture field of cotton and tour dal, following village vegetation, no forest land
Agriculture fields widespread till the River bank zone.
6 Ibrahimpur Village : approx 6-7 km southern direction
Consists vegetation from Agriculture land, scrub land along Ibrahimpur kere
Agriculture predominate except the riparian vegetation along nalla
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from bhima river right bank
(water tank), village vegetation and riparian nalla /stream (Tangdgi)
and scrubs on side slopes of kere / pond/ water tank
F. COMMAND AREA ALONG PROPOSED CANAL NETWORK
The area located on left bank of Bhima river and spreads toward east and northern directions
7 Delivery Chamber: Feeder Canal Juntion Zone (1.5-2.0km from Shampurhalli Rly. stn.) canal crossing Railway line near village Shampurhalli,
Agriculture field where cotton, and tour dal predominates.
Mainly agriculture fields
8 Wadnahalli Village: Canal passing through Agriculture fields and partly along the margin of Yadgir Reserve Forest –open scrubs type.
Agriculture field semi arid type. Land undulating plains. Yadgir RF open scrubs on the slopes of extended rocky hillocks till the slopes of Wadnahalli Kere (water tank-lake). Riparian zone of Water tank/ kere.
Agriculture field semi arid zone with open scrub forest land. Left bank of canal Yadgir RF and Right bank is village land of Wadnahalli following agriculture land.
7.5 Eco-sensitive Zones
The project section is not passing through any sanctuary or ecological sensitive area except
some sites of reserve forests and protected forests. One of the distributary canal cross
along the southern margin fringe (about 300m) through open scrubs of rocky hillock of
Yadgir RF in the command area. However, there is no protected, eco sensitive, wildlife area
as notified in Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 is located in 10 km of proposed barrage, power
house and canal intake site. The existing scrub land, protected forest and reserve forests
are shown in the map along with project location, streams of Bhima river and in d/s area the
Bhima river (Figure 1.0.).
7.6 Terrestrial Ecology Methodology
A detail investigation was made to understand overall vegetation profile and floral resource
characteristics within 10 km radius from the major project components and some sites
beyond 10 km area due to large longitudinal submergence in Bhima river course. For
assessing the floral diversity in the study area both floristic survey and quantitative analysis
of vegetation were undertaken. Information regarding local names and locality of the plants
were recorded with the help of the local people and forest personnel. The quantitative
analysis of vegetation was done by using quadrats as sampling units. The details of
methodology followed are described in below section.
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7.7 Floral resources
a. Secondary data
Published documents of the concerned Forest Divisions are used as the secondary
information source of the area. Also various published reports and research papers are
used as the secondary source of data.
b. Primary data
A detail investigation was made to understand overall vegetation profile and floral resource
characteristics within 10 km radius of the proposed project area. The study was carried out
during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons.
7.7.1 Forest and Forest Types
Forest and Forest types are classified as per Champain and Seth Forest classification of
India.
7.7.2 Floral Study
The present report on the plants of project area is based on field survey conducted during
monsoon seasons. The project area has been divided into three zones based on project
appurtenances in the river course i.e. dam axis site, catchment area or submergence zone
u/s of dam axis, and project influenced area d/s of dam site following surrounding area upto
10km radius including the proposed command area for lift canal irrigation scheme.
Therefore, detail survey was conducted in the different habitats for having a holistic view of
phyto-sociological aspects.
Phytosociology
A nested quadrats technique was used for sampling the vegetation. The size and number of
quadrates needed were determined using species area curve (Mishra, 1968) and the
runnings mean method (Kershaw, 1973). To study the phytosociological attributes
quadrates of 10 m × 10 m size for trees, 5 m x 5 m. size for shrubs and 1m x 1m size for
herbs and grasses were randomly laid out at each site randomly in identified sites in the
dam site, submergence area, Catchment area and Command area. The vegetation analysis
was undertaken by collecting numerical community data for trees, shrubs and herbs from
the randomly laid quadrats. Total 25 numbers of quadrats were laid at each study sites due
to sparse vegetaion, which are having representation of from the left and right banks of river
Bhima, where each 25 quadrats laid both banks to the uppermost bank height and
undulating land plains above slopes. The terrain is undulating ravine habitat type. The
enumeration of vegetation in each of the quadrat was done. The vegetation data collected
for phyto-sociological information was quantitatively analyzed according to the method
developed by Curtis and McIntosh (1950) and by Misra (1968). The GBH of all trees having
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girth of more than 16 cm (equivalent to 5 cm DBH) was measured. The tree species
diversity for each stand in different forest types was determined using Shannon Wiener
information function (Shannon and Wiener, 1963) and Evenness Index formula,
respectively. Vegetation composition was evaluated by analyzing the frequency, density,
abundance, abundance to frequency ratio (A/F) and importance value index (IVI). The tree
species diversity for each stand in different forest types was determined using Shannon
Wiener information function (Shannon and Wiener, 1963) and Evenness Index formula,
respectively.
Further, Based on the quadrat data, frequency, density and cover (basal area) for each
species were calculated using the following formula:
Density (ha-1) = (Total number of individuals of the species in all the quadrats/total number
of quadrats studied) multiplied by the factor depending on the quadrat size to express on
per hectare basis for trees and shrubs, individual/m2 for herbs.
Frequency (%) = (Number of quadrats in which the species occurred/total number of
quadrats studied) × 100;
Basal cover is considered as the portion of ground surface occupied by a species (Greig-
Smith, 1983). Basal area = πr2 = C2/4 π Where, C = 2 πr (C = Circumference at breast
height; r = Radius)
Frequency indicates the number of sampling units in which a given species occur and thus
express the dispersion of various species. The density represents the numerical strength of
the species in the community. The ratio of abundance to frequency (A/F) was used to
represent the distribution pattern of the species i.e. the two dimensional spatial organization
or dispersion of population in the community. The ratio of abundance to frequency if less
than 0.025 indicates regular distribution while between 0.025 – 0.050 random and more
than 0.050 indicates contiguous distribution (Cottam and Curtis , 1956).
Based on the quantitative characters like frequency, density, and dominance (Basal area or
cover) the overall dominance of a species on the entire community is measured by
analyzing the synthetic character called Importance Value Index (IVI), Philips (1959)
reported that IVI expresses the abundance and ecological success of any species. The
values of IVI were computed by the summation of the value of relative frequency, relative
density and relative dominance (Curtis and McIntosh 1950 and 1951; Mishra, 1968).
Relative values for frequency, density and basal area were calculated by dividing the
individual species value by the total value multiplied by 100. The IVI values were tabulated
in the descending order. It helped in permitting the development of an abstract called
“Community Type”.
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Diversity indices and Evenness
The herbaceous vegetation has been studied through tiller analysis. Separate shoots
appearing above the ground were counted as individual tiller. The method was selected for
study because it was difficult to decide where an individual plant begins and where it ends.
Grasses and sedges usually form smaller and large tufts and the number of aerial shoots
(culms) varies greatly with the tufts as well as the species. Such a method provides a real
picture of the actual composition of herb age of mixed grassy vegetation. To assess
diversity of floral elements and structure of the plant community in different study sites,
various diversity indices were analyzed. A diversity index is a mathematical measure of
species diversity in a community. They provide more information about community
composition than simply species richness (i.e., the number of species present); they also
take the relative abundances of different species into account.
Shannon Weinner index (H′)
It is an index used to measure diversity in categorical data. In a basic sense, it is the
information entropy of the distribution in a given area treating species as symbols and their
relative population sizes as the probability. The diversity index takes into account the
number of individuals as well as number of taxa. Higher values of Shannon index indicate
that a particular community has more information.
H′ = – ∑=
s
iii pp
1ln
where, s = the number of species
pi = the proportion of individuals or abundance of the ith species expressed as a
proportion of total cover
ln = log base n.
Concentration of dominance (Cd)
It is calculated as Cd= ∑ ((ni/n)2) where ni is number of individuals of taxon i. The value of
D Ranges from 0 (all taxa are equally present) to 1 (one taxon dominates the community
completely).
Equitability or Evenness
It was calculated by following formula given by Pielou (1966, 1969), which reads:
Evenness (J) = s
pps
iii
ln
ln∑== 1
maxH'H'
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Where, s = the number of species
pi = the proportion of individuals or abundance of the ith species expressed as a
proportion of total cover
ln = log base n.
It indicates the relative abundance or proportion of individuals among the species.
α-diversity is within area diversity, measured as the number of species occurring within an
area of given size (Huston, 1994). It is therefore a measure of richness of a potentially
interactive assemblage of species.
7.7.3 Identification of Rare, Endangered and Threatened plant species
Rare and endangered species were identified referring to the Red Data Book of India and
other available literature, flora and herbarium pertaining to the rare/ endangered species of
state of Karnatka.
7.7.4 Medicinal & Economic important Plants
An Ethno botanical survey is carried out to identify the wild plants used by the local peoples
for different purposes.
7.8 FLORAL RESOURCES: VEGETATION PROFILE / FLORAL ACCOUNTS
7.8.1 Forest Type
As per the revised survey of forest type of India Sir Harry G Champian and Shri S K Seth
(1968), vegetation occurring in the area has been classified under two subgroup namely 5A-
Southern tropical dry deciduous forests and 6A-Southern tropical thorn forests identified in
the Gubarga district and Yadgir district forest division. Further each subgroup has been
divided in to two categories.
Sub group 5 A : Southern tropical dry deciduous forests
However, the present survey in the study area does not support type 5A group except some
presence of Type 5 /DS 1 : Dry deciduous scrubs and predominate Type 6 A/ C1 : Southern
tropical thorn forest and Type 6A/DS 1 : Southern thorn scrubs forests in Chhittur (Nalawar),
Shahpor and Yadgir areas. The type 5 /DS 1 is characterized by shrubby growth 3-6m high,
including some tree species reduced to similar conditions, usually many shrubs are
unpalatable to the cattle (Holorrhina, Dodonea) or thorny (Randia, Carrissa). The grasses
occur throughout of the area.
Type 5 A/ C3 : Southern dry mixed deciduous forest and
Type 5 /DS 1 : Dry deciduous scrubs
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Sub group 6A : Southern tropical thorn forests
These are open low forests in which thorny and hard wood species predominate, Accacia
species being particularly characteristic with other mixure of species. Thin grass appears
during moist season with more or less bare soil. The usual height is 6-9m. There is an ill
defined lower story of smaller trees and large shrubs mostly spiny and often with other
xerophytic conditions.
Type 6 A/ C1 : Southern tropical thorn forest and
These are with Accacia spp., thorny mimosae and ziziphus species followed by dry
deciduous scattered vegetation of Anogeissus latifolia, Soymida febrifuga and the like in
Gulbarga, Shorpur and Yadgir area.
Type 6A/DS 1 : Southern thorn scrubs
This is the most common type which occurs in the area. This includes open scrubs following
degraded vegetation of impenetrable thorny thickets, 4-6 m high with few surviving tree
stand out.
Therefore, the commonly occurring floral species in these forests and surrounding areas
including village, agriculture land, and water bodies are Albizzia amara, Azhadirecta
indica, cholorxylon swietenia, zizphus xylopyrus, Dichrostachys cinerea, Randia
dumetorum, Flacourtia indica, Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucophloea, Albizzia lebbek, Annona
spp, Ziziphus spp etc.
7.8.2 Agronomy and Agro forestry Practice in the Area
Cropping Pattern Name of Crops (Seasonwise)
(I) Khariff
1) Tur dal
2) Bajra
3) Jawar Khariff
4) Oil Seeds
5) Pulses(Black gram, Green gram, Cow Pea)
6) Ground nut
7) Maize
(II) Rabi
1) Toor
2) Bajra
3) Ground nut
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4) Jawar rabi
5) Sun flower
6) Safflower
7) Pulses
8) Wheat
9) Cotton
10) Other crops
(III) Two Seasonal
1) Cotton
2) Chillies
S.No. Crops Common name Scientific name 1. Cereal 2. Maize Corn (macca) Zea mays 3. Bajra Bajra Pennisetum glaucum 4. Jowar Jowar Sorghum vulgare 5. Wheat Gahuun Triticum aestivum 6. Barley Jo Hordeum vulgare 7. Oats Jaie Avena fatua 8. Sugarcane Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum 9. Torai Arhar (Redgram) Cajanus cajon 10. Oil seeds 11. Sunflower Oil seed Helianthus annuus 12. Groundnut Moongfali Arachis hypogaea 13. Fruits 14. Bananaas Sweet banana Musa bulbisiana 15. Grapes Angoor Vitis vinifera 16. Vegetables 17. Onion pyaj Allium cepa
7.8.3 Vegetation Accounts in & around project site & Study Area The area lies in a region of moderate to low rainfall zone. Besides these vagaries of
monsoon, the prolonged dry periods have rendered the area into draughprone Yadgir
districts. Therefore, sever droughts in the area often leads to damage to the natural
regeneration of natural forests and plantations. The community lavel studies of the selected
sites (see Table-7.1) were conducted during different seasons (i.e, Monsoon, Post-monsoon
and Pre-monsoon) for herbaceous vegetation and once for trees and shrubs. During the
survey, individuals within the quadrat were identified up to the species level, and the number
of individuals of each species in each quadrat was counted and described in the below
sections.
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7.8.3.1 Florostics
The floristic exploration of present study of Sonthi lift irrigation project area in different
seasons, a total of 129 plant species belonging to 106 genera under 42 families have been
recorded. The habit approach of plants revealed that out of 129 flowering plants, the biggest
group was herbs, contributed 76 species (58.91%) which is followed by trees with 29
species (22.48%), shrubs with 18 species (13.95%), climbers with 5 species (3.88%) and
parasite with single species (Table-7.2).
Table 7.2: Vegetation stasus of the study site PLANT HABIT NO. OF SPECIES % OF SPECIES
Herbs 76 58.91% Trees 29 22.48%
Shrubs 18 13.95% Climber 5 3.88% Parasite 1 0.78%
Total 129
During the floristic survey in Pre-monsoon season, a total of 93 plant species were
recorded from the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project. Of these, 29 species are trees, 18 are
shrubs, 43 herbs, and 3 climbers. No epiphytic, and gymnosperm species recorded from the
study area in this season. In Monsoon Season, a total of 124 plant species were recorded,
which is the maximum number of plant diversity in the project area. Of these, 29 species are
trees, 18 shrubs, 71 herbs, 5 climbers. No epiphytic, and gymnosperm species recorded
from the study area, however, only single species of parasite were recorded in this season
from the project area.
In Post-Monsoon Season, a total of 87 plant species were recorded from the Sonthi Lift
Irrigation Project Area. Of these, 29 species are trees, 18 are shrubs, 36 herbs, and 4
climbers. No epiphytic, and gymnosperm species recorded from the study area in this
season. The summary of number of floral species recorded during field studies in various
seasons is given in Table-7.3.
Table 7.3: Number of plant species recorded in different seasons from the study area Life form Number of Species
Pre-Monsoon Monsoon Post monsoon Trees 29 29 29
Shrubs 18 18 18 Herbs 43 71 36
Climbers 3 5 4 Parasite - 1 -
Total 93 124 87
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Figure-7.2: Showing floral species recorded in different seasons from the study area The composition of floristic elements of the study area consisted of 77.52% dicots and 22.48% monocots. A total 129 plant species (100 dicots and 29 monocots) belonging to 106 genera (82 dicots and 24 monocots) and 42 families (37 dicots and 5 monocots) were recorded (Figure -7.3). It is evident that dicots families are over 7 times larger than monocots, the genera are more than three times the monocots and species are also more than three times the monocots. The details are given in Table-7.4.
Table 7.4: Showing the percentage composition of the floristic elements of the study site
Group Family
Genera Species
No. % No. % No. % Dicots 37 88.10 82 77.36 100 77.52
Monocots 5 11.90 24 22.64 29 22.48 Total
42 106 129
Figure 7.3: Taxa reported from the study site
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Trees Shrubs Herbs Climber Parasite
Pre-monsoon
Monsoon
Post-monsoon
0
20
40
60
80
100
Family Genera Species
37
82
100
5
24 29
Num
bers
Rank of Taxa
Dicots Monocots
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Description of families, genera and species along with their local name and habit observed
at various sampling locations in different seasons are depicted in Table -7.5.
Table 7.5:Total list of plant species recorded from the Sonthi lift irrigation project in different seasons
Plant Species Local name Family Habit
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Kakari Malvaceae Shrub
Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. Kachu/Khadira Mimosaceae Tree
Acacia ferruginea DC. Banni Mimosaceae Tree
Acacia leucophloea Roxb. - Mimosaceae Tree
Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile Karjali Mimosaceae Tree
Acalypha indica L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. - Asteraceae Herb
Achyranthes aspera L. - Amaranthaceae Herb
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Bael Rutaceae Tree
Agave cantula Roxb. - Agavaceae Shrub
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin Tugli,Chigare Mimosaceae Tree
Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth. Bage/ Siris Mimosaceae Tree
Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rain tree Mimosaceae Tree
Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Belati/ Safed siris Mimosaceae Tree
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. - Amaranthaceae Herb
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Herb
Amaranthus spinosus L. - Amaranthaceae Herb
Amaranthus viridis L. - Amaranthaceae Herb Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees - Acanthaceae Herb
Andropogon schoenanthus L. Rausa grass Poaceae Herb
Annona squamosa L. Shareefa/Seetafal Annonaceae Shrub
Apluda mutica L. Karrigudi Poaceae Herb
Argemone mexicana L. - Papaveraceae Herb
Aristida setacea Retz. - Poaceae Herb
Azadirecta indica A. Juss Bevu/Neem Meliaceae Tree
Bahunia racemosa Lam. - Caesalpiniaceae Tree Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. Madare Asclepiadaceae Shrub
Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. - Asclepiadaceae Shrub
Carex cyperoides Dewey. - Cyperaceae Herb
Carica papaya L. Papita Caricaceae Tree
Carissa carandas L. Kavale Apocynaceae Shrub
Cassia auriculata L. Thangadi Caesalpiniaceae Shrub
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Cassia mimosoides L. - Caesalpiniaceae Herb
Cassia occidentalis L. - Caesalpiniaceae Shrub
Cassia pumilla Lam. - Caesalpiniaceae Herb
Cassia siamea Lam. Seeme/ Tangudi Caesalpiniaceae Tree
Cassia tora L. - Caesalpiniaceae Herb
Celosia argentea L. - Amaranthaceae Herb
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Brahmi Apiaceae Herb
Chrysopogon spp - Poaceae Herb
Cissampelos pareira L. - Menispermaceae Climber
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt - Cucurbitaceae Climber
Cocos nucifera L. - Arecaceae Tree
Coix lacryma-jobi L. - Poaceae Herb
Commelina benghalensis L. - Commelinaceae Herb
Corchorus aestuans L. - Tiliaceae Herb Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br). - Asclepiadaceae Climber
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. - Cuscutaceae Parasite
Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don - Commelinaceae Herb Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Rosha grass Poaceae Herb
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon - Poaceae Herb
Cyperus cyperoides Britton. - Cyperaceae Herb
Cyperus difformis L. - Cyperaceae Herb
Cyperus distans L.f. - Cyperaceae Herb
Cyperus niveus Retz. - Cyperaceae Herb
Cyperus nutans Vahl - Cyperaceae Herb
Cyperus rotundus L. Konnerigadde Cyperaceae Herb Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. - Poaceae Herb
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sissoo Fabaceae Tree
Datura innoxia Mill. - Solanaceae Herb
Desmodium hetrocarpon (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Herb
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Herb
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees - Acanthaceae Herb
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler - Poaceae Herb
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link - Poaceae Herb
Eclipta prostrata (L.) Taila Asteraceae Herb
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner - Poaceae Herb
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex - Poaceae Herb
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Roem. & Schult.
Eucalyptus spp Nilgiri Myrtaceae Tree
Euphorbia helioscopia L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb
Euphorbia heterophylla L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb
Euphorbia hirta L. - Euphorbiaceae Herb
Ficus bengalensis L. Aala Moraceae Tree
Ficus religiosa L. Arali/ Peepal Moraceae Tree
Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Miller - Apiaceae Herb
Grewia tiliaefolia vahl Tadasalu Tiliacaeae Shrub
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. - Lamiaceae Herb
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. - Fabaceae Herb
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. - Convolvulaceae Shrub
Justicia procumbens L. - Acanthaceae Herb
Lantana camara L. Lantana Verbenaceae Shrub
Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills Subabool Mimosaceae Tree Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel - Lamiaceae Herb Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten - Solanaceae Herb Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke - Malvaceae Herb
Mangifera indica L. Mavinamara/Aam Anacardiaceae Tree
Martynia annua L. - Martyniaceae Herb
Melia azedarach L. Arebevu/ Huchbevu Meliaceae Tree
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. - Fabaceae Climber
Musa bulbisiana Colla - Musaceae Herb
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. - Nymphaeaceae Herb
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Tulsi Lamiaceae Herb Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. - Poaceae Herb
Parthanium hysterophorus L. Congress grass Asteraceae Herb Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Hene - Caesalpiniaceae Tree
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Ichalu Arecaceae Tree
Physalis minima L. - Solanaceae Herb Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Hook. f. Asoka Annonaceae Tree
Polygonum barbatum L. - Polygonaceae Herb
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Honge/ Kanige Fabaceae Tree
Prosopis juliflora DC. Bellary Jali Mimosaceae Shrub
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Psidium guajava L. Amrood Myrtaceae Tree
Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret Mangare Rubeaceae Shrub
Rhynchosia spp - Fabaceae Climber
Ricinus communis L. - Euphorbiaceae Shrub
Saccharum spontaneum L. - Poaceae Herb
Scirpus articulates L. - Cyperaceae Herb
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. - Poaceae Herb Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. Bala Malvaceae Herb
Sida rhombifolia L. - Malvaceae Herb
Solanum nigrum L. - Solanaceae Herb
Sonchus brachyotus DC. - Asteraceae Herb
Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon - Poaceae Herb
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Nerale Myrtaceae Tree
Tamarindus indica L. Hunise Caesalpiniaceae Tree
Tectona grandis L. f. Tegal/ Sagavani Verbenaceae Tree
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. - Fabaceae Shrub Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Karrinatti Combritaceae Tree
Tribulus terrestris L. Neggilu Zygophyllaceae Herb
Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. - Boraginaceae Herb
Tridax procumbens L. - Asteraceae Herb
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. - Tiliaceae Herb
Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard Aapu/ Anechondu Typhaceae Herb
Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing - Asteraceae Herb
Vitex negundo L. Sakkigida Verbenaceae Shrub
Waltheria indica L. - Malvaceae Herb
Xanthium indicum Koenig - Asteraceae Herb
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bare Rhamnaceae Shrub
Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe - Fabaceae Herb
The most dominant family of the study area as per number of genera and species was
Poaceae with 16 species belonging to 16 genera. The co-dominant families were
mimosaceae with 10 species and 5 genera, Fabaceae with 10 species and 10 genera,
Caesalpiniaceae with 9 species and 4 genera and Cyperaceae with 8 species and 3 genera
(Figure-7.4).
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Figure -7.4: Most dominant families of the study site
7.8.3.2 Economically Important Plant Species
Vegetation is the most precious gift that nature has provided to us, as it is meeting all kinds
of essential requirements of the humans in the form of food, fodder, fuel, medicine, timber,
resins, and oil, etc. Most of the plant species recorded in the present study was used by the
local villagers for variety of uses ranging from food, religious uses medicinal, fodder, dye,
household articles, agricultural implements, vegetables, fuel, ornamental and fruits etc.
The list of economically important plant species observed in various seasons is enumerated
in Table-7.6.
Table-7.6: List of economically important plant species recorded from the study area
Plant Species Local name Habit Economic value Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br). - Climber Medicinal
Acalypha indica L. - Herb Medicinal
Achyranthes aspera L. - Herb Medicinal
Amaranthus spinosus L. - Herb Medicinal
Amaranthus viridis L. - Herb Green vegetable Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees - Herb Medicinal
Apluda mutica L. Karrigudi Herb Fodder grass
Argemone mexicana L. - Herb Medicinal
Cassia tora L. - Herb Medicinal
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Brahmi Herb Medicinal
Chrysopogon spp - Herb Fodder grass Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Rosha grass Herb Fodder grass
02468
10121416
16
5
10
4 3
16
10 10 9 8N
umbe
rs
Families
Genera
Species
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Cyperus rotundus L. Konnerigadde Herb Medicinal
Datura innoxia Mill. - Herb Medicinal
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees - Herb Medicinal
Eclipta prostrata (L.) Taila Herb Medicinal
Euphorbia helioscopia L. - Herb Medicinal
Euphorbia hirta L. - Herb Medicinal
Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Miller - Herb Condimental
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. - Herb Medicinal
Justicia procumbens L. - Herb Medicinal Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel - Herb Medicinal Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten - Herb Salad/ vagetable
Musa bulbisiana Colla - Herb Eruit edible
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Tulsi Herb Medicinal
Physalis minima L. - Herb Medicinal
Saccharum spontaneum L. - Herb Sand binder Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. Bala Herb Medicinal
Solanum nigrum L. - Herb Medicinal/Fruit edible
Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon - Herb Fodder grass
Tribulus terrestris L. Neggilu Herb Medicinal
Tridax procumbens L. - Herb Medicinal
Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard Aapu/
Anechondu Herb Medicinal
Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing - Herb Medicinal
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. - Parasite Medicinal
Agave cantula Roxb. - Shrub Fencing Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. Madare Shrub Medicinal
Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. - Shrub Medicinal
Carissa carandas L. Kavale Shrub Fencing
Cassia auriculata L. Thangadi Shrub Medicinal
Grewia tiliaefolia vahl Tadasalu Shrub Fodder
Lantana camara L. Lantana Shrub Medicinal
Prosopis juliflora DC. Bellary Jali Shrub Fencing
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. - Shrub Medicinal
Vitex negundo L. Sakkigida Shrub Medicinal
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bare Shrub Fruit edible
Acacia ferruginea DC. Banni Tree Timber
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Acacia leucophloea Roxb. - Tree Timber
Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile Karjali Tree Timber
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Bael Tree Medicinal
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin Tugli,Chigare Tree Timber/Fuel wood
Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth. Bage/ Siris Tree Timber/Fuel wood
Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rain tree Tree Planted
Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Belati/ Safed siris Tree Timber
Azadirecta indica A. Juss Bevu/Neem Tree Medicinal/ Fuel wood
Bahunia racemosa Lam. - Tree Medicinal
Carica papaya L. Papita Tree Fruit edible
Cassia siamea Lam. Seeme/ Tangudi Tree Ornamental
Cocos nucifera L. - Tree Fruit edible
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sissoo Tree Timber/planted
Eucalyptus spp Nilgiri Tree Planted
Ficus religiosa L. Arali/ Peepal Tree Religious tree
Mangifera indica L. Mavinamara/Aam Tree Fruit edible
Melia azedarach L. Arebevu Tree Fodder/Fuel wood Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Hene - Tree Planted/Ornamental Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Hook. f. Asoka Tree Planted/Ornamental
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Honge/ Kanige Tree Soil binder
Psidium guajava L. Amrood Tree Fruit edible
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Nerale Tree Fruit edible/Fuel wood
Tamarindus indica L. Hunise Tree Fruit edible
Tectona grandis L. f. Tegal/ Sagavani Tree Planted Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Karrinatti Tree Medicinal
7.8.3.3 Quantitative Analysis of community characteristics at various sampling sites (Phytosociology).
SITE-IA
A total of 10 tree species were recorded from the Submergence zone upsream (site-IA, left
bank) during the study.The highest value of IVI (82.71) as well as density (80 individuals h-
1) with 60% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant
species of the site. Albizia amara and Leucaena latisiliqua occupy the second and third
position in dominance with IVI value of 49.59 and 33.23 respectively. With minimum value of
density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (4.50), Cocos nucifera attained least position in
Krishna BhagyaJala Nigam Limited EIA study for Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project
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dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Azadirachta indica was randomly distributed whereas;
remaining species showed contiguous distribution.The details are given in Table-7.7.
Nine shrub species made their contribution to this site (Table-7.7). From this table, it is clear
that Tephrosia purpurea is the dominant shrub species with maximum value for density (188
individuals ha-1) and IVI (58.87) and has occurred with 56% frequency at the site. The co-
dominance was shown by Prosopis juliflora with an IVI value of 53.86 Cassia auriculata the
main associate of Tephrosia purpurea with an IVI value 46.59 occurred at third place in
dominance Ricinus communis was the least frequent shrub species of this site with 8%
frequency. In terms of A/F ratio, Annona squamosa was randomly distributed while, rest of
species showed contiguous distribution pattern.
The vegetation of herbs on this site during pre-monsoon season is characterized by the
occurrence of 18 herbaceous species. The highest value of IVI (42.74) as well as density
(5.76 individuals/m2)) with 84% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which
resulted most dominant species of the site. Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 38.03) was the co-
dominant species of this vegetation stand followed by Andropogon schoenanthus (IVI,
36.97). The least position was shown by Euphorbia hirta with having an IVI value of 5.02.
Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon with 84% frequency and the least
value of frequency was recorded for Euphorbia heterophylla (12%). Distribution pattern of
species showed random distribution for the six species and contiguous for rest of the
species. The details are given in Table-7.8.
A total of 36 herbaceous species were recorded from this site during the vegetation study in
the monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI) and density Dactyloctenium
aegypticum (IVI,27.25, density 11.08 individuals/m2) was the dominant herbaceous species
of the site followed by Cynodon dactylon (IVI,25.17) and Eragrostis tenella IVI (20.64). The
least dominace for this site was shown by Physalis minima (IVI, 2.76) and minimum density
(0.36 individuals/m2). Frequency value ranged from 20% to 92%. The A/F values ranges
from 0.02 for Dicliptera bupleuroides to 0.17 for Dactyloctenium aegypticum.The details are
given in Table-7.8.
Table eight gives details of 25 herbaceous species that occurred in the upsream barrage
site (site-IA, left bank) during the post-monsoon season. It is evident that the Cynodon
dactylon is the dominant plant species of the site stand with maximum occurrence (88%)
and IVI (29.16) value. Apluda mutica and Cymbopogon martinii co-dominated the site.
Maximum density (4.92 individuals/m2) was shown by Cynodon dactylon closely followed by
Apluda mutica (4.68 individuals/m2). The least dominance was shown by Polygonum
barbatum with lowest value of IVI as 5.04 and density (0.28 individuals/m2). The A/F ratio
reveals contiguous distribution pattern for all the species except 5 species which were
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randomly distributed and single species (Acanthospermum hispidum) was regularly
distributed.
Table 7.7: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site IA
Plant species Frequency %
Density (ha-1 Abundance ) A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 60 80 1.33 0.02 82.71
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 20 32 1.60 0.08 49.59 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 20 32 1.60 0.08 33.23 Acacia ferruginea DC. 16 24 1.50 0.09 28.62 Tamarindus indica L. 12 20 1.67 0.14 27.98 Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. 12 28 2.33 0.19 25.80 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 8 20 2.50 0.31 19.68 Ficus religiosa L. 8 12 1.50 0.19 15.97 Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. 8 12 1.50 0.19 11.92 Cocos nucifera L. 4 4 1.00 0.25 4.50 SHRUB COMMUNITY Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 56 188 3.36 0.06 58.87 Prosopis juliflora DC. 32 132 4.13 0.13 53.86 Cassia auriculata L. 48 112 2.33 0.05 46.59 Annona squamosa L. 52 120 2.31 0.04 44.61 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 36 116 3.22 0.09 34.02 Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. 28 48 1.71 0.06 23.26 Lantana camara L. 16 36 2.25 0.14 15.16 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 24 40 1.67 0.07 14.43 Ricinus communis L. 8 20 2.50 0.31 9.21 Table 7.8 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-IA during various seasons
Plant species Frequency %
Density Ind/m Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 84 5.76 6.86 0.08 42.74 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 52 4.60 8.85 0.17 38.03 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 68 4.68 6.88 0.10 36.97 Aristida setacea Retz. 60 4.08 6.80 0.11 33.71 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 72 1.84 2.56 0.04 20.14 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 60 1.08 1.80 0.03 14.64 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 32 1.00 3.13 0.10 13.04 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 52 0.84 1.62 0.03 12.45 Xanthium indicum Koenig 56 0.76 1.36 0.02 12.24 Tridax procumbens L. 52 0.68 1.31 0.03 11.36 Celosia argentea L. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 10.37 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 10.37 Amaranthus spinosus L. 32 0.60 1.88 0.06 9.48 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 32 0.40 1.25 0.04 7.70
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Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 7.49 Euphorbia heterophylla L. 12 0.32 2.67 0.22 7.29 Cyperus distans L.f. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 6.96 Euphorbia hirta L. 20 0.20 1.00 0.05 5.02 MONSOON SEASON Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 80 11.08 13.85 0.17 27.25 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 92 10.40 11.30 0.12 25.17 Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 84 8.00 9.52 0.11 20.64 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 76 6.88 9.05 0.12 18.58 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 56 5.80 10.36 0.18 17.28 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 72 4.64 6.44 0.09 13.83 Apluda mutica L. 60 4.48 7.47 0.12 13.79 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 72 2.76 3.83 0.05 9.69 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 60 2.24 3.73 0.06 8.41 Tridax procumbens L. 68 2.08 3.06 0.04 8.12 Tribulus terrestris L. 76 1.84 2.42 0.03 7.77 Corchorus aestuans L. 56 1.88 3.36 0.06 7.51 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 64 1.72 2.69 0.04 7.22 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 68 1.60 2.35 0.03 7.04 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 40 1.64 4.10 0.10 6.97 Cassia tora L. 64 1.52 2.38 0.04 6.76 Acalypha indica L. 68 1.40 2.06 0.03 6.58 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 68 1.40 2.06 0.03 6.58 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 64 1.40 2.19 0.03 6.48 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 64 1.36 2.13 0.03 6.39 Commelina benghalensis L. 48 1.20 2.50 0.05 5.67 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 32 1.04 3.25 0.10 5.24 Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 52 0.84 1.62 0.03 4.80 Justicia procumbens L. 36 0.92 2.56 0.07 4.78 Achyranthes aspera L. 56 0.76 1.36 0.02 4.71 Euphorbia hirta L. 48 0.84 1.75 0.04 4.69 Waltheria indica L. 52 0.76 1.46 0.03 4.59 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 52 0.64 1.23 0.02 4.28 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 44 0.72 1.64 0.04 4.27 Martynia annua L. 36 0.76 2.11 0.06 4.27 Cyperus distans L.f. 20 0.60 3.00 0.15 3.93 Xanthium indicum Koenig 44 0.56 1.27 0.03 3.81 Amaranthus spinosus L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 3.75 Amaranthus viridis L. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 3.39 Solanum nigrum L. 32 0.40 1.25 0.04 3.00 Physalis minima L. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 2.76 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 88 4.92 5.59 0.06 29.16 Apluda mutica L. 76 4.68 6.16 0.08 28.20 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 84 4.44 5.29 0.06 27.06 Aristida setacea Retz. 64 3.92 6.13 0.10 24.97
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Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 48 2.76 5.75 0.12 19.80 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 60 1.56 2.60 0.04 13.26 Justicia procumbens L. 40 1.48 3.70 0.09 12.74 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 52 1.44 2.77 0.05 12.44 Xanthium indicum Koenig 56 1.04 1.86 0.03 10.45 Waltheria indica L. 68 0.84 1.24 0.02 10.13 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 72 0.76 1.06 0.01 10.02 Cassia tora L. 40 1.00 2.50 0.06 9.78 Acalypha indica L. 52 0.92 1.77 0.03 9.64 Achyranthes aspera L. 44 0.96 2.18 0.05 9.59 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 24 0.60 2.50 0.10 7.23 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 24 0.60 2.50 0.10 7.23 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 7.17 Amaranthus viridis L. 28 0.60 2.14 0.08 7.10 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 32 0.60 1.88 0.06 7.10 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 8 0.32 4.00 0.50 7.06 Argemone mexicana L. 36 0.56 1.56 0.04 6.91 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.52 1.63 0.05 6.53 Cyperus nutans Vahl 12 0.36 3.00 0.25 6.17 Cassia pumilla Lam. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 5.20 Polygonum barbatum L. 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 5.04
SITE-IB
The sampling site is represented by 9 tree species during quadrat study. The highest value
of IVI (97.56) as well as density (60 individuals h-1) with 40% frequency was recorded for
Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant species of the site. Albizzia procera and
Acacia ferruginea occupy the second and third position with IVI value of 48.52 and 33.10
respectively. With minimum value of density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (6.63), Ficus
bengalensis attained least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Azadirachta indica
was randomly distributed whereas, the remaining species showed contiguous distribution
(Table-7.9).
A total 10 shrub species were recorded from the up stream barrage site right bank, site-IB
during the study. Importance value of shrub species shows that Prosopis juliflora was the
most dominant species with maximum value of IVI (116.67) and density (260 individuals h-
1) followed by Ziziphus mauritiana (IVI, 56.87) and density (192 individuals h-1each).
Abutilon indicum was another co-dominant species showed IVI (39.38) and density (108
individuals ha-1). The least dominace for this site was shown by Ipomoea carnea (IVI, 3.48).
Calotropis procera and Ipomoea carnea acquired lowest density (12 individual’s ha-1each).
Frequency values ranged from 4% to 72%. A/F ratio indicates that species like Abutilon
indicum showed random distribution whereas, rest of species were contiguously distributed
(Table-7.9).
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In pre-monsoon season, a total of 21 herbaceous species were recorded during the study.
The highest value of IVI (43.34) as well as density (6.24 individuals/m2)) with 88%
frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which was the most dominant species of the
site. Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 33.94) was the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand
closely followed by Eleusine indica (IVI, 33.26).The least position was shown by Dicliptera
bupleuroides with having an IVI value of 3.45. Maximum occurrence was shown by
Cynodon dactylon with 88% frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for
Cissampelos pareira and Typha angustata with 8% each. Distribution pattern of species
showed random distribution for the few species and contiguous for rest of the species. The
details are given in Table-7.10.
Among the 34 herbaceous species reported from this sampling site during the vegetation
study in monsoon season, Digitaria ciliaris with highest value of density (14.28
individuals/m2) and maximum value of IVI (37.49) dominated the site. Dactyloctenium
aegypticum with IVI (23.73) was the important associate of it. Cynodon dactylon was the
most frequent species having 92% frequency. Physalis minima attained least position in
dominance having minimum density (0.16 individuals/m2) and importance value (1.88).The
A/F values ranged between 0.02 to 0.94 throught the site.The details are given in Table-
7.10.
The vegetation of herbs on this site during post-monsoon season is characterized by the
occurrence of 26 herbaceous species. Apluda mutica possessed the highest value of IVI
(27.43) and dominated the site. In terms of density, Cynodon dactylon was the dominant
herbaceous species with (5.48 individuals/m2) followed by Apluda mutica (5.40
individuals/m2). The least position was shown by Datura innoxia with having an IVI value of
2.37. Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon with 92% frequency and the
least value of frequency was recorded for Typha angustata (4%). Distribution pattern of
species showed random distribution for the six species and contiguous for rest of the
species. The details are depicted in Table-7.10.
Table 7.9 : Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site IB
Plant species Frequency %
Density (ha-1 Abundance )
A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 40 60 1.50 0.04 97.56 Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth. 24 36 1.50 0.06 48.52 Acacia ferruginea DC. 16 16 1.00 0.06 33.10 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 12 20 1.67 0.14 30.56 Tectona grandis L. f. 12 28 2.33 0.19 26.60
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Table 7.10 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-IB during various
seasons
Plant species Frequency %
Density Ind/m Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 88 6.24 7.09 0.08 43.34
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 72 4.48 6.22 0.09 33.94 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 32 3.60 11.25 0.35 33.26 Aristida setacea Retz. 56 3.48 6.21 0.11 28.43 Xanthium indicum Koenig 64 1.76 2.75 0.04 18.39 Tridax procumbens L. 60 1.28 2.13 0.04 15.31 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 68 1.16 1.71 0.03 15.29 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 40 1.08 2.70 0.07 12.89 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 36 1.00 2.78 0.08 12.22 Celosia argentea L. 32 0.92 2.88 0.09 11.57 Waltheria indica L. 20 0.76 3.80 0.19 10.85 Corchorus aestuans L. 36 0.68 1.89 0.05 9.79 Amaranthus spinosus L. 40 0.56 1.40 0.04 9.17 Euphorbia hirta L. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 8.16 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.28 3.50 0.44 7.21 Amaranthus viridis L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 6.57 Cissampelos pareira L. 8 0.24 3.00 0.38 6.33 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 5.63 Datura innoxia Mill. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 4.10 Solanum nigrum L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 4.10 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 12 0.12 1.00 0.08 3.45
Tamarindus indica L. 12 16 1.33 0.11 21.05 Ficus religiosa L. 8 8 1.00 0.13 18.51 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 8 12 1.50 0.19 17.46 Ficus bengalensis L. 4 4 1.00 0.25 6.63 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 72 260 3.61 0.05 116.67 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 52 192 3.69 0.07 56.87 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 56 108 1.93 0.03 39.38 Carissa carandas L. 24 64 2.67 0.11 20.67 Lantana camara L. 20 60 3.00 0.15 20.51 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 20 28 1.40 0.07 13.75 Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. 12 20 1.67 0.14 12.95 Ricinus communis L. 12 20 1.67 0.14 10.20 Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 8 12 1.50 0.19 5.53 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 4 12 3.00 0.75 3.48
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MONSOON SEASON Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 76 14.28 18.79 0.25 37.49 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 64 8.00 12.50 0.20 23.73 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 92 7.56 8.22 0.09 21.39 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 60 5.96 9.93 0.17 18.85 Aristida setacea Retz. 80 6.16 7.70 0.10 18.49 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 68 5.88 8.65 0.13 18.19 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 52 3.12 6.00 0.12 11.64 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 72 2.28 3.17 0.04 9.45 Commelina benghalensis L. 92 1.92 2.09 0.02 9.25 Tridax procumbens L. 84 1.88 2.24 0.03 8.87 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 52 2.00 3.85 0.07 8.50 Corchorus aestuans L. 88 1.20 1.36 0.02 7.53 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 76 1.36 1.79 0.02 7.40 Euphorbia hirta L. 80 1.28 1.60 0.02 7.37 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 72 1.32 1.83 0.03 7.16 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 7.06 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 52 1.32 2.54 0.05 6.59 Tribulus terrestris L. 68 1.04 1.53 0.02 6.33 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 56 1.04 1.86 0.03 5.92 Acalypha indica L. 64 0.92 1.44 0.02 5.88 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 48 1.00 2.08 0.04 5.60 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 40 0.92 2.30 0.06 5.22 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 60 0.72 1.20 0.02 5.21 Xanthium indicum Koenig 56 0.76 1.36 0.02 5.17 Amaranthus viridis L. 28 0.76 2.71 0.10 4.66 Achyranthes aspera L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 4.08 Amaranthus spinosus L. 16 0.48 3.00 0.19 3.85 Solanum nigrum L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 3.57 Waltheria indica L. 36 0.44 1.22 0.03 3.53 Rhynchosia spp 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 2.98 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 2.57 Datura innoxia Mill. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 2.36 Cassia mimosoides L. 12 0.20 1.67 0.14 2.22 Physalis minima L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 1.88 POST-MONSOON SEASON Apluda mutica L. 52 5.40 10.38 0.20 27.43 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 92 5.48 5.96 0.06 26.23 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 64 4.56 7.13 0.11 23.10
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Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 84 4.12 4.90 0.06 21.45 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 68 4.00 5.88 0.09 20.88 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 68 3.88 5.71 0.08 20.43 Aristida setacea Retz. 36 2.80 7.78 0.22 17.59 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 44 1.52 3.45 0.08 10.80 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 56 1.40 2.50 0.04 10.53 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 52 1.36 2.62 0.05 10.23 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 10.10 Justicia procumbens L. 36 1.24 3.44 0.10 9.50 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 52 1.12 2.15 0.04 9.21 Xanthium indicum Koenig 52 1.12 2.15 0.04 9.21 Argemone mexicana L. 44 1.16 2.64 0.06 9.13 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 44 1.04 2.36 0.05 8.58 Tridax procumbens L. 56 0.88 1.57 0.03 8.39 Euphorbia hirta L. 48 0.60 1.25 0.03 6.75 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 6.54 Acalypha indica L. 32 0.60 1.88 0.06 6.07 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 5.84 Waltheria indica L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 5.84 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 5.53 Cassia pumilla Lam. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 4.44 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 3.83 Datura innoxia Mill. 12 0.12 1.00 0.08 2.37
SITE-II
A total of 12 tree species were recorded at the up stream barrage site (canal intake area)
from the Sonthi lift irrigation Project. The highest value of IVI (112.69) as well as density (92
individuals h-1) with 60% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which resulted
most dominant species of the site followed by Dalbergia sissoo (IVI, 42.46) and Tamarindus
indica (IVI,26.62). With minimum value of density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (4.49), Acacia
ferruginea acquired least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, all the species were
contiguousely distributed except Azadirachta indica which showed random distribution. The
details are given in Table-7.11.
In shrub community layer, a total of 8 shrub species were recorded from this sampling site.
In terms of density (180 individuals’ ha-1) as well as IVI (122.76) and frequency (64%)
Prosopis juliflora was recorded to be the most dominant species of the area. Cassia
auriculata and Abutilon indicum were the co-dominant species of the area in case of density
and IVI value. The density of other species was less and recorded limited in number. All the
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species were contiguously distributed except Prosopis juliflora, Tephrosia purpurea and
Cassia auriculata which showed random distribution. The details are given in Table-7.11.
This sampling site is characterized by the presence of 19 herbaceous species in pre-
monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (45.11) as well as density (6.12 individuals/m2)
with 60% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which resulted most dominant
species of the site. Apluda mutica (IVI, 39.24) was the co-dominant species of this
vegetation stand closely followed by Andropogon schoenanthus (IVI, 36.43).The least
position was shown by Amaranthus viridis with having an IVI value of 4.10 and density of
0.16 individuals/m2. Maximum occurrence was shown by Malvastrum coromandelianum
with 68% frequency. A/F values indicated that Vernonia cinrea and Xanthium indicum
showed regular type of distributionand four species were randomly distributed whereas,
remaning species were contiguously distributed. The details are given in Table-7.12.
A total of 36 herbaceous species were recorded from the site during the vegetation study in
monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI ,28.36) and density (15.60
individuals/m2) Eragrostis tenella was the dominant herbaceous species of the site followed
by Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 21.10) and Digitaria ciliaris (IVI, 20.52). The least dominace for
this site was shown by Physalis minima (IVI, 1.86) and minimum density (0.24
individuals/m2). Frequency value ranged from 8% to 96%. The A/F values ranges from 0.02
for Alternanthera sessilis to 0.88 for Polygonum barbatum.The details are given in Table-
7.12.
The vegetation study in post-monsoon season, the site was represented by 23 herbaceous
species. Cynodon dactylon with highest value of density (7.00 individuals/m2) and IVI
(38.66) was the characteristic plant species of the site. The main associates of it were
Andropogon schoenanthus IVI, 35.96), Apluda mutica (IVI, 34.70) and Setaria verticillata
(IVI, 24.75).Species like Datura innoxia (IVI, 3.55), Andrographis paniculata (IVI, 4.05) and
Cyperus nutans (IVI, 5.64) contributed the least dominance. Lowest density (0.16
individuals/m2) was observed for Datura innoxia. Few species were randomly distributed
while rest of species showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-7.12.
Table 7.11: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-II
Plant species Frequency
% Density
(ha-1 Abundance )
A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 60 92 1.53 0.03 112.69
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 28 48 1.71 0.06 42.46
Tamarindus indica L. 16 24 1.50 0.09 26.62
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Eucalyptus spp 12 32 2.67 0.22 22.74
Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth. 12 16 1.33 0.11 20.22
Mangifera indica L. 16 20 1.25 0.08 19.66
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 12 12 1.00 0.08 14.04
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 8 16 2.00 0.25 12.79
Peltophorum pterocarpum
(DC.) K. Hene 8 8 1.00 0.13 10.11
Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. 8 8 1.00 0.13 9.60
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 4 4 1.00 0.25 4.57
Acacia ferruginea DC. 4 4 1.00 0.25 4.49
SHRUB COMMUNITY
Prosopis juliflora DC. 64 180 2.81 0.04 122.76
Cassia auriculata L. 48 100 2.08 0.04 44.86
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 36 92 2.56 0.07 41.59
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 40 68 1.70 0.04 30.83
Ricinus communis L. 16 32 2.00 0.13 19.22
Annona squamosa L. 16 28 1.75 0.11 17.07
Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br.
Ex Ait. 20 24 1.20 0.06 16.71
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 8 16 2.00 0.25 6.96
Table 7.12 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-II during various seasons
Plant species Frequency
% Density Ind/m
Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSSON SEASON
Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Persoon 60 6.12 10.20 0.17 45.11
Apluda mutica L. 60 5.16 8.60 0.14 39.24
Andropogon schoenanthus
L. 44 4.40 10.00 0.23 36.43
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 1.60 2.86 0.05 17.24
Malvastrum
coromandelianum (L.)
Garcke 68 1.32 1.94 0.03 16.41
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Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 14.16
Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 76 0.72 0.95 0.01 13.78
Euphorbia hirta L. 52 0.96 1.85 0.04 12.90
Tridax procumbens L. 56 0.84 1.50 0.03 12.46
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 12 0.64 5.33 0.44 11.67
Acanthospermum hispidum
DC. 52 0.72 1.38 0.03 11.34
Cassia tora L. 36 0.80 2.22 0.06 10.80
Euphorbia heterophylla L. 40 0.76 1.90 0.05 10.70
Xanthium indicum Koenig 60 0.44 0.73 0.01 10.38
Sonchus brachyotus DC. 40 0.68 1.70 0.04 10.11
Celosia argentea L. 20 0.60 3.00 0.15 9.15
Corchorus aestuans L. 8 0.36 4.50 0.56 8.91
Amaranthus spinosus L. 16 0.24 1.50 0.09 5.12
Amaranthus viridis L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 4.10
MONSOON SEASON
Eragrostis tenella (L.)
P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 80 15.60 19.50 0.24 28.36
Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Persoon 92 11.12 12.09 0.13 21.10
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.)
Koeler 92 10.72 11.65 0.13 20.52
Dactyloctenium aegypticum
(L.) P. Beauv. 96 10.20 10.63 0.11 19.72
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)
Wats. 64 7.92 12.38 0.19 16.88
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 52 6.64 12.77 0.25 15.29
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 48 5.80 12.08 0.25 13.96
Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe 64 4.76 7.44 0.12 11.47
Setaria verticillata (L.) P.
Beauv. 36 2.92 8.11 0.23 8.68
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.)
DC. 56 3.16 5.64 0.10 8.67
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 44 2.48 5.64 0.13 7.43
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 76 2.04 2.68 0.04 7.18
Cassia tora L. 56 2.16 3.86 0.07 6.85
Euphorbia hirta L. 72 1.80 2.50 0.03 6.66
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Alternanthera sessilis (L.)
DC. 80 1.52 1.90 0.02 6.51
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 60 1.84 3.07 0.05 6.36
Tribulus terrestris L. 44 1.88 4.27 0.10 6.18
Tridax procumbens L. 76 1.40 1.84 0.02 6.16
Corchorus aestuans L. 76 1.36 1.79 0.02 6.10
Commelina benghalensis L. 72 1.44 2.00 0.03 6.07
Leucas cephalotes (Roth.)
Sprengel 64 1.28 2.00 0.03 5.51
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 20 1.24 6.20 0.31 5.34
Acanthospermum hispidum
DC. 64 1.08 1.69 0.03 5.17
Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.56 7.00 0.88 4.50
Malvastrum
coromandelianum (L.)
Garcke 56 0.84 1.50 0.03 4.44
Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 44 0.92 2.09 0.05 4.19
Acalypha indica L. 52 0.76 1.46 0.03 4.14
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 20 0.88 4.40 0.22 4.09
Xanthium indicum Koenig 52 0.60 1.15 0.02 3.83
Cyperus distans L.f. 12 0.56 4.67 0.39 3.52
Justicia procumbens L. 16 0.64 4.00 0.25 3.46
Achyranthes aspera L. 44 0.56 1.27 0.03 3.44
Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 16 0.60 3.75 0.23 3.29
Martynia annua L. 40 0.48 1.20 0.03 3.13
Waltheria indica L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 3.07
Datura innoxia Mill. 8 0.28 3.50 0.44 2.46
Cyperus rotundus L. 12 0.32 2.67 0.22 2.28
Amaranthus spinosus L. 20 0.32 1.60 0.08 2.15
Physalis minima L. 12 0.24 2.00 0.17 1.86
POST-MONSOON SEASON
Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Persoon 56 7.00 12.50 0.22 38.66
Andropogon schoenanthus
L. 48 6.16 12.83 0.27 35.96
Apluda mutica L. 60 6.24 10.40 0.17 34.70
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. 44 3.84 8.73 0.20 24.75
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Beauv.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 28 2.16 7.71 0.28 17.45
Tridax procumbens L. 76 1.32 1.74 0.02 13.61
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 68 1.24 1.82 0.03 12.64
Cassia tora L. 56 1.08 1.93 0.03 11.05
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 60 1.00 1.67 0.03 10.97
Acanthospermum hispidum
DC. 36 1.16 3.22 0.09 10.58
Corchorus aestuans L. 52 1.00 1.92 0.04 10.40
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 56 0.80 1.43 0.03 9.74
Euphorbia hirta L. 52 0.72 1.38 0.03 9.05
Alternanthera sessilis (L.)
DC. 44 0.72 1.64 0.04 8.48
Cyperus rotundus L. 16 0.60 3.75 0.23 7.55
Argemone mexicana L. 40 0.48 1.20 0.03 6.92
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. 8 0.32 4.00 0.50 6.23
Acalypha indica L. 28 0.48 1.71 0.06 6.21
Xanthium indicum Koenig 36 0.40 1.11 0.03 6.18
Achyranthes aspera L. 32 0.36 1.13 0.04 5.66
Cyperus nutans Vahl 12 0.36 3.00 0.25 5.64
Andrographis paniculata
(Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 16 0.24 1.50 0.09 4.05
Datura innoxia Mill. 8 0.16 2.00 0.25 3.55
SITE-III
Table-7.13, summarises the presence of 10 treet species on catchment area in site-II of
sonthi lift irrigation project. The highest value of IVI (96.35) as well as density (144
individuals ha-1) with 52% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which results
most dominant species of the site followed by Leucaena latisiliqua (IVI,43.09) and Mangifera
indica (IVI, 28.97). With minimum value of density (12individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (10.62), Ficus
religiosa attained least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Contiguous pattern was
shown by all species.
A total 10 shrub species were recorded from the catchment area site-III during the study.
Importance value of shrub species shows that Prosopis juliflora was the most dominant
species having highest value of IVI (89.13) and density (300 indidividuals ha-1) followed by
Cassia auriculata (IVI,39.66) and density (116 individuals ha-1). Tephrosia purpurea was
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another co-dominant species showed IVI (34.92) and density (136 individuals ha-1). The
least dominace for this site was shown by Calotropis procera (IVI, 5.86). Calotropis procera
and Ipomoea carnea acquired lowest density (12 individuals ha-11each). Frequency values
ranged from 12% to 76%. A/F ratio indicates that four species showed random distribution
whereas, rest of species were contiguously distributed. The details are given in Table-7.13.
In pre-monsoon season, a total of 22 herbaceous species were recorded from the
catchment area site. The highest value of IVI (38.74) as well as density 5.00
individuals/m2)) with 80% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which was the
most dominant species of the site followed by Chrysopogon spp, (IVI, 26.77) and
Cymbopogon martini (IVI,26.13). The least position was shown by Euphorbia heterophylla
with having an IVI value of 5.77. Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon
with 80% frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for Cyperus cyperoides.
Distribution pattern of species showed random distribution for the four species and
contiguous for rest of the species. The details are given in Table-7.14.
The catchment area, site-III is characterized by the presence of 36 herbaceous species in
monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (24.73) as well as density (8.60 individuals/m2)
with 72% frequency was observed for Dactyloctenium aegypticum which was the most
dominant herbaceous species of the site. Digitaria ciliaris (IVI, 23.03) was the co-dominant
species of this vegetation stand closely followed by Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 22.37).The least
position was shown by Physalis minima with having an IVI value of 2.15 and density of 0.16
individuals/m2. Maximum occurrence was shown by Cynodon dactylon with 84% frequency.
A/F values varied between 0.02 to 0.25. The details are given in Table-7.14.
The vegetation study in post-monsoon season, the site was represented by 26 herbaceous
species. Cynodon dactylon with highest value of density (4.16 individuals/m2) and IVI
(31.28) was the dominant plant species of the site. The main associates of it were
Cymbopogon martinii IVI, 22.56), Aristida setacea (IVI, 20.44) and Apluda mutica (IVI,
19.66). Species like Amaranthus viridis (IVI, 4.18), Cassia pumilla (IVI, 4.62) and Xanthium
indicum (IVI, 6.46) contributed the least dominance in the area. Lowest density (0.12
individuals/m2) was observed for Cassia pumilla. Single species Justicia procumbens
shows regulae distribution and eight species were randomly distributed while rest of species
showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-7.14.
Table 7.13: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-III
Plant species Frequency %
Density (ha-1 Abundance ) A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 144 2.77 0.05 96.35 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 36 60 1.67 0.05 43.09 Mangifera indica L. 16 40 2.50 0.16 28.97
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Tectona grandis L. f. 28 48 1.71 0.06 28.63 Acacia ferruginea DC. 24 32 1.33 0.06 23.27 Tamarindus indica L. 12 28 2.33 0.19 21.75 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 28 1.40 0.07 19.18 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. 12 20 1.67 0.14 15.03 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa 12 16 1.33 0.11 13.11 Ficus religiosa L. 8 12 1.50 0.19 10.62 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 76 300 3.95 0.05 89.13 Cassia auriculata L. 68 116 1.71 0.03 39.66 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 48 136 2.83 0.06 34.92 Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 56 108 1.93 0.03 29.33 Carissa carandas L. 56 68 1.21 0.02 25.41 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 52 60 1.15 0.02 20.97 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 20 84 4.20 0.21 20.93 Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br) 16 76 4.75 0.30 17.69 Ricinus communis L. 16 48 3.00 0.19 16.12 Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 12 16 1.33 0.11 5.86
Table 7.14 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-III during various
seasons
Plant species Frequency %
Density Ind/m Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 80 5.00 6.25 0.08 38.74
Chrysopogon spp 56 3.00 5.36 0.10 26.77 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 48 2.84 5.92 0.12 26.13 Apluda mutica L. 60 2.64 4.40 0.07 24.31 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 52 2.60 5.00 0.10 24.19 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 64 1.24 1.94 0.03 15.39 Tridax procumbens L. 48 0.96 2.00 0.04 12.54 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 0.48 6.00 0.75 12.48 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 60 0.64 1.07 0.02 11.20 Xanthium indicum Koenig 24 0.76 3.17 0.13 10.85 Corchorus aestuans L. 44 0.72 1.64 0.04 10.56 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 24 0.68 2.83 0.12 10.01 Cassia tora L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 9.73 Celosia argentea L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 9.21 Physalis minima L. 28 0.60 2.14 0.08 9.05 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 40 0.52 1.30 0.03 8.78 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 8.01 Euphorbia hirta L. 36 0.36 1.00 0.03 7.21 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.24 3.00 0.38 6.71 Amaranthus viridis L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 6.19 Solanum nigrum L. 20 0.32 1.60 0.08 6.16 Euphorbia heterophylla L. 24 0.28 1.17 0.05 5.77 MONSOON SEASON Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 72 8.60 11.94 0.17 24.73 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 80 8.04 10.05 0.13 23.03
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Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 84 7.80 9.29 0.11 22.37 Aristida setacea Retz. 56 6.52 11.64 0.21 20.73 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 52 5.44 10.46 0.20 18.15 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 64 5.00 7.81 0.12 16.30 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 80 3.44 4.30 0.05 12.50 Corchorus aestuans L. 76 2.20 2.89 0.04 9.54 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 52 2.32 4.46 0.09 9.47 Cassia tora L. 68 1.84 2.71 0.04 8.44 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 68 1.84 2.71 0.04 8.44 Acalypha indica L. 64 1.80 2.81 0.04 8.24 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 76 1.64 2.16 0.03 8.23 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 48 1.84 3.83 0.08 8.12 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 80 1.36 1.70 0.02 7.74 Euphorbia hirta L. 64 1.32 2.06 0.03 7.03 Carex cyperoides Dewey. 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 6.79 Tridax procumbens L. 72 0.96 1.33 0.02 6.46 Xanthium indicum Koenig 68 0.92 1.35 0.02 6.19 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 60 1.04 1.73 0.03 6.17 Eclipta prostrata L. 44 1.04 2.36 0.05 5.71 Sida rhombifolia L. 48 1.00 2.08 0.04 5.68 Achyranthes aspera L. 60 0.80 1.33 0.02 5.55 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 40 0.92 2.30 0.06 5.27 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 4.29 Justicia procumbens L. 28 0.64 2.29 0.08 4.18 Tribulus terrestris L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 4.13 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 12 0.40 3.33 0.28 3.69 Amaranthus spinosus L. 36 0.40 1.11 0.03 3.45 Amaranthus viridis L. 20 0.44 2.20 0.11 3.38 Cyperus rotundus L. 16 0.40 2.50 0.16 3.31 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 2.98 Cyperus distans L.f. 16 0.32 2.00 0.13 2.83 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 2.37 Cassia pumilla Lam. 16 0.24 1.50 0.09 2.36 Physalis minima L. 8 0.16 2.00 0.25 2.15 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 68 4.84 7.11 0.10 31.28 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 56 3.12 5.57 0.09 22.56 Aristida setacea Retz. 52 2.72 5.23 0.10 20.44 Apluda mutica L. 56 2.60 4.64 0.08 19.66 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 68 2.36 3.47 0.05 18.48 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 64 1.40 2.18 0.03 13.32 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 8 0.60 7.50 0.93 12.36 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 52 1.16 2.23 0.04 11.48 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 64 1.04 1.62 0.02 11.41 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 56 1.00 1.78 0.03 10.75 Cassia tora L. 40 1.04 2.60 0.06 10.45 Cyperus rotundus L. 8 0.48 6.00 0.75 10.04 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 0.84 1.50 0.02 9.863 Corchorus aestuans L. 36 0.92 2.55 0.07 9.63 Tridax procumbens L. 52 0.76 1.46 0.02 9.18 Justicia procumbens L. 60 0.64 1.06 0.01 9.02
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Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 36 0.80 2.22 0.06 8.83 Acalypha indica L. 40 0.76 1.90 0.04 8.67 Euphorbia hirta L. 44 0.72 1.63 0.03 8.53 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.36 4.50 0.56 7.71 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 44 0.52 1.18 0.02 7.29 Argemone mexicana L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 7.04 Achyranthes aspera L. 24 0.52 2.16 0.09 6.71 Xanthium indicum Koenig 32 0.48 1.50 0.04 6.46 Cassia pumilla Lam. 4 0.12 3.00 0.75 4.62 Amaranthus viridis L. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 4.18
SITE-IV
A total of 13 tree species were recorded from the Barrage axis site of Bhima river, site-IV
during the study.The highest value of IVI (88.65) as well as density (124 individuals h-1) with
52% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which resulted most dominant species
of the sampling site. Leucaena latisiliqua and Tamarindus indica occupy the second and
third position in dominance with IVI value of 35.06 and 34.79 respectively. With minimum
value of IVI (8.52), Pongamia pinnata found to be least position in dominance. In terms of
A/F ratio, all species was contiguously distributed. The details are given in Table-7.15.
In shrub community layer, a total of 12 shrub species were recorded from this sampling
site.In terms of density (204 individuals’ ha-1) as well as IVI (89.38) and frequency (72%),
Prosopis juliflora was recorded to be the most dominant species of the area followed by
Cassia auriculata (IVI, 42.64) and Abutilon indicum (IVI,36.04). The density of other species
was less and recorded limited in number. All the species were contiguously distributed
except Prosopis juliflora, Cassia auriculata Abutilon indicum and Tephrosia purpurea which
showed random distribution. The details are given in Table-7.15.
The vegetation study in pre-monsoon season, the site was represented by 18 herbaceous
species. Cynodon dactylon with highest value of density (7.12 individuals/m2) and IVI
(53.05) was the dominant herbaceous species of the site. The main associates of it were
Chrysopogon spp (IVI, 39.11), Apluda mutica (IVI, 37.29) and Andropogon schoenanthus
(IVI,33.58). Species like Saccharum spontaneum (IVI, 4.82), Sida rhombifolia (IVI, 5.23) and
Cassia pumilla (IVI, 5.78) contributed the least dominance in the area. A/F values indicated
that single species Euphorbia hirta shows random distribution whereas, remaining species
showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-16.
In monsoon season, a total of 36 herbaceous species were recorded from the Barrage axis site during the study. The highest value of IVI (28.40) as well as density (11.48 individuals/m2) with 68% frequency was observed for Eragrostis tenella which was the most dominant species of the sampling site IV. Dactyloctenium aegypticum (IVI, 24.19) was the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand closely followed by Digitaria ciliaris (IVI, 22.67).The least position in their dominance was shown by Argemone mexicana with having an IVI value of 1.54. Distribution pattern of species showed random distribution for the few
Krishna BhagyaJala Nigam Limited EIA study for Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project
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species (14 species) and contiguous for rest of the species. The details are given in Table-7.16.
A total of 21 herbaceous species were recorded from the site during the vegetation study in
post-monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI,39.44) and density (6.12
individuals/m2) Cynodon dactylon was the dominant herbaceous species of the site followed
by Apluda mutica (IVI, 31.48) and Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 30.36). The least dominace for
this site was shown by Achyranthes aspera (IVI, 6.00) and minimum density (0.16
individuals/m2) was acquired for Saccharum spontaneum. All the plant species showed
contiguous distribution except Tridax procumbens, Waltheria indica and Triumfetta
rhomboidea which were randomly distributed. The details are given in Table-7.16.
Table 7.15: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-IV
Plant species Frequency %
Density (ha-1 Abundance ) A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNTITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 124 2.38 0.05 88.65
Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 28 48 1.71 0.06 35.06 Tamarindus indica L. 20 36 1.80 0.09 34.79 Mangifera indica L. 20 28 1.40 0.07 26.83 Tectona grandis L. f. 16 28 1.75 0.11 18.95 Cassia siamea Lam. 12 16 1.33 0.11 14.83 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 12 20 1.67 0.14 14.48 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Hene 8 12 1.50 0.19 14.11 Cocos nucifera L. 8 24 3.00 0.38 12.91 Ficus bengalensis L. 12 12 1.00 0.08 12.24 Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 8 12 1.50 0.19 9.61 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Hook. f. 4 20 5.00 1.25 9.03 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 8 12 1.50 0.19 8.52 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 72 204 2.83 0.04 89.38 Cassia auriculata L. 56 104 1.86 0.03 42.64 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 64 104 1.63 0.03 36.04 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 48 84 1.75 0.04 28.66 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 28 48 1.71 0.06 20.88 Annona squamosa L. 16 48 3.00 0.19 17.44 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 8 52 6.50 0.81 16.87 Lantana camara L. 12 68 5.67 0.47 14.10 Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 24 40 1.67 0.07 12.93 Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex Ait. 8 20 2.50 0.31 8.73 Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br) 8 28 3.50 0.44 7.96 Grewia tiliaefolia vahl 4 8 2.00 0.50 4.36
Table 7.16 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-IV during various seasons
Plant species Frequency %
Density Ind/m Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 56 7.12 12.71 0.23 53.05
Chrysopogon spp 56 4.84 8.64 0.15 39.11
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Apluda mutica L. 64 4.56 7.13 0.11 37.29 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 52 3.92 7.54 0.14 33.58 Cassia tora L. 64 1.88 2.94 0.05 21.77 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 40 0.96 2.40 0.06 13.66 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 12 0.72 6.00 0.50 13.26 Euphorbia hirta L. 52 0.64 1.23 0.02 12.88 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 10.29 Cyperus distans L.f. 32 0.52 1.63 0.05 9.63 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.44 1.57 0.06 8.59 Amaranthus spinosus L. 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 8.24 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 20 0.44 2.20 0.11 8.14 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.28 3.50 0.44 7.41 Euphorbia heterophylla L. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 7.28 Cassia pumilla Lam. 12 0.24 2.00 0.17 5.78 Sida rhombifolia L. 16 0.20 1.25 0.08 5.23 Saccharum spontaneum L. 8 0.16 2.00 0.25 4.82 MONSOON SEASON Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 68 11.48 16.88 0.25 28.40 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 84 9.80 11.67 0.14 24.19 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 48 7.96 16.58 0.35 22.67 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 6.96 10.88 0.17 19.00 Apluda mutica L. 52 5.72 11.00 0.21 16.82 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 52 5.52 10.62 0.20 16.34 Aristida setacea Retz. 56 4.32 7.71 0.14 13.37 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 52 2.72 5.23 0.10 9.67 Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe 52 2.60 5.00 0.10 9.39 Corchorus aestuans L. 68 1.92 2.82 0.04 8.23 Tridax procumbens L. 72 1.60 2.22 0.03 7.72 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 76 1.36 1.79 0.02 7.41 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 48 1.72 3.58 0.07 7.21 Commelina benghalensis L. 60 1.48 2.47 0.04 6.98 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 60 1.44 2.40 0.04 6.89 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 64 1.36 2.13 0.03 6.88 Tribulus terrestris L. 60 1.08 1.80 0.03 6.09 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 36 1.32 3.67 0.10 6.03 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 56 1.00 1.79 0.03 5.74 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 52 1.00 1.92 0.04 5.58 Cassia tora L. 40 1.12 2.80 0.07 5.51 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 52 0.96 1.85 0.04 5.48 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 0.56 7.00 0.88 5.38 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 56 0.64 1.14 0.02 4.91 Euphorbia hirta L. 44 0.84 1.91 0.04 4.88 Cyperus rotundus L. 4 0.28 7.00 1.75 4.79 Achyranthes aspera L. 52 0.64 1.23 0.02 4.72 Acalypha indica L. 44 0.76 1.73 0.04 4.67 Waltheria indica L. 48 0.68 1.42 0.03 4.63 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 20 0.72 3.60 0.18 4.27 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 12 0.56 4.67 0.39 4.23 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.44 1.57 0.06 3.20
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Physalis minima L. 16 0.36 2.25 0.14 2.77 Saccharum spontaneum L. 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 2.48 Cassia pumilla Lam. 8 0.16 2.00 0.25 1.89 Argemone mexicana L. 4 0.08 2.00 0.50 1.54 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 6.12 9.56 0.15 39.44 Apluda mutica L. 56 4.52 8.07 0.14 31.48 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 36 3.88 10.78 0.30 30.36 Andropogon schoenanthus L. 52 3.48 6.69 0.13 25.93 Tridax procumbens L. 72 1.32 1.83 0.03 15.42 Corchorus aestuans L. 52 1.44 2.77 0.05 14.50 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 40 1.16 2.90 0.07 12.29 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 44 1.12 2.55 0.06 12.21 Cassia tora L. 28 1.08 3.86 0.14 11.75 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 40 0.96 2.40 0.06 11.02 Cyperus rotundus L. 8 0.52 6.50 0.81 10.81 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 52 0.76 1.46 0.03 10.69 Waltheria indica L. 56 0.60 1.07 0.02 10.19 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 36 0.84 2.33 0.06 10.06 Argemone mexicana L. 20 0.72 3.60 0.18 9.29 Justicia procumbens L. 36 0.68 1.89 0.05 9.00 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 8.46 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.52 1.63 0.05 7.66 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 20 0.52 2.60 0.13 7.40 Saccharum spontaneum L. 4 0.16 4.00 1.00 6.03 Achyranthes aspera L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 6.00
SITE-V
The sampling site is represented by 12 tree species during quadrat study. The highest value
of IVI (83.65) as well as density (84 individuals h-1) with 56% frequency was recorded for
Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant species of the sampling site. Tectona
grandis and Cocos nucifera occupy the second and third position in dominance with IVI
value of 38.72 and 28.27 respectively. With minimum value of IVI (5.28), and density (84
individuals h-1 Melia azedarach found to be least position in dominance. All the species
showed contiguous type of distribution pattern except Azadirachta indica and Dalbergia
sissoo which were randomly distributed.The details are given in Table-7.17.
A total 12 shrub species were recorded from the Influenced area site-V during the study.
Importance value of shrub species shows that Prosopis juliflora was the most dominant
species having highest value of IVI (76.28) and density (188 indidividuals ha-1) followed by
Cassia auriculata IVI (50.00) and density (144 indidividuals ha-1). Cassia auriculata was
another co-dominant species showed IVI (23.47) and density (84 indidividuals ha-1). The
least dominace for this site was shown by Cassia occidentalis (IVI, 4.59). Ipomoea carnea
and Cassia occidentalis acquired least frequency of the area. A/F ratio indicates that
species like Cassia auriculata, Ziziphus mauritiana and Abutilon indicum showed random
distribution whereas, rest of species were contiguously distributed (Table-7.17.).
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The sampling site-V, (Barrage site down stream) is characterized by the presence of 23
herbaceous species in pre-monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (41.29) as well as
density (6.28 individuals/m2) with 52% frequency was observed for Chrysopogon spp which
was the most dominant herbaceous species of the site. Cynodon dactylon (IVI38.13) was
the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand followed by Apluda mutica (IVI, 32.73).The
least position in dominance was shown by Cassia pumilla with having an IVI value of 2.47
and density of 0.08 individuals/m2. Maximum occurrence was shown by Parthanium
hysterophorus and Euphorbia hirta each with 64% frequency. A/F values varied between
0.03 to 0.28. The details are given in Table-7.18.
Table 18, summarises the presence of 38 herbaceous species on down stream of barrage
site (Influenced area) in monsoon season. Eragrostis tenella was the important species of
the site with maximum value of IVI (29.82) and density (15.56 individuals/m2. Cymbopogon
martinii and Dactyloctenium aegypticum co-dominated the area having an IVI value of 25.23
and 18.79 respectively. Least value of density (0.28 individuals/m2) and IVI (2.31) was
shown by Martynia annua. The A/F values ranges from 0.02 for Dicliptera bupleuroides to
0.64 for Cymbopogon martinii.
In post-monsoon season, a total of 18 herbaceous species were recorded from the sampling
site. The highest value of IVI (48.23) as well as density (5.58 individuals/m2)) with 76%
frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon which was the most dominant species of the
site followed by Aristida setacea, (IVI, 43.50) and Apluda mutica (IVI,35.35). The least
position was shown by Waltheria indica with having an IVI value of 5.02. Minimum
occurrence was shown by Polygonum barbatum with 8% frequency. All the species were
contiguously distributed except Corchorus aestuans, and Achyranthes aspera which
showed random distribution. The details are given in Table- 7.18.
Table 7.17: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-V
Plant species Frequency %
Density (ha-1 Abundance ) A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNITY
Azadirachta indica A. Juss 56 84 1.50 0.03 83.65 Tectona grandis L. f. 32 68 2.13 0.07 38.72
Cocos nucifera L. 24 52 2.17 0.09 28.27 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 24 44 1.83 0.08 28.01
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 28 32 1.14 0.04 25.96 Tamarindus indica L. 20 24 1.20 0.06 22.07
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 16 28 1.75 0.11 19.92 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 20 20 1.00 0.05 19.01
Ficus bengalensis L. 8 16 2.00 0.25 12.71 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 8 12 1.50 0.19 8.91 Ficus religiosa L. 8 8 1.00 0.13 7.47
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Melia azedarach L. 4 8 2.00 0.50 5.28 SHRUB COMMUNITY Prosopis juliflora DC. 60 188 3.13 0.05 76.28 Cassia auriculata L. 72 144 2.00 0.03 50.00 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. 52 84 1.62 0.03 23.47 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 40 88 2.20 0.06 23.39 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 44 64 1.45 0.03 22.68 Carissa carandas L. 36 64 1.78 0.05 21.89 Lantana camara L. 24 56 2.33 0.10 20.41 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 12 72 6.00 0.50 16.24 Vitex negundo L. 16 72 4.50 0.28 16.04 Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 16 36 2.25 0.14 13.72 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 24 24 1.00 0.04 11.30 Cassia occidentalis L. 8 20 2.50 0.31 4.59
Table 7.18: Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-V during various
seasons
Plant species Frequency %
Density Ind/m Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON Chrysopogon spp 52 6.28 12.08 0.23 41.29 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 56 5.8 10.36 0.18 38.13 Apluda mutica L. 40 4.44 11.10 0.28 32.73 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 64 1.52 2.38 0.04 15.65 Saccharum spontaneum L. 20 1.4 7.00 0.35 15.53 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 48 1.52 3.17 0.07 14.65 Euphorbia hirta L. 64 1.28 2.00 0.03 14.42 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 40 1.32 3.30 0.08 13.19 Amaranthus spinosus L. 52 1.08 2.08 0.04 12.40 Tridax procumbens L. 56 0.88 1.57 0.03 11.64 Celosia argentea L. 20 0.76 3.80 0.19 9.56 Sida rhombifolia L. 44 0.64 1.45 0.03 9.25 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 40 0.68 1.70 0.04 9.18 Polygonum barbatum L. 16 0.64 4.00 0.25 8.93 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 40 0.48 1.20 0.03 7.93 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 7.92 Physalis minima L. 36 0.52 1.44 0.04 7.87 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 28 0.32 1.14 0.04 5.87 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 5.82 Amaranthus viridis L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 5.61 Solanum nigrum L. 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 5.24 Datura innoxia Mill. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 4.70 Cassia pumilla Lam. 8 0.08 1.00 0.13 2.47 MONSOON SEASON Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 88 15.56 17.68 0.20 29.82 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 40 10.16 25.40 0.64 25.23 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 80 8.56 10.70 0.13 18.79 Chrysopogon spp 52 7.44 14.31 0.28 17.74 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 76 7.04 9.26 0.12 16.30
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Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 76 7.04 9.26 0.12 16.30 Apluda mutica L. 44 5.80 13.18 0.30 15.03 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 32 4.60 14.38 0.45 13.68 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 68 5.36 7.88 0.12 13.43 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 68 2.08 3.06 0.04 7.72 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 64 1.88 2.94 0.05 7.22 Saccharum spontaneum L. 24 1.80 7.50 0.31 6.97 Tridax procumbens L. 60 1.60 2.67 0.04 6.56 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 36 1.72 4.78 0.13 6.27 Cassia tora L. 56 1.36 2.43 0.04 5.96 Corchorus aestuans L. 68 0.88 1.29 0.02 5.64 Cyperus rotundus L. 16 1.12 7.00 0.44 5.55 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 48 1.28 2.67 0.06 5.51 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 64 0.84 1.31 0.02 5.36 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 60 0.92 1.53 0.03 5.31 Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 56 1.00 1.79 0.03 5.28 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 36 1.28 3.56 0.10 5.22 Tribulus terrestris L. 44 1.04 2.36 0.05 4.88 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 40 0.96 2.40 0.06 4.57 Cyperus nutans Vahl 12 0.72 6.00 0.50 4.41 Waltheria indica L. 48 0.68 1.42 0.03 4.29 Commelina benghalensis L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 3.85 Acalypha indica L. 48 0.44 0.92 0.02 3.80 Euphorbia hirta L. 36 0.60 1.67 0.05 3.60 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 28 0.68 2.43 0.09 3.58 Polygonum barbatum L. 12 0.52 4.33 0.36 3.38 Cassia pumilla Lam. 16 0.56 3.50 0.22 3.26 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 16 0.56 3.50 0.22 3.26 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.40 2.00 0.10 2.60 Achyranthes aspera L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 2.55 Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 2.43 Cyperus difformis L. 12 0.32 2.67 0.22 2.36 Martynia annua L. 24 0.28 1.17 0.05 2.31 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 76 5.68 7.47 0.10 48.23 Aristida setacea Retz. 48 4.92 10.25 0.21 43.50 Apluda mutica L. 36 3.60 10.00 0.28 35.35 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 40 1.16 2.90 0.07 16.30 Saccharum spontaneum L. 12 0.88 7.33 0.61 15.81 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.68 8.50 1.06 15.78 Corchorus aestuans L. 52 0.84 1.62 0.03 15.48 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 20 1.04 5.20 0.26 15.12 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 36 0.92 2.56 0.07 14.07 Cyperus rotundus L. 24 0.96 4.00 0.17 13.92 Achyranthes aspera L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 12.36 Argemone mexicana L. 32 0.56 1.75 0.05 10.72 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 10.05 Cassia pumilla Lam. 12 0.40 3.33 0.28 8.42 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 16 0.36 2.25 0.14 7.54 Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 6.38 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 12 0.24 2.00 0.17 5.95
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Waltheria indica L. 16 0.16 1.00 0.06 5.02 SITE-VI
A total of 12 tree species were recorded from the Imbrahimpur village, site-VI. The highest
value of IVI (92.75) as well as density (128 individuals h-1) with 52% frequency was
recorded for Azadirachta indica which was the most dominant species of the site followed by
Acacia ferruginea (IVI, 35.06) and Leucaena latisiliqua (IVI, 34.23). With lowest value of
density (8 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (5.87), Ficus religiosa acquired least position in
dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, all the species were contiguousely distributed except
Acacia ferruginea which shows random distribution. The details are given in Table-7.19.
In shrub community layer, a total of 9 shrub species were recorded from this sampling site.
In terms of density (216 individuals h-1) as well as IVI (93.35) and frequency (80%) Cassia
auriculata was recorded to be the most dominant species of the area. Prosopis juliflora and
Tephrosia purpurea were the co-dominant species of the site in case of IVI value.
Cryptostagia grandiflora was the least dominant climber shrub and found scattered in the
site. The four species were contiguously distributed while rest species were randomly
distributed. The details are given in Table-7.19.
In pre-monsoon season, a total of 20 herbaceous species were recorded from the
Imbrahimpur village, site-VI. The highest value of IVI (40.74) as well as density (4.76
individuals/m2) with 36% frequency was recorded for Apluda mutica which was the most
dominant species of the site followed by Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 36.83) and Chrysopogon
spp (IVI,35.68).The least dominancy was shown by Solanum nigrum with having an IVI
value of 3.54. Maximum occurrence was shown by Xanthium indicum with 60% frequency
and the least value (4%) of frequency was recorded for Cyperus distans. A/F values
revealed that Sida rhombifolia showed regular type of distribution pattern and five species
were randomnly distributed whereas remaining species were showed contiguous distribution
pattern. The details are given in Table-20.
Table20, summarises the presence of 41 herbaceous species in Imbrahimpur village, site-VI
during monsoon season. The site was represented by maximum herbaceous species from
other representative sites. Eragrostis tenella was the dominant herbaceous species of the
site with maximum value of IVI (22.02) and density (11.92 individuals/m2. Chrysopogon spp
and Dactyloctenium aegypticum co-dominated the area having an IVI value of 21.06 and
19.03 respectively. Least value of density (0.20 individuals/m2) and IVI (1.68) was acquired
by Datura innoxia. The A/F values ranges from 0.02 for Malvastrum coromandelianum to
1.00 for Cyperus rotundus.
A total of 21 herbaceous species were recorded from the site during the vegetation study in
post-monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI,42.12) and density (7.84
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individuals/m2) with 64% frequency Cynodon dactylon was the dominant herbaceous
species of the site followed by Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 33.78) and Apluda mutica (IVI,
33.20). The least dominace for this site was shown by Cissampelos pareira with minimum
value of IVI (2.68) and density (0.08 individuals/m2). All the plant species showed
contiguous distribution except Argemone mexicana, Tridax procumbens and Xanthium
indicum which were randomly distributed. The details are given in Table-7.20.
Table 7.19: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-VI
Plant species Frequency %
Density (ha-1 Abundance ) A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNITY Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 128 2.46 0.05 92.75 Acacia ferruginea DC. 32 40 1.25 0.04 35.06 Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gills 28 52 1.86 0.07 34.23 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 16 36 2.25 0.14 24.14 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 20 32 1.60 0.08 19.63 Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 24 1.20 0.06 18.40 Tectona grandis L. f. 20 24 1.20 0.06 16.72 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. 16 20 1.25 0.08 16.59 Ficus bengalensis L. 12 20 1.67 0.14 16.49 Tamarindus indica L. 12 16 1.33 0.11 13.03 Cocos nucifera L. 8 8 1.00 0.13 7.09 Ficus religiosa L. 4 8 2.00 0.50 5.87 SHRUB COMMUNITY Cassia auriculata L. 80 216 2.70 0.03 93.35 Prosopis juliflora DC. 76 112 1.47 0.02 55.37 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 64 124 1.94 0.03 37.25 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 48 104 2.17 0.05 30.60 Carissa carandas L. 40 68 1.70 0.04 28.97 Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 44 64 1.45 0.03 21.57 Lantana camara L. 16 40 2.50 0.16 14.05 Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 16 32 2.00 0.13 12.91 Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex R.Br). 8 20 2.50 0.31 5.92
Table 7.20 : Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-VI during various seasons
Plant species Frequency %
Density Ind/m Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON Apluda mutica L. 36 4.76 13.22 0.37 40.74 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 56 4.60 8.21 0.15 36.83 Chrysopogon spp 36 4.08 11.33 0.31 35.68 Xanthium indicum Koenig 60 1.56 2.60 0.04 18.36
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Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 1.44 2.57 0.05 17.25 Cassia tora L. 48 1.44 3.00 0.06 16.60 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 12 0.92 7.67 0.64 15.00 Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 48 0.96 2.00 0.04 13.45 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.60 7.50 0.94 12.93 Tridax procumbens L. 44 0.76 1.73 0.04 11.72 Celosia argentea L. 32 0.64 2.00 0.06 9.80 Sonchus brachyotus DC. 40 0.52 1.30 0.03 9.64 Amaranthus spinosus L. 20 0.60 3.00 0.15 9.10 Cyperus distans L.f. 4 0.24 6.00 1.50 9.03 Argemone mexicana L. 28 0.56 2.00 0.07 8.88 Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.48 1.50 0.05 8.54 Sida rhombifolia L. 48 0.20 0.42 0.01 8.46 Corchorus aestuans L. 32 0.36 1.13 0.04 7.59 Euphorbia helioscopia L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 6.87 Solanum nigrum L. 8 0.12 1.50 0.19 3.54 MONSOON SEASON Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 64 11.92 18.63 0.29 22.02 Chrysopogon spp 36 9.76 27.11 0.75 21.06 Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. 76 9.96 13.11 0.17 19.03 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 56 8.56 15.29 0.27 17.14 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 8.60 13.44 0.21 17.06 Apluda mutica L. 28 6.36 22.71 0.81 15.78 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 48 6.56 13.67 0.28 14.15 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 60 6.32 10.53 0.18 13.62 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 32 4.80 15.00 0.47 11.88 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 64 2.60 4.06 0.06 8.10 Scirpus articulates L. 8 1.40 17.50 2.19 7.93 Corchorus aestuans L. 68 2.16 3.18 0.05 7.64 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 48 2.32 4.83 0.10 7.05 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 60 1.56 2.60 0.04 6.34 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 52 1.64 3.15 0.06 6.08 Tridax procumbens L. 56 1.40 2.50 0.04 5.89 Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 1.00 12.50 1.56 5.82 Commelina benghalensis L. 56 1.28 2.29 0.04 5.70 Cassia tora L. 40 1.60 4.00 0.10 5.55 Xanthium indicum Koenig 60 1.04 1.73 0.03 5.55 Carex cyperoides Dewey. 16 1.40 8.75 0.55 5.42 Euphorbia hirta L. 52 1.16 2.23 0.04 5.31 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 64 0.72 1.13 0.02 5.30 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 40 1.36 3.40 0.09 5.11 Amaranthus viridis L. 48 1.04 2.17 0.05 4.91 Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Sprengel 40 1.16 2.90 0.07 4.75 Achyranthes aspera L. 48 0.64 1.33 0.03 4.24 Tribulus terrestris L. 32 0.96 3.00 0.09 4.06 Cyperus rotundus L. 8 0.64 8.00 1.00 3.91 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.64 8.00 1.00 3.91 Acalypha indica L. 36 0.76 2.11 0.06 3.83 Cyperus niveus Retz. 4 0.36 9.00 2.25 3.73 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 20 0.84 4.20 0.21 3.58 Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.48 6.00 0.75 3.07
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Martynia annua L. 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 2.72 Cyperus distans L.f. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 2.64 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. 8 0.36 4.50 0.56 2.43 Physalis minima L. 24 0.24 1.00 0.04 2.16 Amaranthus spinosus L. 16 0.32 2.00 0.13 2.05 Cyperus nutans Vahl 4 0.16 4.00 1.00 1.80 Datura innoxia Mill. 16 0.20 1.25 0.08 1.68 POST-MONSOON SEASON Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 7.84 12.25 0.19 42.12 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 60 5.84 9.73 0.16 33.78 Apluda mutica L. 56 5.68 10.14 0.18 33.20 Aristida setacea Retz. 48 4.48 9.33 0.19 28.09 Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 28 3.60 12.86 0.46 26.47 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 20 2.24 11.20 0.56 20.09 Argemone mexicana L. 48 0.84 1.75 0.04 10.94 Corchorus aestuans L. 44 0.92 2.09 0.05 10.91 Parthanium hysterophorus L. 36 1.04 2.89 0.08 10.87 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 36 0.96 2.67 0.07 10.43 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 32 0.84 2.63 0.08 9.50 Tridax procumbens L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 9.10 Justicia procumbens L. 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 7.82 Xanthium indicum Koenig 36 0.40 1.11 0.03 7.40 Euphorbia hirta L. 28 0.52 1.86 0.07 7.31 Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss. Waalk. 24 0.56 2.33 0.10 7.31 Cyperus rotundus L. 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 7.05 Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.36 1.80 0.09 5.67 Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.24 3.00 0.38 4.83 Amaranthus viridis L. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 4.75 Cissampelos pareira L. 8 0.08 1.00 0.13 2.38
SITE-VII A total of 6 tree species were recorded from the Feeder Canal Junction of Command area,
site- VII. In this site the tree specieas richness is very low as compared to other sampling
sites. The highest value of density (92 individuals h-1) as well as IVI (112.36) with 52%
frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which resulted most dominant species of the
site followed by Mangifera indica (IVI, 63.81) and Eucalyptus spp (IVI, 61.21). With lowest
value of density (8 individuals h-1) & IVI (8.65), Acacia catechu attained least position in
dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, Azadirachta indica and Mangifera indica were randomly
distributed whereas, the remaining species showed contiguous distribution (Table-7.21).
During the study for shrub community layer, a total of 7 shrub species were recorded from
this sampling site. In this site the specieas richness of shrub community is less as compared
to other sampling sites. In terms of density (184 individuals h-1) as well as IVI (80.37) with
68% frequency Tephrosia purpurea was recorded to be the most dominant species of the
area. Prosopis juliflora and Abutilon indicum were the co-dominant species of the site in
case of density and IVI value. Cassia occidentalis was the least dominant species and
found very less frequent in the area. Tephrosia purpurea and Prosopis juliflora shoed
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random distribution pattern whereas, rest species were contiguously distributed. The details
are given in Table-7.21.
The vegetation of herbs on this site during pre-monsoon season is characterized by the
occurrence of 17 herbaceous species. Cynodon dactylon possessed the highest value of IVI
(52.96) and density (7.00 individuals/m2) dominated the site. Cymbopogon martinii, and
Andropogon schoenanthus were the close associate species of Cynodon dactylon incase of
IVI and density.The least position was shown by Amaranthus viridis with minimum value of
IVI (5.48). Maximum occurrence was shown by Parthanium hysterophorus with 60%
frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for Polygonum barbatum (8%).
Distribution pattern of species showed random distribution for the four species and
contiguous for rest of the species. The details are depicted in Table-22.
A total of 30 herbaceous species were recorded from this sampling site during the
vegetation study in monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI, 28.83) and
density (12.88 individuals/m2) Cynodon dactylon was the most dominant herbaceous
species of the site followed by Eragrostis tenella ( (IVI, 27.17) and Dactyloctenium
aegypticum IVI (22.55). The least dominace for this site was shown by Martynia annua with
least value of IVI (2.54) and density (0.32 individuals/m2). Abundance to frequency ratio
ranges from 0.02 to 0.64 throughout the site.The tails are given in Table-7.22.
In post-monsoon season, a total of 19 herbaceous species were recorded from the Feeder
Canal Junction area of Sonthi lift irrigation project. The highest value of IVI (51.22) as well
as density (8.04 individuals/m2) with 52% frequency was recorded for Cynodon dactylon
which was the most dominant species of the site closely followed by Cymbopogon martinii
(IVI, 50.67) and Apluda mutica (IVI,34.58). The least dominancy was shown by Sonchus
brachyotus with having an IVI value of 3.90. Maximum occurrence was shown by Euphorbia
hirta with 56% frequency and the least value of frequency was recorded for Andrographis
paniculata, Datura innoxia and Euphorbia hirta 12% each. Distribution pattern of species
showed random distribution for the five herbaceous species and contiguous for rest of the
species. The details are given in Table-7.22.
Table 7.21: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-VII
Plant species Frequency
% Density
(ha-1 Abundance )
A/F IVI
TREE COMMUNITY
Azadirachta indica A. Juss 52 92 1.77 0.03 112.36
Mangifera indica L. 36 48 1.33 0.04 63.81
Eucalyptus spp 32 64 2.00 0.06 61.21
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Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 28 1.40 0.07 35.46
Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb.)
Wight & Arn. 12 12 1.00 0.08 18.51
Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 4 8 2.00 0.50 8.65
SHRUB COMMUNITY
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 68 184 2.71 0.04 80.37
Prosopis juliflora DC. 64 132 2.06 0.03 80.23
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 44 140 3.18 0.07 44.52
Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 40 72 1.80 0.05 39.19
Carissa carandas L. 20 52 2.60 0.13 23.97
Calotropis gigentea (L.) R. Br. Ex
Ait. 24 28 1.17 0.05 20.23
Cassia occidentalis L. 8 36 4.50 0.56 11.48
Table 7.22 : Distribution of herbaceous vegetation in site-VII during various seasons
Plant species Frequency
% Density Ind/m
Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 56 7.00 12.50 0.22 52.96
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)
Wats. 44 4.52 10.27 0.23 38.58
Andropogon schoenanthus L. 36 3.72 10.33 0.29 34.34
Aristida setacea Retz. 24 2.68 11.17 0.47 29.62
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 60 2.24 3.73 0.06 23.59
Tridax procumbens L. 52 1.12 2.15 0.04 15.86
Cassia tora L. 48 0.96 2.00 0.04 14.38
Euphorbia hirta L. 52 0.64 1.23 0.02 12.78
Xanthium indicum Koenig 48 0.68 1.42 0.03 12.52
Sonchus brachyotus DC. 36 0.56 1.56 0.04 10.27
Celosia argentea L. 28 0.60 2.14 0.08 9.90
Polygonum barbatum L. 8 0.36 4.50 0.56 8.97
Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss.
Waalk. 28 0.44 1.57 0.06 8.51
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 12 0.40 3.33 0.28 8.15
Euphorbia helioscopia L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 7.06
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Waltheria indica L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 7.06
Amaranthus viridis L. 20 0.20 1.00 0.05 5.48
MONSOON SEASON
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 68 12.88 18.94 0.28 28.83
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult. 68 12.00 17.65 0.26 27.17
Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P.
Beauv. 76 9.72 12.79 0.17 22.55
Chrysopogon spp 64 9.24 14.44 0.23 22.18
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 64 8.60 13.44 0.21 20.94
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)
Wats. 56 7.12 12.71 0.23 18.44
Apluda mutica L. 48 6.56 13.67 0.28 17.86
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 56 6.16 11.00 0.20 16.46
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 28 3.12 11.14 0.40 11.48
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 40 2.28 5.70 0.14 8.31
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 1.48 2.64 0.05 6.80
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 60 1.36 2.27 0.04 6.73
Leucas cephalotes (Roth.)
Sprengel 68 1.08 1.59 0.02 6.58
Commelina benghalensis L. 60 1.28 2.13 0.04 6.57
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 56 1.28 2.29 0.04 6.39
Cyperus rotundus L. 12 0.92 7.67 0.64 6.12
Tridax procumbens L. 64 0.76 1.19 0.02 5.75
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 60 0.80 1.33 0.02 5.61
Desmodium hetrocarpon (L.) DC. 24 1.16 4.83 0.20 5.57
Waltheria indica L. 56 0.76 1.36 0.02 5.31
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)
Garcke 60 0.64 1.07 0.02 5.29
Tribulus terrestris L. 40 1.04 2.60 0.07 5.24
Xanthium indicum Koenig 52 0.80 1.54 0.03 5.19
Corchorus aestuans L. 52 0.76 1.46 0.03 5.10
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 28 1.00 3.57 0.13 4.95
Sida cordata (Burm. F.) Borss.
Waalk. 48 0.72 1.50 0.03 4.82
Euphorbia heterophylla L. 48 0.52 1.08 0.02 4.37
Euphorbia hirta L. 36 0.48 1.33 0.04 3.67
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Achyranthes aspera L. 32 0.36 1.13 0.04 3.16
Martynia annua L. 16 0.32 2.00 0.13 2.54
POST-MONSOON SEASON
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 52 8.04 15.46 0.30 51.22
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)
Wats. 36 7.04 19.56 0.54 50.67
Apluda mutica L. 52 4.96 9.54 0.18 34.58
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 32 3.92 12.25 0.38 31.64
Tridax procumbens L. 52 1.12 2.15 0.04 13.84
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 48 0.92 1.92 0.04 12.33
Euphorbia hirta L. 56 0.64 1.14 0.02 11.74
Xanthium indicum Koenig 36 0.92 2.56 0.07 11.31
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 40 0.84 2.10 0.05 11.11
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)
Garcke 52 0.60 1.15 0.02 11.03
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 40 0.76 1.90 0.05 10.62
Waltheria indica L. 44 0.44 1.00 0.02 9.15
Cyperus rotundus L. 20 0.56 2.80 0.14 8.09
Justicia procumbens L. 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 7.15
Argemone mexicana L. 24 0.32 1.33 0.06 6.19
Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.28 1.40 0.07 5.54
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.
F.) Wall. Ex Nees 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 5.47
Datura innoxia Mill. 12 0.20 1.67 0.14 4.42
Sonchus brachyotus DC. 12 0.16 1.33 0.11 3.90
SITE-VIII
In tree community layer, a total of 9 tree species were recorded from the Wadnahalli
village& adjoining area, site-VIII. The highest value of IVI (132.07) as well as density (128
individuals h-1) with 64% frequency was recorded for Azadirachta indica which was the
most dominant species of the site followed by Dalbergia sissoo (IVI, 58.28) and Acacia
nilotica (IVI, 35.92). With lowest value of density (4 individuals’ ha-1) & IVI (4.11) with 4%
frequency Syzygium cumini attained least position in dominance. In terms of A/F ratio, all
the species were showed contiguous distribution. The details are given in Table-7.23.
A total 15 shrub species were recorded from the Wadnahalli village area, site VIII during the
study. The site is much diverse with open scattered scrub forest. Importance value of shrub
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species of this sampling site shows that Annona squamosa was the most dominant species
having highest value of IVI (34.40). In terms of density, Carissa carandas (172 individuals h-
1) was the dominant shrub species followed by Cassia auriculata having density (120
individuals h-1) and IVI,(25.31). The least dominace for this site was shown by Ricinus
communis (IVI, 2.00). Ricinus communis and Grewia tiliaefolia acquired least density.
Frequency values ranged from 8% for Ricinus communis to 68% Annona squamosa. A/F
ratio indicates that four species showed random distribution whereas, rest of species were
contiguously distributed (Table-7.23).
Table 7.24, summarises the presence of 20 herbaceous species in the site during monsoon
season. Apluda mutica was the important species of the site with maximum value of IVI
(43.65) and density (7.00 individuals/m2. Cynodon dactylon and Andropogon schoenanthus
co-dominated the area having an IVI value of 40.98 and 40.52 respectively. Least value of
density (0.12 individuals/m2) and IVI (3.34) was shown by Solanum nigrum. A/F ratio
indicates that five species showed random distribution whereas, rest of species were
contiguously distributed.
The sampling site-VII, (Wadnahalli village & adjoining area) is characterized by the
presence of 39 herbaceous species in monsoon season. The highest value of IVI (19.62) as
well as density (8.52 individuals/m2) with 84% frequency was observed for Dactyloctenium
aegypticum which was the most dominant herbaceous species of the site. Eragrostis tenella
(IVI,18.75) was the co-dominant species of this vegetation stand closely followed by
Cynodon dactylon (IVI, 18.14). The least position in dominance was shown by Waltheria
indica with having an IVI value of 2.15 and density of 1.75 individuals/m2. Polygonum
barbatum was the least frequent species of the site with 4% frequency. A/F values varied
between 0.02 (for Alternanthera sessilis) to 1.75 (for Polygonum barbatum). The details are
given in Table-24.
A total of 26 herbaceous species were recorded from the site during the vegetation study in
post-monsoon season. In terms of importance value index (IVI,38.16) and density (6.76
individuals/m2) Cynodon dactylon was the dominant herbaceous species of the site followed
by Cymbopogon martinii (IVI, 31.89) and Aristida setacea (IVI, 29.71). The least dominace
for this site was shown by Eclipta prostrata (IVI, 2.84). The occurrence of the species
ranged between 4% (Eclipta prostrata ) to 68% (Cynodon dactylon ). A/F ratio ranges from
0.02- 0.63 and showed random & contiguous distribution pattern.The details are given in
Table-7.24.
Table 7.23: Distribution analysis of tree and shrub community in site-VIII
Plant species Frequency
% Density
(ha-1 Abundance )
A/F IVI
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TREE COMMUNITY
Azadirachta indica A. Juss 64 128 2.00 0.40 132.07
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 48 60 1.25 0.25 58.28
Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex Delile 20 48 2.40 0.48 35.92
Ficus religiosa L. 16 24 1.50 0.30 22.76
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. 12 16 1.33 0.27 14.06
Acacia ferruginea DC. 8 12 1.50 0.30 12.70
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin 8 12 1.50 0.30 12.01
Bahunia racemosa Lam. 8 8 1.00 0.20 8.32
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 4 4 1.00 0.20 4.11
SHRUB COMMUNITY
Annona squamosa L. 68 148 2.18 0.03 34.40
Carissa carandas L. 56 172 3.07 0.05 32.57
Cassia auriculata L. 60 120 2.00 0.03 25.31
Prosopis juliflora DC. 36 88 2.44 0.07 20.45
Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret 56 92 1.64 0.03 19.80
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 44 64 1.45 0.03 11.01
Ziziphus mauritianaLam. 36 72 2.00 0.06 10.22
Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. 24 48 2.00 0.08 9.50
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 28 56 2.00 0.07 8.19
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 8 48 6.00 0.75 8.05
Lantana camara L. 20 36 1.80 0.09 7.44
Cryptostagia grandiflora (Roxb.ex
R.Br). 16 24 1.50 0.09 3.92
Cassia occidentalis L. 12 24 2.00 0.17 3.82
Grewia tiliaefolia vahl 8 12 1.50 0.19 2.94
Ricinus communis L. 8 8 1.00 2.00
Table 7.24: Distribution analysis of herbaceous vegetation in site-VIII during various season
Plant species Frequency %
Density Ind/m
Abundance 2 A/F IVI
PRE-MONSOON SEASON
Vernonia cinrea (L.) Lessing 36 1.64 4.56 0.13 15.47
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 56 1.04 1.86 0.03 13.18
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Tridax procumbens L. 48 1.16 2.42 0.05 13.10
Xanthium indicum Koenig 48 0.68 1.42 0.03 10.47
Cassia tora L. 24 0.76 3.17 0.13 9.51
Euphorbia heterophylla L. 40 0.64 1.60 0.04 9.46
Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 8 0.40 5.00 0.63 8.51
Cassia pumilla Lam. 36 0.52 1.44 0.04 8.36
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 12 0.48 4.00 0.33 8.06
Euphorbia hirta L. 28 0.36 1.29 0.05 6.57
Amaranthus spinosus L. 24 0.36 1.50 0.06 6.28
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees 28 0.32 1.14 0.04 6.28
Celosia argentea L. 12 0.28 2.33 0.19 5.40
Physalis minima L. 20 0.24 1.20 0.06 5.00
Solanum nigrum L. 8 0.12 1.50 0.19 3.34
Andropogon schoenanthus L. 48 6.16 12.83 0.27 40.52
Apluda mutica L. 56 7.00 12.50 0.22 43.65
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 64 6.60 10.31 0.16 40.89
Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.)
P. Beauv. 56 3.20 5.71 0.10 24.22
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 60 2.68 4.47 0.07 21.73
MONSOON SEASON
Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.)
P. Beauv. 84 8.52 10.14 0.12 19.62
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv.
ex Roem. & Schult. 76 8.00 10.53 0.14 18.75
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 72 7.64 10.61 0.15 18.14
Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe 52 7.16 13.77 0.26 17.96
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler 80 7.20 9.00 0.11 17.34
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)
Wats. 48 6.60 13.75 0.29 17.08
Apluda mutica L. 44 5.72 13.00 0.30 15.48
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 48 5.16 10.75 0.22 13.99
Chrysopogon spp 60 3.56 5.93 0.10 10.55
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 48 2.28 4.75 0.10 7.81
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. 28 1.88 6.71 0.24 7.12
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 56 1.80 3.21 0.06 7.00
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 76 1.32 1.74 0.02 6.95
Acalypha indica L. 68 1.40 2.06 0.03 6.71
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Cyanotis cristata L. D. Don 36 1.80 5.00 0.14 6.67
Cyperus cyperoides Britton. 16 1.28 8.00 0.50 6.36
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 52 1.52 2.92 0.06 6.30
Tridax procumbens L. 64 1.16 1.81 0.03 6.08
Corchorus aestuans L. 56 1.28 2.29 0.04 5.96
Leucas cephalotes (Roth.)
Sprengel 36 1.48 4.11 0.11 5.87
Commelina benghalensis L. 64 1.00 1.56 0.02 5.78
Cyperus rotundus L. 12 0.96 8.00 0.67 5.76
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 60 0.96 1.60 0.03 5.51
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 36 1.20 3.33 0.09 5.18
Desmodium hetrocarpon (L.) DC. 44 1.12 2.55 0.06 5.18
Xanthium indicum Koenig 44 1.04 2.36 0.05 5.00
Achyranthes aspera L. 56 0.56 1.00 0.02 4.53
Scirpus articulates L. 12 0.68 5.67 0.47 4.29
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 24 0.84 3.50 0.15 4.13
Polygonum barbatum L. 4 0.28 7.00 1.75 4.02
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. 8 0.48 6.00 0.75 3.99
Euphorbia hirta L. 32 0.68 2.13 0.07 3.76
Tribulus terrestris L. 28 0.68 2.43 0.09 3.66
Eclipta prostrata (L.) 20 0.64 3.20 0.16 3.51
Celosia argentea L. 36 0.52 1.44 0.04 3.48
Physalis minima L. 28 0.40 1.43 0.05 2.86
Typha angustata Bor & Chaubard 8 0.32 4.00 0.50 2.82
Martynia annua L. 12 0.36 3.00 0.25 2.62
Waltheria indica L. 16 0.28 1.75 0.11 2.15
POST-MONSOON SEASON
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon 68 6.76 9.94 0.15 38.16
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.)
Wats. 40 4.84 12.10 0.30 31.89
Aristida setacea Retz. 24 3.60 15.00 0.63 29.71
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 28 2.60 9.29 0.33 20.86
Cassia tora L. 56 1.36 2.43 0.04 12.48
Justicia procumbens L. 56 1.36 2.43 0.04 12.48
Corchorus aestuans L. 52 1.24 2.38 0.05 11.66
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 60 1.04 1.73 0.03 11.17
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Cyperus rotundus L. 16 0.92 5.75 0.36 10.71
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 44 1.08 2.45 0.06 10.44
Parthanium hysterophorus L. 56 0.92 1.64 0.03 10.30
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. 20 0.92 4.60 0.23 9.86
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 48 0.92 1.92 0.04 9.78
Tridax procumbens L. 60 0.72 1.20 0.02 9.62
Malvastrum coromandelianum
(L.) Garcke 28 0.84 3.00 0.11 8.68
Xanthium indicum Koenig 52 0.60 1.15 0.02 8.39
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 28 0.76 2.71 0.10 8.13
Argemone mexicana L. 44 0.60 1.36 0.03 7.80
Euphorbia hirta L. 36 0.36 1.00 0.03 5.87
Cassia pumilla Lam. 24 0.40 1.67 0.07 5.49
Amaranthus viridis L. 32 0.32 1.00 0.03 5.34
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.
F.) Wall. Ex Nees 32 0.32 1.00 0.03 5.34
Waltheria indica L. 28 0.28 1.00 0.04 4.81
Achyranthes aspera L. 24 0.28 1.17 0.05 4.58
Cissampelos pareira L. 16 0.20 1.25 0.08 3.61
Eclipta prostrata (L.) 4 0.08 2.00 0.50 2.84
Figure-7.5 : Tree and Shrub density at various sampling sites (unit ind/ha).
Site-I Site-IB Site-II Site-III Site-IV Site-V Site-VI Site-VII Site-VIII
Tree 364 200 284 428 392 396 408 252 180
Shrub 728 776 540 1012 804 912 780 644 480
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
dens
ity
(ind/
ha
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Figure-7.6: Density of herbs in various seasons
7.8.4 Diversity indices measurements
Diversity indices calculated for all the sites separately for trees, shrubs and herbs in different
seasons are presented in Table 7.25 to 7.29.
Species richness (α) is a measure of diversity. It is indicated by the total number of species
in an area or community. Great value for the species richness indicates great diversity and
importance of the particular habitat or ecosystems. From the present observations, the α
(Species richness) diversity ranged between 6 plant species (site-VII) to 13 plant species
(site-IV) for tree layer, 7 plant species (site-VII) to 15 plant species (site-VIII) for shrub layer
and 30 plant species (site-VII) to 41 plant species (site-VI), 18 plant species (site-V) to 26
each plant species (site-IB, III and VIII) and 17 plant species (site-VII) to 23 plant species
(site-V) for herbaceous layer in monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season
respectively.
Diversity index (H') increases in value as the number of species increases. Thus, higher the
value of (H′) the greater is the species diversity in the community. In the present study
species diversity ranged between 1.42 to 2.26 for tree species and 1.46 to 2.46 for shrub
species in all study sites. In case of herbs, the range of diversity was calculated for pre-
monsoon (2.25-2.80), post-monsoon (2.24-2.94), whereas comparatively increased (1.83-
3.18) in monsoon season. The maximum index for monsoon season clearly indicates that
the species richness plays an important role in increasing species diversity.
Site-IA
Site-IB
Site-II
Site-III
Site-IV
Site-V
Site-VI
Site-VII
Site-VIII
Pre-monsoon 28.88 29.12 27.12 25.92 28.32 31.32 25.2 26.76 34.64
Monsoon 85.64 76.52 109.5 72.96 81.84 98.4 105.2 95.2 89.76
Post-monsoon 36.12 45.92 37.84 30.6 31.36 23.76 38.44 32.4 33.32
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Den
sity
(ind
/m2
Study sites
Pre-monsoon
Monsoon
Post-monsoon
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Dominance diversity (Cd) is another diversity index which always ranges from 0 - 1,
indicates species dominance within community gives greater weight to common species. In
addition, the value of Dominance closer to 1 indicates areas dominated by single or few
species. The value of Dominance had followed an opposite trend of diversity. From the
present observations, Site-VII (tree layer) found to have maximum concentration dominance
(0.25) with least diversity (1.42) whereas, site-VIII (monsoon herbs), had the lowest
dominance (0.05) with maximum species diversity (3.18). Dominance is also used for the
estimation of heterogeneity of various sites. (Table 7.25 to 7.29) indicates that increasing
diversity and reduced dominance has been shown to be associated with increased stability.
The distribution of individuals among the species, referred to as evenness. Evenness
compares the similarity of the population size of each of the species present. As species
richness and evenness increase, so diversity increases. In the present study Pielou’s
evenness (J) ranged between 0.78 to 0.90 for tree species and 0.87 to 0.92 for shrub
species in all study sites. In case of herbs, the range of evenness (J) was calculated for
monsoon (0.79 to 0.87), post-monsoon (0.76 to 0.90), and (0.78 to 0.88) for pre- monsoon
season. The value of species diversity (H') and evenness shows that decreased diversity in
the some sites may be due to dominance of very few species, excessive human
interference and low soil moisture contents. However, the range of diversity was high on the
other sites due to disturbance and immigration or replacement by new species.
Table 7.25: Diversity indices of tree species occurring in various sampling sites
Study site
Richness
(α)
Shanon-wiener
Diversity
Index ((H′)
Concentration of dominance
(Cd)
Evenness
(J)
Site-IA 10 2.06 0.16 0.90
Site-IB 9 1.96 0.17 0.89
Site-II 12 2.09 0.17 0.84
Site-III 10 2.03 0.17 0.88
Site-IV 13 2.24 0.15 0.88
Site-V 12 2.26 0.12 0.90
Site-VI 12 2.18 0.15 0.87
Site-VII 6 1.42 0.25 0.79
Site-VIII 9 1.72 0.24 0.78
Table 7.26: Diversity indices of shrub species occurring in various sampling sites
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Project
sampling sites
Richness
(α)
Shanon-wiener
Diversity
Index ((H′)
Concentration of dominance
(Cd)
Evenness
(J)
Site-IA 9 2.01 0.15 0.92
Site-IB 10 1.83 0.19 0.79
Site-II 8 1,80 0.20 0.87
Site-III 10 2.08 0.15 0.90
Site-IV 12 2.23 0.13 0.90
Site-V 12 2.31 0.11 0.93
Site-VI 9 1.99 0.16 0.90
Site-VII 7 1.76 0.21 0.91
Site-VIII 15 2.46 0.10 0.91
Table 7.27: Diversity indices of herb species occurring in various sampling sites during Pre-monsoon season
Project
sampling sites
Richness
(α)
Shanon-wiener
Diversity
Index ((H′)
Concentration of dominance
(Cd)
Evenness
(J)
Site-IA 18 2.39 0.12 0.83
Site-IB 21 2.88 0.07 0.88
Site-II 19 2.43 0.13 0.82
Site-III 22 2.68 0.09 0.87
Site-IV 18 2.25 0.15 0.78
Site-V 23 2.60 0.10 0.82
Site-VI 20 2.51 0.11 0.84
Site-VII 17 2.30 0.14 0.81
Site-VIII 20 2.37 0.13 0.79
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Table 7.28: Diversity indices of herb species occurring in various sampling sites during monsoon season
Project
sampling sites
Richness
(α)
Shanon-wiener
Diversity
Index ((H′)
Concentration of dominance
(Cd)
Evenness
(J)
Site-IA 36 3.11 0.06 0.87
Site-IB 34 1.83 0.21 0.79
Site-II 39 3.06 0.07 0.84
Site-III 36 3.06 0.06 0.85
Site-IV 36 3.02 0.07 0.84
Site-V 38 3.01 0.07 0.83
Site-VI 41 3.12 0.06 0.84
Site-VII 30 2.81 0.08 0.83
Site-VIII 39 3.18 0.05 0.87
Table 7.29: Diversity indices of herb species occurring in various sampling sites during post-monsoon season
Project
sampling sites
Richness
(α)
Shanon-wiener
Diversity
Index ((H′)
Concentration of dominance
(Cd)
Evenness
(J)
Site-IA 25 2.82 0.08 0.88
Site-IB 26 2.91 0.08 0.83
Site-II 23 2.69 0.10 0.83
Site-III 26 2.94 0.07 0.90
Site-IV 21 2.63 0.09 0.86
Site-V 18 2.36 0.14 0.82
Site-VI 21 2.46 0.12 0.81
Site-VII 19 2.24 0.15 0.76
Site-VIII 26 2.77 0.09 0.85
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7.8.5 GYMNOSPERM DIVERSITY
No Gymnosperm species was recorded from the Sonthi Lift Irrigation project of Gulbarga
district.
7.8.6 PTERIDOPHYTIC DIVERSITY
Only three Pteridophytic groups of species were recorded from the study area are
Equisetum debile, Selaginella monospora and adiantum philippense. All three species was
found along river side of the area.
7.8.7 BRYOPHYTIC DIVERSITY
Few species of bryophyte are Riccardia indica, Marchantia polymorpha, Notothylas indica,
Funaria spp., Polytrichum densifolium, Pogonatum spp. and Desmatodon latifolius recorded
from the Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project.
7.8.8 RET STATUS OF PLANT SPECIES
As per the Red Data book of plants and Following IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no
species fall under the threat category. However some regional medicinal plants species
recorded in the project area which is important from conservation point of view.
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Cassia auriculata Cryptostagia grandiflora
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Euphorbia hirta Martynia annua
Plate : Floristic Diversity of plants in project site
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Prosopis juliflora community in the study area
Open scrub forest in the command area /canal crossing site
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Field survey during study period
7.9 FAUNAL STUDY
The fauna of the study area consists mostly of species with zoo-geographic affinities of
palaearctic, Indo-Malayan and indigenous variably. However, to gain an insight in the
following respects for species of carnivore, ungulates, non-human primates, mammals,
birds/butterflies, reptiles and other fauna, the survey was conducted in the study area up to
10km radius from the project appurtenances in catchment-submergence zone, dam site,
power house site and d/s power house site upto 10 km river reach length ( Table 1).
Ground surveys was carried out by trekking the impact zone for identification of faunal
species inhabiting the area along the riverbanks, adjoining forest, nullahs, riparian zone,
hillock slopes and agricultural fields. Apart from direct sightings and primary data generated
through transects and trails, we have also collected secondary data from literatures
published, forest department and other sources like citing of animals by the locals in the
study area. The sighting of wild animals and other faunal groups were carried out during
study period though being undulating terrain with vast agriculture land and few scattered
deccan platue hillocks, the possible accounts are taxed in this section. The general
methodology followed is described below as:
• For sampling butterflies the standard ‘Pollard Walk’ methodology was used by
recording all the species that were encountered while trekking along the foot trails between
these two sites, daily. Photographs of specimens of species were taken in the field for
identification purpose. Sampling was done for 1 hour in a stretch on each transect (n=4).
• For sampling birds ‘point sampling’ along the fixed transects (foot trails) was carried
out to record all the species of birds observed with the help of binoculars; field guides and
photography for 1 hour on each transect(n=4).
• For sampling mammals, ‘direct count on open width (20 m) transect’ was used on
the same transects (n=4) for 1 hour in each transect. Besides, information on recent
sightings / records of mammals by the villagers and locals was also collected form these
areas.
• ‘Reptiles’ mainly lizards were sampled by ‘direct count on open width transects’ (n =
4) for 1 hour in each transect.
7.10 FAUNA IN STUDY AREA
In the absence of substantial forest cover in the project vicinity and command area, the
faunal variety is not much. However, along different water bodies, villages and agriculture
field areas some faunal life forms have been observed.
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The influence of life near water bodies is viewed from the Bonal tank located in Bonal village
of Shorapur Taluka, Yadgir district about 75-80 km near Krishna river confluence of Bhima,
which has been declared state Bird Sanctuary (Bonal Bird Sanctuary). The Bonal Tank is an
important ecological ‘niche’ attracting large number of migratory birds like open bill stork
(Anastomus oscitans), lesser adjutant (Leptotilos javanicus), Brahminy Duck (Tadorna
feruginneal), Common pochard (Anthiya farina), Tufted pochard (Anthiya fuligula),
Pheasant-tailed jacana (Hydro phasianus chirugees), Bronze winged jacana (Meeto pidius
indicus), Bar headed goose (Anser indicus), and the Indian river tern (Sterna aurantia) etc.
Mammals
SL. No.
Zoological Name Local Name IUCN status Schedule as per Wildlife Protection Act
Order Chiroptera
Cynopterus sphinx Fruit Bat
Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
V
Order Canrnivora
Felis chaus Common Jungle
Cat
Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
II
Herpestes edwadsi Common
Mongoose
Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
IV
Canis aureus Jackal Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
II
Canis lupus pallipes Wolf
Vulpes bengalensis Common Fox
Order Rodentia
Funambulus pennantii Common Squirrel Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
IV
Rattus rattus Common House
Rat
Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
V
Mus muscatus mice
Hystrix Indica Common Indian
Porcupine
Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
IV
Lepus nigricollis Common Indian
Hare
Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
IV
Order Ungulata
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SL. No.
Zoological Name Local Name IUCN status Schedule as per Wildlife Protection Act
Sus scrofa Indian Wild Boar Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
III
Axis axis Spotted Deer Least
Concern
SCHEDULE
III
Presbtlis entellus Common Langur
List of Domestic Fauna Observed in the Study Area
S. No. Zoological Name Common Name
1. Bos indicus Cow
2. Bubalus indicus Buffalo
3. Cains familieris Dog
4. Capra hircus Goat
5. Equus cabilus Horse
6. Equus hermionus Ass
7. Felis domesticus Cat
8. Ovius polic Sheep
9. Sus cristatus Pig
10. Presdystis entellus Common langoor
11. Macaca sp Monkey
AVIFAUNA
Family SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME S F WPA- S
Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus ruficoliis Little Grebe R P
Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormarant WM P
Ardeidae
Ardea cinerea Grey Heron WM P S- IV
Ardeola grayii Pond Heron R P S- IV
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret WM P S- IV
Egreta intermedia Median or Small WM P S- IV
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Egret
Threskiomithidae
Threskiornis aethiopica White Ibis R P
Pseudibis papillosa Black ibis
Accipitridae
Aviceds jerdoni
Brown Lizard
Hawk R C
Cuculus varians Common hawk
Milvus migrans
C ommon Pariah
Kite R C
Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite R C
Accipiter badius Shikra R C
Circaetus gallicus Short-Toed Eagle R C
Auila vindhiana Tawny Eagle R C
Phasianidae
Francolinus
pondicerianusb Grey Partridge R O
Gallus sonnneratii Grey Junglefowl R F, I S- IV
Pavo cristatus Common peafowl R O S- IV
Rallidae
Amaurornis akool Brown Crake R
I,
G
Amaurornis phoenicurus Water Hen R
I,
G
Porphyrio porphyrio P urple Moorhen R O
Fulica atra Coot R O
Charadriidae
Vanellus indicus
Red-wattled
lapwing R I
Vanellus malabaricus
Yellow-wattled
lapwing R I
Columbidae
Columba livia Blue Rock Pigeon R
G,
F
Streptopelia decaocto Ring Dove R
G,
F
Streptopelia Red Turtle Dove R G,
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tranquebarica F
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove R
G,
F
Psittacidae
Psittacula krameri
Rose Ringed
Parakeet R F
Cuculidae
Clamator jacobinums
Pied Crested
Cuckoo SM F, I
Eudynamys scolopaea Koel R F, I
Strigidae
Athene brama Spotted owlet R C
Apodidae
Apus affinis House swift R C
Cerylidae
Ceryle rudis Pied kingfisher R P
Alcedinidae
Alcedo atthis
Blue-Eared
/common
kingfisher WM P
Dacelonidae
Halcyon smyrnensis
White-Breasted
kingfisher R P
Meropidae
Merops superciliosus
Bluecheeked
Bee-Eater R I
Merops orientalis
Small Green Bee-
Eater R I
Coraciidae
Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller R I
Upupidae
Upupa epops Hoopoe R I S-IV
Bucerotidae
Tockus birostris
Common Grey
Hornbill R I
Capitonidae
Megalaima zeylanica Large Green R F
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Barbet
Picidae
Dinopium benghalense
Lesser
Goldenbacked
woodpecker R F
Alaudidae
Calandrella raytal Sand Lark R I
Hirundinidae
Hirundo rustica Swallow R I
Corvidae
Dicrurus paradiseus Black Drongo R C S-IV
Corvus splendens House Crow R O S-V
Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle crow R O S-V
Sturnidae
Sturnus pagodarum Brahminy Myna R O
Acridotheres tristis Indian Myna R O S-IV
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus cafer
Red-vented
Bulbul R F
S-IV
Muscicapidae
Alcippe poioicephala Quaker Babbler R I
Turdoides malcolmi
Large Grey
Babbler R I
Turdoides striatus Jungle Babbler R I
Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin R I
Sylviidae
Orthotomus sutorius
Common
Tailorbird R I
Prinia socialis
Ashy wren
warbler SM I
Paridae
Parus major Grey Tit R I S-IV
Parus nuchalis
Whitewinged
Black Tit R I
S-IV
Passeridae
Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail WM I
Motacilla Large Pied WM I
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maderaspatensis Wagtail
Nectariniidae
Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird R
F,
G,
I
Ploceidae
Passer domesticus House Sparrow R
G,
I
Ploceus philippinus
Baya Weaver
Bird R G
Lonchura punctulata Spotted Munia R G
Lonchura malabarica
Whitethroated
Muina R G
R - Residents, species found in the study area throughout the year; WM – Winter Migrants,
species found in the study area only during the winter and SM - Summer Migrants, species
visiting the area during the summer seasons,;; I- insectivorus, O- omnivorus, P-
piscivorous, C- carnivorus, F-frugivorus, and G-grainivorus;; WPA-S Wildlife Protection
Act - Schedules
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Reptiles LIST OF REPTILES OF THE STUDY AREA
Butterflies:
Eight species of butterflies were sited in the area (Table ). Among them cabbage fly was
found occurring commonly. The fauna listed consists of mostly ‘common’ and generalist
species as none of the animal species is threatened globally as per the IUCN Red list 2012.
Butterflies spotted in the area
S. No. Butterflies Common Name 1. Precis lemonias Lemon pansy
2. Genopterys sp Common brimstone
3. Danaus sp common tiger
5. Pieris canidia Cabbage white
6. Eurema sp Lemmon grass yellow
7. Pachliopta hector Crimsone rose
8. Zizeeria sp Dark grass blue
SL. No.
Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status Schedule as per WPA
Naja tripudians Cobra
Laudakia minor Lesser Agama Least Concern
Hemidactylus brookii Gray Brook’s House Gecko
Hemidactylus flaviviridis
Ruppell
Yellow green House
Gecko
Hemidactylus leschenaultia Bark Gecko
Brachysaura minor Lesser Agama Data Deficient
Mabuya dissimillis Striped Grass Skink Data Deficient
Calotes sp Garden Lizard
Varanus sp Monitor lizard
Chameleo calcaatus chameleon
Bangarus ceruleus Krait
Python
Ptyas muscosus Rat Snake
Viper
Echis carinata Tortoise
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7.11 AQUATIC ECOLOGY
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms with themselves and the
abiotic and biotic factors of the surrounding environments. Therefore, any change in the
natural environment can alter the habitat fragmentation, which leads to change/loss of
biodiversity as the species specific interaction and their food chain link gets widely impacted
in response to the stress generated from the change in physical, chemical and biological
environment due to erection of barriers (diversion structures, weirs, barrages, dams etc.) or
blockage of the flowing water of river/stream.
Thus, in order to predict the likely impacts of proposed project of large barrage /dam of
about 8 m height on the Bhima river, hydro-biological characteristics like physical, chemical,
biological, fishes and fisheries characteristics of this river water, the present study is
undertaken. Water resources projects have beneficial as well as adverse impacts on fish
production. The secondary data on the aquatic lifeforms- fisheries in the rivers was collected
through review of literature as well. Sampling was made at various sites in the project area
and river stretches both upstream and downstream of the project site to ascertain the
distribution pattern of aquatic life forms imparting aquatic ecological health. The possible
impact on aquatic life due to conversion of lentic to lotic conditions has also been identified
from the proposed project.
7.11.1 Bhima river and schemes under recommendation /considerations
River Bhima flows along the common border of Maharashtra State and Karnataka State
from its 495th Km to 570th Km (i.e, for length of 75 Kms). It was proposed to construct in
all 8 KT weirs across the Bhima river in this reach of 75 Kms. In the ministerial level meeting
held on 30-10-1995 in Maharashtra, it was decided (a) to take up 4 (four) Barrages situated
@ Auja, Chinechpur, Khanapur and Hilli by the Maharashtra State and (b) the remaining
four Barrages situated in Bandar Kavate, Lawangi, Barur and Algi by Karnataka State
Government.
In the alternative proposal of construction of series of Barrages, totally 11 Barrages sites
were identified and detailed investigation was carried out in Karnatka. All these 11 Barrages
were named by the nearby villages, where they were located viz; 1.Afzalpur Barrage, 2.
Ghattergi Barrage-cum-Bridge 3. Saganur Barrage-cum-Bridge, 4. Kattisangavi Barrage, 5.
Honnal Barrage-cum-Bridge, 6. Sonthi Barrage-cum-Bridge, 7. Tangadgi – Bannatti
Barrage-cum-Bridge, 8. Nalwadgi – Tumkur Barrage-cum-Bridge, 9. Yadgir Barrage, 10.
Machanur – Bhimalli Barrage-cum-Bridge, and 11. Joladadgi – Gudur Barrage-cum-Barrage
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7.11.2 Proposed Project Description
The project site is approachable from Shahpur Taluka of Yadgir district through
Bhimnarayangudi urban area. The project area- Barrage, Reservoir and Canal intake sites
comes under the Gulbarga districts whereas most of the command area following canal
network falls under Yadgir districts. (Figure 1). Thus, the scheme involves construction of
gated Barrage across River Bhima (160, 49' 50" N & longitude of 760, 55' 45" E) including a
bridge and downstream Power House [13.5 MW (4.5 MW x 3 units)] near Sonthi Village in
Chittapur Taluka. The length of barrage is 665 meters. The length of earthen dam towards
the left flank is 275 meters and on the right flank is 180 m. The top of the Barrage is fixed to
RL 380.250m. The clear road way of 7.50 m wide is provided over the barrage for
communication facilities to the famous pilgrimage centre of Sri Chandralama Devi Temple
and also between tow talukas headquarters Chittapur and Shahpur.
Sonthi Lift Irrigation Scheme (Sonthi LIS head works-160,53' 07"N; 760, 59' 07"E) comprises
of an intake channel (365.500 m, CBL of intake channel) of 3 km length to draw water from
the foreshore of the reservoir at Kollur village. Further, canal system is mainly contour lift
canals, which will consist mainly of 1) Sonthi feeder canal, 2) Sonthi main canal, 3) Sonthi
branch canal 4) Distributory No.1 canal and 5) Yargol minor canal. The Sonthi Main canal is
a contour canal and distributaries minors are ridge canals.
The reservoir area will have total water allocation for the scheme is 4.00 TMC (including
Evaporation losses) and is earmarked for irrigation purpose. The Canal network will provide
irrigation to 16800 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA) situated in drought prone areas
of Gulbaraga Distirct and Yadgir District. In addition, the proposed scheme will also help to
generate incidental power 13.5 MW through surface power house in downstream area. The
land use in the proposed project area is dry land agriculture, subject to vagaries of monsoon
rain with low cropping intensity and low productivity.
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7.11.3 Selection of Study Site
The river Bhima in project vicinity flows from north to south direction in the Canal intake area
of submergence zone and west to east direction at barrage site and downward areas.
Finally, it joins river Krishna d/s area in Yadgir district. Further, three streams joins the
Bhima river in submergence zone are Sirwal Nalla, Rosa /Hossur nalla and Bilal nalla
whereas one stream- Tangedgi /Ibrahimpur nalla joins in project influence area-d/s of
barrage site. All these streams are right bank tributaries. These streams are seasonal
stream and receives maximum water during monsoon seasons, however, due to existing
irrigation schemes towards right bank of bhima river, the flow from canal tails available till
winter. Bhima river also shows discontinuos flow during non-monsoon period in the summer
months however, some perennial pools in deep low gradient zone are the life lines for
existing ecology and biodiversity. Months of 'nil' flow: Feb-2001, Mar-2000,2001, Apr-
2000,2001 &2002, May-2001 &2002, June-2002 & July- 2001 & 02.
Further, most of the village in the area are having village water tanks locally known as kere.
Among kere, some are well knows due to natural topography and are also included in the
field survey such as Ibrahimpur kere towards southern direction from barrage and
Wadnahalli kere in command area towards east direction. The vicinity map has shown in
Figure 1.1. and photographs are shown in Plate 1.2.
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Therefore, the complete area is divided in to three zones of having an holistic view of river
ecology i.e. Catchmnt- Submergence zone, Barrage site including Canal Intake site u/s
area, and powerhouse site downstream site as influence zone upto 10km radius approach
based on project appurtenances. The details of sampling sites are given in Table and
Plates. Samples are to be made during Pre monsoon (summer), monsoon and post-
monsoon /winter seasons during the study period (2013). The details of the study area to
assess the aquatic ecology are given in Table 7.1.2, Figure 7.1.2. and Plates 7.1.2.
Table 7.1.2: Description of study sites selected on river Bhima and its tributaries in the project impact zone
STUDY SITES
LOCATION SITE DESCRIPTION Habitat Structure
A. BARAGE AXIS SITE
1.
1) Left
Bank
Approx 1000 m river length
covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m
barrage axis+ 500m d/s) from
u/s Chandralama temple to d/s
Budha Temple-ASI
Pools followed by run and
glide with fewever rapids–
Thick riparian vegetation on
Left bank whereas right
bank with sparse vegetation
mainly scrubs. Among flora,
Prosopis zulifera
predominate and banks with
sandy slopes however river
flows on rocky bottom
except pools with some
sand deposits
2) Right
Bank
Approx 1000 m river length
covered (500m u/s+ 0.0 m
barrage axis+ 500m d/s) from
u/s area following water intake
canal and to d/s Power House
site till confluence of tail race
channel with river Bhima.
B. SUBMERGENCE /CATCHMENT AREA--(up to 10km from barrage axis)
2. Bhima river u/s 1.5 to 6.0 km from barrage axis
Left Bank
Sonnthi village
Riparian Vegetation- along
river banks mainly prosopis
dominate along with grass
species, Undulating plains
along banks with agriculture
fields as the spreads till river
bank. Both banks are sandy.
Gentle slope along right
bank however, left bank is
comparatively steep. River
flows on rocky substratum
however, construction of
barrage already changed
river habitat in to reservoir.
The water spread u/s upto
8-9 km along river length.
Right Bank
Hurasagundagi
to Sirwal
villages
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3.
*Sirwal Nalla The nalla flows nearby Sirwal
village and joins Bhima river
on its Right Bank. It’s a
Seasonal stream with thick
riparian cover. Prosopis
dominates followed by moist
grasses and other scrubs/
shrubs.
Substratum rocky with sand
deposits along banks. Run
and small rapids observed
due to obstruction of check
dams or natural rock cuts
with low slopes /gradient.
4
4.
*Rosa Nalla The nalla flows along Hossur
and Rosa villages and joins
river Bhima on its right bank at
Rosa. It’s a Seasonal stream
with thick riparian cover.
Prosopis dominates followed
by moist grasses and other
shrubs.
Substratum rocky with sand
deposits along banks. Run
and small rapids observed
due to obstruction of check
dams or natural rock cuts
with low slopes /gradient
followed by pools.
C Catchment Area- About 9-10 km u/s towards NE
5.
*Biral Nalla Located between Biral khurd
and Biral Buzurg villages 3-4
km upwards from right bank
Bhima confluences. It’s a
Seasonal stream with thick
riparian cover. Prosopis
dominates followed by moist
grasses and other shrubs.
Substratum rocky with sand
deposits along banks. Run
and small rapids observed
due to obstruction of check
dams or natural rock cuts
with low slopes /gradient
followed by pools
*However, the availability of water varies from 9-10 months due to flow from the
tail water of the existing irrigation canals located in the area along right bank of
Bhima river
D CANAL INTAKE POINT (Submergence Zone)
6
Left Bank Kollur
Village &
Right Bank
Hotanmadi
village
Riparian Vegetation- along
river banks, including and
agriculture fields as the
spreads till river bank. Canal
Intake Side where Sonthi Lift
Canal Network to be
developed crosses through
River flows comparatively
confined channel where
banks are sandy with
scattered riparian
vegetation mostly scrubs.
River with large pool habitat
or reservoir water.
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Left Bank Paddy agriculture
field of Kolur village. RB dry
semi-arid type.
E. INFLUENCE ZONE -(Bhima river & adjoining area upto 10 km d/s from barrage)
Area along Left bank is also Part of Command Area
7
Left bank Halandgere to Banhatti villages.
Thick Riparian Vegetation
mainly Prosopis and grasses
along sandy bank.
River flows on gentle slopes
through rocky substratum
with fewever island
formation. Frequent pools
with run and rapid habitat
are observed. Right bank
with gentle slope and rocky
however at bank height
sand present with
agriculture field.
Right Bank D/s power house to Tangedgi
village with seim arid climate
conditions. Scrubs along bhima
river bank. Riparian cover with
scrubs and above bank
agriculture field spreads which is
dry semiarid type.
8
Tangedgi nalla The nalla flows along Ibrahipur
and Tangedgi village and joins
river Bhima on its right bank at
Tangedgi village. It’s a Seasonal
stream with scrub riparian cover.
Prosopis dominates followed by
grasses and other shrubs.
Substratum rocky with sand
deposits along banks. Run
and small rapids observed
due to obstruction of check
dams or natural rock cuts
with low slopes /gradient
followed by pools
9
Ibrahimpur
Kere / Water
tank / pond/
lake
Its approx 7 km Southern
direction from Barrage & bhima
river right bank. Watershed
consists of scrubs with
moderate to gentle slopes.
Further surrounded by small
hillocks or rocky area three
sides and down slopes
agriculture fields with semiarid
type climate zone. Small check
dam has been developed for
storage of rain water for long
duration.
Lake water with grasses
along banks and submerge
area during monsoon.
Macrophytes also present
with some exposed rocks in
lake. Supports the local
area during monsoon and
non-monsoon periods.
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F. COMMAND AREA & PROPOSED CANAL NETWORK
The area located on left bank of Bhima river and spreads toward east and northern directions
10
Wadnahalli
Kere /water
tank / lake
The pond / lake is located in
between the side slopes of
rocky hillocks and form beautiful
watershed area. Small check
dam has been constructed
which help to store the rain
water during non-monsoon
season. The site is located near
to Wadnhalli village.
Left bank of proposed canal
cross marginally through Yadgir
RF and Right bank is village
land of Wadnahalli following
agriculture land. Kere is located
along right bank.
Semi arid type climate. The
lake surrounded by rocky
hillocks with open scrub
forest type (part of Yadgir
RF open scrubs) where
slopes are extended till the
Wadnahalli Kere (water
tank-lake). Bottom with
sand and silt deposits from
sedimentation flow of
surrounding areas which
also supports the grass
growth and other shrubs.
Figure 7.1.2 : Showing Rivers & streams in the Project vicinity (upto 10 km radius)
7.11.4 Methodology for Aquatic Ecology
The river /stream morphology is determined to ascertain the type of habitats, substratum
and covers (aquatic vegetation, substratum, large woody debris, Particulate as clay, silt,
sand, gravel, pebble, cobble, boulder, bedrock etc.), bank conditions, flow pattern, and type
of valleys following flood prone area and riparian covers etc has been assessed based on
the criteria described by Rosgen (1996) and habitat inventory described by Armontrout
(1998), Myers and Swanson (1992) and Rosgen (1996). Stream order classification was
based on Horton’s (1954) approach as modified by Strahler (1954, 1957). In this system all
ultimate headwaters are called first order streams. Stream formed by union of two such
streams are designated second order and whenever two streams of a particular order join
they form next order and so on. Habitat structures were observed in the river stretches from
down stream to upstream at a fixed point including longitudinal survey of submergence, dam
site and influence zones of toe dam projects with onsite visual estimation.
Plankton samples were collected using a tericot ring net of a 20 µm net to make. For
enumeration of phytoplankton population, 100 l composite water samples were collected
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from the river surface up to 60 cm depth and were filtered through a 20 µm net to make 1 l
of bulk sample. The bulk samples so collected were preserved in 2% formalin solution and
were brought to the laboratory for analysis. Ten replicate water samples each of 15 ml were
made out of the preserved 1 l bulk sample and were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes.
After centrifuging, the volume of aliquot concentrate was measured. 0.1 ml of aliquot
concentrate was used for enumeration of phytoplankton population in each replicate. A
plankton chamber of 0.1 ml capacity was used for counting of plankton under a light
microscope. Periphyton-Epilithic phytobenthos were obtained by scrapping the surface of
rocks and boulders (4 x 4 cm2) with the help of a hard brush and preserved in 3% formalin
solution for further analyses.
For the quantification of zooplankton and phytoplankton 100 liters of water for each
community was filtered at each site by using plankton net made up of fine silk cloth (mesh
size 25 µm). The filtrate collected for the study of phytoplankton was preserved in Lugol’s
solution, while a part of the unpreserved samples for the study of zooplankton was brought
to the laboratory.
Benthic macro-invertebrates were collected from the pebbles, cobbles and gravels form the
surface collected up to 15 cm sediment depth at different elevations with the help of sieve of
a mesh size of 100 µm.
All collected specimens –organisms of planktons, periphytons, benthoses etc were
preserved in 3 % formalin solution or 70 % alcohol and were identified by using keys
formulated by different workers such as Pennak (1953), Edmondson (1959), Ward and
Whipple (1959), Needham and Needham (1962), Trivedy and Goel (1984), Sarod and
Kamat (1984), Hustedt and Jensen (1985), Battish (1992), Edington and Holdren (1995) and
APHA (1992, 1998). The density of the plankton and benthic samples was estimated by
using drop count method (Bhatt et al., 2005) and standards methods of APHA (1992, 1998).
Fishes occurrence were determined by visual method and by collecting samples using
different fishing gears like cast net, scoop net, hand net, hook-line, pot and open local
devices methods. Fishes were identified up to the species level with the help of keys of
Jayaram (1981), Menon (1987) and Talwar and Jhingran (1997). IUCN Red Data List (2008)
was compared to assess threatened, endangered and vulnerable species in the study area.
Conservation Assessment Management Plan of Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization
Project Workshop (CAMP-BCPP, 1997) was followed to understand the threats and
conservation status of Indian fish species.
The total number of planktons present in a litre of water sample was calculated using the
following formula:
N = (n x v x 100)/ V
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Where, N= Number of plankton per litre
n = average number of plankton cells in 0.1 ml of aliquot concentrate
v = volume of plankton concentrate (aliquot)
V= volume of water from bulk sample centrifuged
The species diversity index was calculated using Shannon’s species diversity index (H)
formula taking the density values of each species into consideration.
Shannon index of general diversity (H): - ΣPi log Pi
Where ni = density value for each species
N = total density value
Pi = density probability for each species = ni /N
Fish Fauna
List of Fishes Present in the Area
Sl. No. Order
Family Fish species Local Name
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae
Berilius bendelisis Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822
Catla catla (Hamilton,1822) Catla
Cirrhinus cirrhosa (Hamilton,1822)
Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822
Mrigal
Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes,1844)
Grass carp
Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)
Garra gotyla (Gray, 1830)
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes,1844)
Silvar carp
Labeo bata (Hamilton,1822)
Labeo calbasu (Hamilton,1822)
Labeo fimbriatus (Hamilton,1822)
Labeo rohita (Hamilton,1822) Rohu
Labeo boggut (Sykes, 1839)
Puntius kolus (Hamilton,1822)
Puntius sarana (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)
Puntius ticto (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)
Puntius chilinoides (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)
Puntius lithopidos (Day, 1874)
Osteobrama cotio cotio Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822
Salmostoma bacaila Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822
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Rasboridae
Rasbora neilgherriensis Day, 1867
Cichlidae
Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)
Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Siluriformes
Bagridae
Rita buchnani Hamilton- Buchannan, 1822
Spearota aor (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)
Spearota seengala (Sykes,1839)
Mystus seenghala Sykes, 1839
Mystus bleekeri Day, 1877
Bagarius bagarius Udd
Siluridae
Ompok bimaculatus (Bloach,1794) Pabda-gojal
Ompok pabda (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822)
Schilbeidae
Silonia silondia (Hamilton,1822)
Claridae
Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus,1758)
Clarias garipinus (Burchell, 1822)
Wallago attu (Bloach & Schneider,1801)
Heteropneustidae
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch,1794) Perciformes
Channidae
Channa marulius (Hamilton,1822)
Channa punctatus (Bloch,1793)
Channa striatus (Bloch,1793) Osteoglossifo
rmes
Notopteridae
Notopterus notopterus (Pallas,1769) Synbranchifor
mes
Mastacembelidae
Mastacembalus armatus (Lacepede,1800)
Bam-eel
Beloniformes
Belonidae
Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton,1822)
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CHAPTER-8 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS-SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Before the start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the
baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a
result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. A similar approach has been
adopted for conducting the EIA study for the proposed Sonthi Lift irrigation Scheme Major
Multipurpose Project. The baseline status has been divided into following three categories:
• Physico-chemical aspects • Ecological aspects • Socio-Economic aspects
The baseline setting for Socio-Economic aspects have been covered in this Chapter.
8.2 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE
The areas coming under this project is surrounded with a fairly god network of village roads
coming under Zilla Public works department. No extra provision is made towards providing
ayacut roads. The command area is connected with good communication facilities with road
network and railway lines and good marketing facilities for farm product are also available.
The banking and other co-operative financial institutions are also working in the taluka
coming under command area.
8.3 AMENITIES AND FACILITIES
In the proposal only one village is considered for providing the rehabilitation facilities ie.,
Hurasagundagi village. Hence Land losers/project affected persons in the villages will be
benefitted as per NRRP, 2007 norms.
• The project proponents are required to provide all the infrastructure facilities to its
work force such as health care, free fuel and water supply in order to reduce
dependency on local infrastructure and confrontation with the society. Also good
sanitation facility to avoid water borne diseases. Proper facilities for domestic water
supply and sanitation services will be made available to the construction workers at
the site.
• Occupational risks/hazards will be minimized at the project site through implementing
safety measures and providing safety gadgets like helmets, safety (gas) mask/safety
dress, shoes etc. for the labour force depending upon their nature of activity in the
site.
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• Safety training will be provided to all construction workers on operation of equipments.
Security will also be extended during non-working hours to ensure there is no
uncontrolled access to the machinery and equipment.
• KBJNL will have an interaction with PHCs (Public Health Centers) in the command
area, such that the communicable diseases and other water borne diseases will be
avoided through their guidance and support.
• The health checkups ( diagnostic) will be done for all regular employees involved in the
construction activities of the project at scheduled intervals (Le quarterly) and to maintain
corresponding health records.
• First Aid Room with adequate First Aid Kits as approved from Doctors along with
medical facilities like Spirometry, Pulse - Oxymetry, lung test etc., will be provided.
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CHAPTER-9 PREDCTION OF IMPACTS
9.1 GENERAL Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts as a
result of the construction and operation of the proposed Sonthi Lift irrigation Scheme have
been identified. The Impact Assessment for quite a few disciplines are subjective in nature
and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified and
otherwise, qualitative assessment has been undertaken. The present Chapter outlines the
anticipated impacts due to construction and operation of the propose Kundalia Major
Multipurpose Project.
The impacts on following aspects of environment have been covered as a part of this Report:
• Land Environment • Water quality • Terrestrial Ecology • Aquatic Ecology • Noise Environment • Air quality • Socio-economic Environment • Public health
10.2 IMPACTS ON LAND ENVIRONMENT a) Construction Phase The construction of the proposed Sonthi Lift Irrigation Project is expected to be completed in
about six (6) years. Majority of the environmental impacts during construction phase are
temporary in nature, lasting mainly during the construction phase and for small duration
beyond the construction period. However, if these issues are not properly addressed,
impacts can continue even after the construction phase for a longer duration.
The major impacts anticipated on Land Environment during construction phase are as
follows:
• Environmental degradation due to immigration of labour population. • Operation of construction equipment. • Soil erosion. • Impacts due to construction of roads.
Environmental degradation due to immigration of labour population
The peak labour and technical staff congregation would be of the order of 2,000 and 500
respectively. Thus, for assessment of impacts, a total of 6200 labour and technical staff have
been assumed to be involved in project construction and related activities. The other
assumptions made for assessing the emigrating population in the area are as follows:
• 80% of the workers and technical staff are married. • In 80% of the family of workers both the husband and wife will work. • In 100% of the family of technical staff, only husband will work. • 2% of total migrating population has been assumed as service providers.
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• 50% of service providers will have families. • Family size has been assumed as 5.
Separate accommodation and related facilities for workers, service providers and technical
staff are to be provided as a part of the project. The congregation of labour force is likely to
create problems of sewage disposal, solid waste management and felling of trees for
meeting fuel requirements, etc. These aspects have been adequately covered in various
Sections of this Chapter.
Operation of construction equipment During construction phase, various types of equipment will be brought to the site. These
include batching plant, earth movers, etc. The siting of these construction equipment would
require significant amount of space. In addition, land will be required for storage of various
construction material as well. However, land for this purpose will be temporarily acquired, i.e.
for the duration of project construction phase i.e. 6 years.
Efforts must be made for proper siting of these facilities. Various criteria for selection of these
sites would be:
• Proximity to the site of use • Sensitivity of forests in the nearby areas • Proximity from habitations • Proximity to drinking water source
Efforts must be made to site the contractor’s working space in such a way that the adverse
impacts on environment are minimal, i.e. to locate the construction equipment, so that
impacts on human and faunal population are minimal. The proposed project envisages
construction of a 45 high dam along with canal network in the command area. The details of
canal network are given in Table-10.1.
Table-10.1:Details of canal network to be constructed as a part of the project
No. Name of canals Length (km)
Discharge (Cumecs) FSD (m) ICA (ha)
1. Feeder Canal 1.886 8.00C 1.90 -
2. Sonthi Main canal 38.00 3.05 1.30 6100
3. Distributory No.1 15.00 2.61 1.30 5227
3. Sonthi Branch canal 20.00 2.11 1.30 4213
4. Yargol minor canal 9.50 0.23 0.50 460 The canal network is likely to pass through various villages. The canal network will be so
aligned that only land is acquired and efforts will be made to ensure that no houses are
acquired as a result of acquisition of land for link channel and canal alignment. However,
large amount of construction material, variety of construction equipment, etc. are likely to be
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stored/located close to major construction sites. Such land acquisition is temporary in nature.
Efforts shall be made that such facilities are located on government or panchayat land only,
so that hardships caused as a result of land acquisition, though temporarily on this account
are minimized to the extent possible.
Soil erosion
The runoff from various construction sites, will have a natural tendency to flow towards along
with the natural drainage. The runoff from a construction site has a tendency to flow through
natural drainage. The runoff for these sites will have high turbidity levels, i.e. of the order of
4,000-5,000 mg/l. Thus, the disposal of drainage effluent with such high turbidity levels is
bound to affect the water quality, especially in the lean season. The drains/nallahs close to
various construction sites along the main canal, distributaries and minors are seasonal in
nature, since, the area is rainfed. Normally in such rivers biological productivity is not high.
Hence, increase in turbidity levels due to disposal of runoff from the construction site are not
expected to be significant in nature. However, the runoff from construction sites could lead to
formation of stagnant pools of water in the area adjacent to major construction sites. This
could lead to increased mosquito generation, especially in monsoon and post-monsoon
months.
Solid waste management The labour colonies will generate substantial amount of municipal wastes. Inview of the
condition that normally exists in the labour camps of such projects,the solid wastes is likely to
contain mainly vegetable matters followed by paper cans and glasses. About 6,200 persons
are likely to congregate during the construction phase at various construction sites resulting
in generation of about 1.3 tonnes of solid waste/day. Adequate facilities for collection and
conveyance of municipal wastes generated to the disposal site shall be developed. At each
labour camp, covered tractor trolleys to collect the solid waste from the common collection
point and transfer it to the disposal site needs to be put to service. The composition of
various waste materials is in the municipal refuse is detailed in Table-10.2.
Table-10.2: Composition of waste material in municipal refuse
Ingredient Percentage by weight (%) Paper 4.71 Rubber, Leather and synthetics 0.71 Glass 0.46 Metals 0.49 Total compostable matter 38.95 Inert matter 44.73 Others/ plastic 9.95 Total 100.00
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A detailed plan for disposal of solid waste generated from labour camps is given in Volume-II of
this report, which outlines the Environmental Management Plan.
b) Operation Phase The major impacts anticipated on land environment are as follows:
• Acquisition of land • Change in land use pattern
Acquisition of land
The tentative total land required for various project components is of about 7,822 ha. The
details are given in Table 10.3. About 4736 ha of private land and 2386 of government land
is to be acquired. In addition, about 680 ha of forest land is to be acquired.
Table-10.3:Details of land to be acquired for the project Component Government Private Forest Total
Land acquired for intake channel, pump house, raising main and Delivery chamber for lift
- 38.96 - 38.96
Canal network - 610.80 0.78 611.58 Approached Roads to Sannathi Barrage
- 9.84 - 9.84
Submergence Area 2.43 709.52 - 711.95
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
- 40.48 - 40.48
Total 2.43 1409.60 0.78 1412.81
Based on the ownership status of the land of the land to be acquired, appropriate
compensatory measures shall be formulated. The same has been outlined in Volume-II of
this report, which outlines the Environmental Management Plan.
Change in land use pattern The GCA and ICA of the project are 82625 ha and 75,000 ha respectively. The details are
given in Table-10.4. The ICA is spread over 187 villages. The list of beneficiary villages from
Right Bank Main Canal, Left Bank Main Canal and Direct from the reservoir is given in
Tables -10.5.to10.7 respectively. Table-10.4: Details of irrigated area in various cropping seasons
Cropping season Irrigated Cropped Area (ha) Kharif 55,000 Rabi 20,000 Total 75,000
Under this lift irrigation scheme total 31 villages are being benefited, i.e. 9 villages of
Chittpaur taluka of Gulbarga Distirict viz., 1) Kollur 2) Sonthi 3) Kanaganahalli 4)
Holandagere 5) Banahatti 6) Tarkaspet 7) Rampurhalli 8) Shampurhalli and 9) Nalwar and
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22 villages of Yadgir taluka of Yadgir Distirict viz., 1) Yargol 2) Talak 3) Hedagimudra
4)wadanahalli 5) Bomashetthalli 6) Thangundi 7) Tumkur 8) Mudnal 9) Achola 10) Arekera-B
11) Khanahalli 12) Kyasapanahalli 13) Basavanthpur 14) Alipur 15) Kanchagarahalli 16)
Horancha 17) Hattikuni 18) Yadahalli 19) Chamanahalli 20) Bandahalli 21) Hongera and 22)
Naganayakanahalli.
At present, cropping intensity in CCA is 44,000 ha, which will increase to 75,000 ha in project
operation phase. Thus, the land which at present is barren, would be cropped during project
operation phase. This would lead to change in land use pattern of the area, as the cropped
area is expected to increase in the command area. This is a significant positive impact.
The increase in cropped area and construction of field bunds also controls the soil erosion.
This will also be a significant positive impact.
The details of cropped area during pre-project and project operation phases are given in
Tables-10.8 and10.9 respectively.
proposed cropping pattern in the command area of the sonthi lift irrigation project, karnataka
Sl. No. Cropping Season Irrigated
Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Kharif
a) Hybrid Maize 600 50.60 b) Groundnut 3200 20.25 c) Tur 3000 22.24 d) Pluses 2400 18.53 Sub-Total -A 9200 Rabi
a) Local Jowar 1920 55.65 b) Sunflower 1280 20.25 c) Safflower 1600 15.20 d) Pulses 1000 18.53 Sub-Total –B 5800 Bi-Seasonal crops
a) Cotton 1200 8.00 b) Chillies & Vegetables 600 31.00 Sub-Total -C 1800 Tptal(A+B+C) 16,800
10.3 IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES AND QUALITY
a) Construction Phase Impacts due to sewage generation from labour camps The major sources of water pollution during project construction phase are the sewage
generated from the labour camps/colonies. The project construction is likely to last for a
period of 6 years. As mentioned earlier about 2,000 workers and 500 technical staff are likely
to migrate during project construction phase. The employment opportunities in the area are
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limited. Thus, during the project construction phase, many of the locals may get employment.
It has been observed during construction phase of many of the projects, the major works are
contracted out, who bring their own skilled labour. However, it is only in the unskilled
category, that locals get employment.
The construction phase also leads to mushrooming of various allied activities to meet the
demands of the immigrant labour population in the project area. The increase in the
population is expected to be of the order of 6200. The labour population is likely to be
congregated at three to four labour colonies.
The exact population in each of the labour colonies cannot be estimated at this stage.
However, the persons residing in each labour camps/labour colonies is expected to be of the
order of 2000 to 2500. The total domestic water requirements of the labour population
(including families) is expected to be of the order of 0.837 mld @ 135 lpcd. It is assumed that
about 80% of the water supplied will be generated as sewage. Thus, the total quantum of
sewage generated is expected to be of the order of 0.64 mld. The total BOD load contributed
by various labour camps/colonies will be about 261 kg/day. The above pollution loading is
likely to be spread over 3 to 4 labour camps. The disposal of sewage without treatment
could lead to adverse impacts on land environment or water environment in which the
effluent from the labour camps/colonies are disposed.
In the present project, it is recommended that the sewage generated from various labour
camps be treated prior to its disposal, so that it does not lead to any water/land pollution
were associated public health issues.
Impacts due to runoff from construction sites Substantial quantities of water would be used in the construction activities. With regards to
water quality, waste water from construction activities would mostly contain suspended
impurities. Adequate care should be taken so that excess suspended solids in the
wastewater are removed before these are disposed into water body or over land.
Similarly, effluents due to washing from truck parking area, workshop, etc. would have high
concentration of oil and grease. The effluent quality is too small to cause any adverse
impact. However, it is still recommended to treat the effluent from these units/areas by oil
and separator unit, to ameliorate even the marginal adverse impacts likely to accrue on this
account.
b) Operation Phase The major impacts considered as a part of the study are
- Impacts on downstream water users - Impacts on waterlogging and soil salinity - Changes in water quality due to increased use of fertilizers - Impacts due to effluents from project colony - Impacts on downstream water quality
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Impacts on downstream users The total water requirement for irrigation of command of Kundalia project is 332.097 Mm3. T
The net water available at dam site is (968.83 – 385.414 – 60.00) 523.52 m3. About 77.53
Mm3 of water will be available by regeneration from various sources including irrigation,
domestic and industrial use.
The storage capacity of Kundalia Reservoir is 495.20 Mm3. The committed water use in
newaj sub-basin are 132 Mm3, which includes water requirement for environmental and
ecological balance (30 Mm3) drinking water including reservoir & supply losses (18 Mm3) and
industrial use (84 Mm3). The balance quantity of water available for Committed irrigation
purposes (601.0539-30-18-84) is 469.05 Mm3.Considering irrigation water requirements as
332.097 Mm3, the water available for miscellaneous use and for providing irrigation in
drought year for Kharif crop (469.05- 332.097) shall be 136.96 Mm3.
The net surface water availability at 75% dependable yield is 968.83 Mm3. The upstream
water use is 524.94 Mm3. The details are given in Table-10.11.
It is proposed to release about 22% of net water available at Kundalia dam site for
environmental releases, which works out to about (22% of 601 Mm3) 136.96 Mm3
• Developmental activities such as construction of roads, bridges, railway lines,
buildings etc. resulting in chocking of natural drainage.
.
Impacts on waterlogging and soil salinity The main causes of water logging in a command area due to introduction of irrigation could
be as follows:
• Poor natural drainage as consequences of topography or unfavorable sub-soil
geology
• like existence of hard pan at shallow depths.
• Spilling of rivers resulting in submergence of agricultural lands.
• Heavy storm and rainfall coupled with poor natural drainage.
• Hydraulic pressure of water from upper irrigated areas resulting in seepage and
outcrop in low lying areas.
• Heavy losses of water due to seepage from canals, distributaries and
• water courses.
• Excess application of water particularly in the initial years when the command is not
fully developed.
- Poor on-farm water management resulting in poor application efficiencies.
• Inadequate drainage and poor maintenance of existing drainage system and outlets.
• Lack of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters.
The imbalance of air and water in root zone leads to adverse impacts on crop growth and are
listed as under:
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• Depletion of oxygen in the root zone and increase/saturation of carbondioxide due to
water logging. This anaerobic condition has an adverse effect on the growth of useful
micro-organisms and harmful organisms proliferate and create several problems in the
plant growth.
• Physio-chemical and biological activities in the soil and disturbed on account of low
temperature which is the result of water logging conditions. This also creates the
problem of increase in pests and diseases.
• Field operations also become either impossible or difficult in such soils.
For the purpose of cropping pattern optimization and evaluation of alternation project
configuration, various efficiencies taken into consideration are given in Table-10.12.
Table-10.12: System Efficiency
Items Surface Irrigation
1. Conveyance efficiency (from canal head to outlet head)
90%
2. Field channel efficiency (from outlet head to field gate
85%
3. Field application efficiency 79% Overall Efficiency 54%
The total water requirement during Kharif and Rabi seasons is 332.097 Mm3 over an irrigated
command of 75,0000 ha. This works out to an average water depth of 443 mm. The area
irrigated under ponded and pressure irrigation is 67,500 and 7,500 ha respectively. The
irrigated water not being utilized in ponded irrigation is (0.46*67,500 ha*0.443m) 137.55
Mm3. The irrigated water not being utilized in pressure irrigation is (0.20*7,500 ha*0.443m)
6.65 Mm3. The total irrigation water being wasted is 144.2 Mm3
To compensate the nutrient removal by crops, additional dose of nutrients, i.e. fertilizers
dosing needs to be given. Washdown of fertilizers and organic matter rich in nutrients from
. For an irrigated command of
75,0000 ha, the average depth of water being wasted works out to an average water depth of
192 mm. The quantum of water not being utilized is quite small and is not expected to cause
any significant problem of waterlogging.
Changes in water quality due to increased use of fertilizers The fertilizer dose is likely to increase once irrigation is introduced in the command area.
Under the best farming practices, only 40-50% of the applied fertilizers is used by the crop
and the balance finds its way into the aquatic environment through drainage runoff. An
unexpected intense shower immediately after the spread of fertilizers may bring even greater
amount of nutrients as a part of the runoff into the receiving water body.
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the surrounding agricultural fields cause eutrophication of water bodies. Overgrowth of
aquatic weeds affects the survival of aquatic organisms through depletion of oxygen, change
in odour and taste of water. Similar impacts have been observed in other projects as well.
With the introduction of irrigation, use of fertilizers is likely to increase, to maintain the
increased levels of production. The drainage system (natural or man-made) is likely to
contain much higher level of nutrients. The climatic conditions in the project area to is
suitable for the proliferation of eutrophication in the project area. Thus, in the project
operation phase, there will be increased probability of eutrophication in the water bodies
receiving agricultural runoff. As a part of Environmental Management Plan Report
appropriate control measures have been recommended.
Impacts due to effluent from project colony During project operation phase, due to absence of any large scale construction activities, the
cause and source of water pollution will be much different. Since, only a small number of
O&M staff will reside in the area in a well designed colony which will have a Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP) and other infrastructure facilities, the problems of water pollution due
to disposal of sewage are not anticipated.
As per the DPR, during project operation phase, three to four permanent divisions for
operation phase, maintenance will be developed during project operation phase. At each
colony, about 100 families are likely to reside. The sewage generation at each colony shall
be of the order of 0.08 mld. The total BOD loading will be about 23 kg/day. The BOD loading
is insignificantly low to cause any adverse impact. It is proposed to provide biological
treatment facilities including secondary treatment units for sewage so generated from these
settlements. The BOD load after treatment will reduce to 2 to 3 kg/day. Thus, with
commissioning of facilities for sewage treatment, even the marginal impacts on water quality
of receiving water body are not anticipated.
10.4 IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY a) Construction Phase Flora During project construction phase, labour population is likely to congregate near various
construction sites. It can be assumed that the technical staff likely to congregate will be of
higher economic status and will live in a more urbanized habitat, and will not use wood as
fuel. However, workers and other population groups residing in the area may use fuel wood
(if no alternate fuel is provided) for whom firewood/coal depot could be provided.
Overall there will be an increase in population by about 6200 at various construction sites, of
which about 5500 are likely to use fuel wood.
* Average fuel wood consumption : 20 kg pcd * Population size over : 5500 project construction phase
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* Average consumption per day : 1100 quintals/day Or 401500 quintals/year * For a construction period of 6 years : 240900 quintals or 301125 m3.
* One tree produces about 2.5 m3
• Impacts on vegetal cover
of wood, thus, about 1.20 lakh tree will be cut to meet the fuelwood requirements to the labour population, over a construction phase of 6 years.
Hence to minimize impacts, community kitchens have been recommended. These
community kitchens shall use LPG or diesel as fuel. The details are covered in
Environmental Management Plan covered in Volume-II of this Report.
The other major impact on the flora in and around the project area would be due to increased
level of human interferences. The workers may also cut trees to meet their requirements for
construction of houses and other needs. Thus, if proper measures are not undertaken,
adverse impacts on terrestrial flora is anticipated. Since, labour camps are proposed to be
constructed by the contractor along with necessary facilities, such impacts are not
envisaged.
During construction of various components of the project, e.g., road, colony, dam axis, muck
disposal, etc. trees will have to be cleared. The tree felling or clearing shall be done by the
State Forest Corporation.
Fauna During construction phase, a large number of machinery and construction labour will have to
be mobilized. This activity may create some disturbance to the wildlife population. The
operation of various construction equipment is likely to generate significant noise. The noise
may scare the fauna in the region and force them to migrate to other areas. Likewise, siting
of construction equipment, godowns, stores, labour camps, etc. may generally disturb the
fauna of the area. Since the project command has very little area under dense vegetation
and the land use pattern is mainly agriculture land interspersed with settlements. As a result
of absence of forest or vegetal cover in the command area and high level of human
interferences in the area, wildlife is generally absent in the area.
This is also confirmed by the field observations, and interaction with locals, etc. and it can be
said that no major fauna is observed in the project area. Hence, impacts on terrestrial fauna
are expected to be insignificant.
b) Operation Phase
Various impacts to be covered are listed as below:
• Impacts on wildlife Impacts on vegetal cover Impacts on vegetal cover
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The total forest area to be acquired in the project is 680 ha. As a part of field studies,
ecological survey was conducted at three locations in the submergence area, which is
spread over an area of 7,476 ha. The details of tree density and number of species at
various sampling sites in submergence area are given in Tables-10.13 and 10.14.
It can be seen from Table-10.13, that Acacia catechu, Phoenix acaulis, Butea
monospermum, Acacia nilotica were the dominant tree species. Amongst shrubs, Vitex
nugundo, Butea parviflora, Cassia tora were the dominant species. The dominant
herbaceous species in the submergence area were Cynodon dactylon, Cassia tora,
Paspalum conjugatum, Cymbopogon martini, Xanthium strumarium, Andrographis paniculata
Argemone mexicana. The tree density ranged from 76 to 108 per ha, which is quite low.
Normally in a dense forest, tree density is of the order of 1000-1200 trees/ha. Thus, land to
be acquired in reservoir submergence tree density is low. No Rare, Endangered or
Threatened species are reported in the project area.
Common species such as Acacia catechu, Phoenix acaulis, Butea monospermum, Acacia
nilotica are reported in the submergence area. The loss of these tree species is proposed to
be compensated by including these species as a part of compensatory afforestation
programme.
The introduction of irrigation in the area will increase the agriculture production of the area,
leading to the increased availability of fodder as a result of increased agricultural by products
and residues. The increased level of fodder availability would reduce the pressure on existing
pasture and vegetal cover, which is a significant positive impact.
Impacts on wildlife The area to be brought under irrigation within the command area shall be devoid of forests.
The project area is interspersed with settlements and agricultural land. In such settings large
scale faunal population is not observed. Thus, no significant impact on wildlife is anticipated
due to the project.
The mammal species are reported to be under Least Concern category as per IUCN status.
Amongst avi-fauna, Passeriformes is the largest order and eighteen species belonging to
order were reported in the project area. 9 species belonging to Order Charadriiformes were
reported in the study area. The other orders of avi-fauna reported in the area include
Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes, Cucoliformes, Columbiformes, etc. Most of the
species reported in the area belonged to Schedule-IV of Wildlife Protection Act (1972). . The
commonly observed herpetofauna in the study area includes Ground Geckoo, tree snake,
Warm snake, cobra, Lesser Agama, etc. As per IUCN status, they belong to lest common or
Data Deficient category. Thus, no major impacts on fauna is anticipated.
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Impacts due to excavation of construction material from river bed During the construction phase a large quantity of construction material like stones, pebbles,
gravel and sand would be needed. Significant amount of material is available in the river bed.
It is proposed to extract construction material from borrow areas in the river bed. The
extraction of construction material may affects the river water quality due to increase in the
turbidity levels. This is mainly because the dredged material gets released during one or all
the operations mentioned below:
• excavation of material from the river bed. • loss of material during transport to the surface. • overflow from the dredger while loading • loss of material from the dredger during transportation.
The cumulative impact of all the above operations is increase in turbidity levels. Good
dredging practices can however, minimize turbidity. It has also been observed that slope
collapse is the major factor responsible for increase in the turbidity levels. If the depth of cut
is too high, there is possibility of slope collapse, which releases a sediment cloud. This will
further move outside the suction radius of dredged head. In order to avoid this typical
situation, the depth of cut be restricted to:
γ H/C < 5.5
where, γ - unit weight of the soil H - depth of soil C - Cohesive strength of soil
The dredging and deposition of dredged material may affect the survival and propagation of
benthic organisms. The macro-benthic life which remains attached to the stones, boulders
etc. gets dislodged and is carried away downstream by turbulent flow. The areas from where
construction material is excavated, benthic fauna gets destroyed. In due course of time,
however, the area gets recolonized, with fresh benthic fauna. The density and diversity of
benthic fauna, will however, be less as compared with the pre-dredging levels.
The spawning areas of these fish species are found amongst pebbles, gravel, sand etc. The
eggs are sticky in nature and remain embedded in the gravel and subsequently hatch. Any
disturbance of stream bottom will result in adverse impacts on fish eggs. Even increase in
fine solids beyond 25 ppm will result in deposition of silt over the eggs, which would result in
asphyxiation of developing embryo and also choking of gills of young newly emerged fry.
Thus, if adequate precautions during dredging operations are not undertaken, then
significant adverse impacts on aquatic ecology are anticipated.
Impacts due to discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony
The proposed project envisages construction of a project colony, which would result in
emergence of domestic waste water which is usually discharged into the river. However, it is
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proposed to commission appropriate units for treatment of domestic sewage before its
disposal in to the river. Thus, no adverse impacts on water quality are anticipated due to
discharge of sewage from labour camp/colony.
10.5 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT a) Construction Phase Noise due to construction equipment In water resource projects, the impacts on ambient noise levels are expected only during the
project construction phase, due to earth moving machinery, increased vehicular movement,
etc. will have some adverse impacts. The noise level due to operation of various construction
equipment is given in Table-10.15.
Table-10.15: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipment Equipment Sound Level at 7 m (dB(A))
Unsilenced pile diver 110 Unsilenced scraper/grader 94
Unsilenced compressor 85 Cranes 82
Generator 82 Generate mixers 80
Pumps 69 Vibrators 75
Saws 77
Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction
phase, it has been assumed that all these equipment generate noise from a common point.
The increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipments are given in
Table-10.16.
Table-10.16 : Increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipment
Distance (m)
Ambient noise levels
(dB(A))
Increase in noise level due to construction
activities (dB(A))
Noise levels due to
construction activities (dB(A))
Increase in ambient noise
level due to construction
activities (dB(A)) 100 45 86 86 41 200 45 70 70 25 500 45 62 62 17 1000 45 56 56.3 11 1500 45 52 52.8 7 2000 45 50 51.2 6.2 2500 45 50 49.8 4.6 3000 45 46 48.5 3.5
As per Table-10.16, the increase in noise level shall be of the order of 11, 7, 6.2, 4.6 and 3.5
dB(A) at a distance of 1000 m, 1500 m, 2000 m, 2500 m and 3000 m respectively. Since all
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the equipment have been assumed to operate from a common point this assumption has
lead to over-estimation of the increase in noise levels. It is a known fact that there is a
reduction in noise level as the sound wave passes through a barrier. The transmission loss
values for common construction materials are given in Table-10.17.
Table-10.17: Transmission loss values through common construction material Material Thickness (inches) Decrease in noise level
(dB(A)) Light concrete 4 38
6 39 Dense concrete 4 40 Concrete block 4 32
6 36 Brick 4 33 Granite 4 40
As per Table-10.17, it can be concluded that the walls of various houses will attenuate at
least 30 dB(A) of noise. In addition there are attenuation due to the following factors.
• Air absorption • Atmospheric inhomogeneties and atmospheric turbulence. • Vegetal foliage.
Thus, no increase in noise levels is anticipated as a result of various activities, during the
project construction phase. There could be marginal impacts on the population residing in
proximity to the canal alignment during construction phase as a result of various activities.
However, based on past experience in similar projects, the impact however, is not expected
to be significant.
b) Operation Phase
In a water resources project, noise pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase.
During project operation phase, no major impacts are envisaged.
10.6 IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY
• Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment • Fugitive emissions from various sources.
a) Construction Phase Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment The operation of various construction equipment requires combustion of fuel. Normally,
diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets emitted as a result of diesel
combustion is SO2. The SPM emissions are minimal due to low ash content in diesel. The
short-term increase in SO2, even assuming that all the equipment are operating at a
common point, is quite low, i.e. of the order of less than 1µg/m3. Hence, no major impact is
anticipated on this account.
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Fugitive Emissions from various sources During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement. Lot of construction
material like sand, fine aggregate is stored at various sites, during the project construction
phase. Normally, due to blowing of winds, especially when the environment is dry, some of
the stored material can get entrained in the atmosphere. However, such impacts are visible
only in and around the storage sites. The impacts on this account are generally, insignificant
in nature. Impacts due to vehicular movement During construction phase, increase in number of vehicles is anticipated for transportation of
construction material. The increase in number of vehicles is expected to be a maximum of
35/hour. The impacts on ambient air quality due to increase in vehicular movement is given
in Table-10.18.
Table-10.18: Increase in pollutants due to vehicular movement
Distance PM (µg/m3 NOx (µg/m) 3) 100 34.73 0.63 150 30.39 0.55 200 27.01 0.49 250 24.31 0.44 300 20.26 0.36 350 16.21 0.29 400 9.72 0.18 450 8.10 0.15 500 7.37 0.13
Thus, it can be concluded from Table-10.17, that no major impacts on ambient air quality is
anticipated due to increase in a vehicular movement during construction phase.
b) Operation Phase In a water resources project, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase.
During operation phase, no major impacts are envisaged.
10.7 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
a) Construction Phase
The construction phase will last for about 6years. The peak labour force and technical staff
required is estimated at about 2,500. The total number of persons inhabiting the area
including the service population will be about 6,200. The construction phase of any project is
rather an unsettled stage characterized by uncertainties and often disorders. The basic
problem relates to management of large population, which migrate to the project area or near
major construction sites, in search of jobs. It has been estimated that about 6,200 persons
will inhabit the area during construction phase, which is likely to last for a period of about 6
years.
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The benefits however, are always not a certainty and depend on several factors. Often, they
are directly related to the way construction phase is handled by the project authorities and
their sensitivity to various socio-economic problems that could develop during this phase.
The project will open a large number of jobs to the local population. Job opportunities will
drastically improve in this area.
The availability of infrastructure is generally a problem during the initial construction phase.
Though the construction workers can be subsidized for certain facilities like health,
education, etc. the facilities of desired quality are often not made available in the initial
stages. The adequacy of water supply, sewage treatment, housing, etc. should therefore, be
ensured before and adequate measures would be taken at the very start of the project.