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EURYDICE

European Glossary on

Education

Volume 1 Second edition

Examinations, Qualifications and

Titles

Eurydice

The information network on education in Europe


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This document is published by the Eurydice European Unit with the financial support of the European

Commission (Directorate-General for Education and Culture).

Available in English (European Glossary on Education. Volume1 Second edition: Examinations,

Qualifications and Titles), French (Glossaire europen de lducation. Volume 1 Deuxime dition:

Diplmes, examens et titres) and German (Europisches Glossar zum Bildungswesen. Band 1 Zweite

Ausgabe: Prfungen, Abschlsse und Titel).

D/2004/4008/4

ISBN 2-87116-366-9

This document is also available on the Internet (http://www.eurydice.org).

Text completed in February 2004.

Eurydice, 2004.

The contents of this publication may be reproduced in part, except for commercial purposes,

provided that the extract is preceded by a complete reference to Eurydice, the information network

on education in Europe, followed by the date of publication of the document.

Requests for permission to reproduce the entire document must be made to the European Unit.

Eurydice

European UnitAvenue Louise 240

B-1050 Brussels

Tel. +32 2 600 53 53

Fax + 32 2 600 53 63

E-mail: [email protected]

Internet: http://www.eurydice.org

Printed in Belgium


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Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 3

PREFACE

Every education system uses its own specific terminology to describe the characteristics of itsorganisation and operation. In trying to understand and compare how the various education systems

in Europe really work, we are confronted with questions of terminology. The development of precise

markers for reference purposes is thus absolutely essential for better mutual understanding and

quality cooperation between European countries.

In order to cater for this need, the Eurydice Network has established a publications series entitled

the European Glossary on Education. Four volumes on different subjects have been published since

1999. The first volume dealt with examinations, qualifications and titles, while the second was

devoted to educational institutions (2000), the third to teaching staff (2002) and the most recent

to management, monitoring and support staff (2003). The four volumes also constitute a dynamic

database that may be accessed on the Eurydice website (http://www.eurydice.org).

Terminology associated with examinations, qualifications and titles is changing rapidly in an enlargedEurope in which student and teacher mobility as well as the opening up of education and training

systems to the wider world are essential aims of cooperation. It is for this reason that the Eurydice

Network has decided to update the first volume of the Glossarypublished in 1999.

In contrast to the previous edition that covered 24 countries (the 15 Member States of the European

Union, the EFTA/EEA countries and the first six countries of central and eastern Europe which took

part in the activities of the Network), the present glossary now also includes the Baltic countries,

Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta.

The book provides detailed coverage of the terminology used at national level to refer to the

examinations, qualifications and titles specific to each education system. Each term in the original

language is accompanied by a structured summary description providing for ready understanding

and comparison of information that is becoming increasingly essential for experts and researchers, as

well as for those responsible for or involved in mobility in Europe, translators, and many other people

active in the world of education.

A guide to use of the Glossaryis included by way of introduction. It contains all relevant definitions and

outlines the different aspects covered in the explanatory note on each term.

The Eurydice European Unit is very grateful to all National Units in the Eurydice Network for their

invaluable contribution to the content of this publication, not to mention its quality and reliability,

as well as the national representatives of the NARIC Network (National Academic Recognition

Information Centres), who were consulted about the tertiary education terms.

By making this second edition of the first volume of the Glossary available to all who attempt to

compare or understand more about the examinations, qualifications and titles associated with

European education systems, the Eurydice Network hopes to make a further contribution to the

greater transparency of those systems, which is itself essential for more ambitious cooperation.

The European Unit remains entirely responsible for the presentation and drafting of this book.

Patricia Wastiau-Schlter

Head of the Eurydice European Unit

March 2004


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Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 5

ContentsPreface 3

Introduction 7

Users guide 9

Part I Glossary 15

Part II Summary tables 209

European Union Belgium

French Community 210

German-speaking Community 212

Flemish Community 213 Czech Republic 216

Denmark 217

Germany 218

Estonia 220

Greece 221

Spain 223

France 224

Ireland 226

Italy 227

Cyprus 229

Latvia 230

Lithuania 232

Luxembourg 233 Hungary 234

Malta 235

The Netherlands 236

Austria 238

Poland 239

Portugal 241

Slovenia 242

Slovakia 245

Finland 246

Sweden 248

United Kingdom

England, Wales and Northern Ireland 249

Scotland 252

EFTA/EEA countries Iceland 254

Liechtenstein 255

Norway 256

Candidate countries Bulgaria 258

Romania 259

Acknowledgements 261


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Introduction

This Glossaryis a compilation of the terminology used to designate examinations, qualifications and

titles in 30 European education systems. It covers almost 1000 specific terms of this kind. The aim is to

offer readers the definitions of frequently used terms that they might encounter when reading about

or dealing with the education system of any given country.

Only official or widely used and recognised names specific to each education system are included.

The qualifications considered are those offered by or in partnership with educational institutions.

Qualifications awarded to persons with special educational needs, as well as official qualifications

obtained in adult education programmes are also included.

Standard tests held in primary and secondary education to guide or select pupils or to monitor

the education system are included if they have an official title or name, or are widely used and

recognised.

Qualifications awarded to foreign students who have completed part of their course in a foreign

institution (such as certificates awarded to students who have taken part in the Socrates/Erasmus

programme) are not included.

The present Glossaryis neither a dictionary nor a directory of professional titles used in the world of

work.

Qualifications and titles corresponding to names of professions, such as teacher or pharmacist have

been avoided as far as possible. Only qualifications and academic titles in their own right have been

included.

***

In order to provide easy access for a wide range of readers, the terms relating to examinations,

qualifications and titles are presented in two sections.

In the first section, the reader will find all the terms for all countries and all educational levels listed

in alphabetical order. Only generic terms, abbreviations and common synonyms appear in the

alphabetical list. Apart from the explanatory note on the term, the information given for each entry

includes a country reference, associated terms, i.e. the most common grammatical forms of the basic

term, and the levels of the one or more educational programmes concerned.

The second section comprises summary tables. These are presented by country. The terms of the

category in question, i.e. examinations, qualifications and titles, are classified by level of educationusing the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). The countries are presented in

the order used by the European Union. Only generic terms are included in the national tables and

the abbreviations are shown in brackets. The names of the examinations, qualifications and titles are

presented vertically and the levels of education horizontally. Wherever the use of special terms calls

for a distinction between mainstream education, adult education and provision for persons with

special needs, this is indicated at each level concerned.

The symbol () or (I) after a term means that it may also be used in adult or SEN education,

respectively.


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European Glossary on Education Volume 18

Certain details relating to national characteristics are shown below the summary tables where this is

felt to contribute to a better understanding of the situation in a particular country.

The advantage of this dual structure is that it offers different routes of access to information. Readers

who know a term but do not know what it means can search in the alphabetical list to find the name

of the country, the explanatory note and related terms. However, if for example they need to search

for all the terms used in a given country to refer to any particular level of education, they may consult

the national summary table and can then return to the alphabetical table for a fuller definition of each

of the terms.


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Users guide

Main terms (in original language)This section lists terms in the nominative singular form, unless only the plural is used. When theterm varies with gender, both forms are indicated with the masculine form given first (for exampleMagister/tra).

The expression appears in the official language of the country. Greek and Bulgarian terms are translit-erated into the Roman alphabet with the term in the Greek or Cyrillic alphabet in brackets.

In principle, the official name of the examination, the qualification or the title appears. Popular refer-ences have only been included if they are widely used and well known and liable to appear in textsabout the education system (such as Selectividadin Spain).

Where two different terms are used for the same examination or qualification, there are two entries,but only the main term has an explanatory note which mentions the synonym. The explanatory notefor the synonym includes only a reference back to the main term.

Where the same term is used for the examination, the qualification (diploma) or the title, there is onlyone entry but the explanatory note indicates that the term has several meanings.

Where a generic term is preceded or followed by the name of the area of specialisation or field ofstudy, only the general term is entered and not all the different areas or fields. In these cases, the termis followed by a bracket indicating that the name of the area of specialisation generally precedes or

follows the term in question. Common examples are the term Licence (+) and not the full range of pos-sible Licences, such as Licence in chemistry, physics, journalism, etc.; doctorate (+) or Ingnieur(+)andnot bio-ingnieur, ingnieur en agronomie, etc.

Common abbreviations for examinations and qualifications are entered separately, with cross-refer-ences to the unabbreviated terms in the explanatory notes. Abbreviations used in several countriesappear only once, with an indication of the countries concerned and a cross-reference to the fullterms in the explanatory notes.

The names of examinations and qualifications that have recently been superseded but are still foundin official documents are indicated, as are the old names of those that have been renamed, with across-reference to the new term

Vysvden o maturitn zkouce

Country: Czech Republic

Grammatical variants: Vysvden* o maturitn zkouce

Level: ISCED 3 and 4

Explanatory note:

Certificate awarded by schools of general, technical and vocational upper secondary education

(gymnzium, stedn odborn kola and stedn odborn uilit) to pupils who pass the Maturitnzkouka examination. The certificate indicates the subjects and marks obtained in the examina-

tion and, in the case of vocational and technical upper secondary schools, the subject of speciali-

sation.

Certificate awarded to pupils who pass the maturitn zkouka examination after 2 years of exten-

sion courses at post-secondary level (nstavbov studium). The content and organisation of thecourses are similar to those in vocational or technical upper secondary schools.

The certificate is a basic qualification for entry to university or non-university tertiary education.


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Grammatical variantsThis heading covers the grammatical variants of each term (feminine, declined and plural forms, withthe exception of those in English and French which involve only the addition of -s), indicating the

main forms that the term may take in a text. These associated terms make it possible to find entries

and the definition of a term even if the spelling is not identical with that of the basic term. In lan-guages which use a large number of different grammatical forms, such as Finnish or Hungarian, onlythe plural and the root of the word marked with an asterisk (*) are indicated, so that the reader willrecognise the invariable part of the word.

Levels of education

The level of education specified corresponds to the level of the educational programme on comple-tion of which an examination is held, a qualification awarded or a title conferred.

The definitions of each level of educational programme comply with the criteria used in the UNESCOInternational Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 1997). This Classification is an instrumentgeared to the collection of statistics on education at international level. It covers two cross-classifi-cation variables, namely fields of study and levels of education, with the two further dimensions of

general/vocational/pre-vocational orientation and the transition from education to the labour mar-ket. It covers all organized and sustained learning activities for children, youth and adults includingthose with special educational needs, irrespective of the institution or entity that provides them orthe form they take. The ISCED 97 headings, together with their short descriptions and the way theyare used in the present Glossary, are explained below. For further information on ISCED 97, readersshould visit: http://portal.unesco.org

ISCED 0: The initial stage of organised instruction, which generally begins at the age of 3 and lastsbetween 2 and 3 years (pre-primary education). These programmes are designed to introducevery young children to a school-type environment. On completing them, children continue their

education at ISCED level 1. Given the subject dealt with, this level is not directly relevant to thepresent Glossary.

ISCED 1: Programmes at this level generally begin between the ages of 5 and 7 and last 4 to 6

years. They are designed to give pupils a sound basic education in reading, writing and mathemat-ics, along with an elementary understanding of other subjects such as history, geography, naturalscience, social science, art and music. This level also includes programmes suited to children withspecial educational needs and programmes for adults. In many countries, ISCED level 1 correspondsto primary education, or the first years of basic education, wherever compulsory education is

provided in the form of a single structure with no distinction between its primary and secondarylevels.

ISCED 2: Educational content at this level is generally designed to complete the provision of basic

education beginning at ISCED level 1, and usually entails 3 to 4 years of schooling. Programmes atthis level are often based on a more subject-oriented pattern. Completion of ISCED level 2 oftencoincides with the end of compulsory education. Education is normally general, but in some coun-tries technical or vocational courses are offered at this level. It also includes programmes suited tochildren with special educational needs and adult education programmes.

ISCED level 2 corresponds to the final years of basic education, wherever compulsory education isprovided in the form of a single structure with no distinction between its primary and secondary

levels. In all cases, this Glossary uses the common expression lower secondary education in theexplanatory notes on terms for examinations or qualifications awarded on completion of an ISCEDlevel 2 programme.

In countries in which compulsory education is provided in a single structure without any transitionbetween ISCED levels 1 and 2, the name of the examination (and/or the certificate) correspondingto completion of the course is indicated, and only the level concerned is referred to in the level of

education column.



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All cross-references to other terms, in particular from an examination to the qualification to which it

leads, are marked by an arrow () followed by the name of the term in question.

Definitions

The aspects covered in the definitions of the various terms are as follows:

1. Examination

Generally, an examination can be defined as a test or a series of tests (oral, written, or practical) in

which students have to demonstrate their capacity, knowledge and skills in order to obtain a qualifi-

cation or access to a certain level of education. In the majority of cases, these are external examina-

tions organised and/or set at central level, or by an authority local or regional above that of the

institution concerned, and they have a specific name.

Examinations for admission to tertiary education are included where they have an official name spe-

cific to the education system concerned. The same applies to intermediate examinations such as the

propedeutisch examen in tertiary education in the Netherlands.

The standard explanatory note for an examination includes the following information:

the level of education, stage or year of study during which the examination is held; if study pro-

grammes vary in duration, an average indication is given;

details of the branch of study (vocational, technical or general) in secondary education and the

type of programme (university, non-university, theoretical, practical or technical, advanced study,

etc.) in tertiary education;

the administrative level or the body responsible for organising/setting the examination (national,

regional, the school or any combination of levels);

whether the examination is compulsory or optional for those wishing to obtain the qualification;

the content and organisation of the examination; its nature (written, oral or practical); the number

of subjects to be taken by pupils and the common core of subjects all pupils must take;

the name of the qualification awarded (with a cross-reference to the corresponding term in theGlossary) awarded or the level of education to which it gives access.

2. Diploma and certificate

A diploma/certificate is the official proof of a qualification acquired by a pupil or student after comple-

tion of a particular stage or whole course of training with or without a final examination.

The standard explanatory note for a qualification or certificate includes the following information:

the level of education, stage or year of study at the end of which the qualification is awarded; if

study programmes vary in duration, an average indication may be given;

whether there is an examination or whether the qualification is awarded at the end of the course

without an examination; where the examination has a specific name, the note refers to the term

using an arrow; if the examination is organised by the school but does not have a specific name, its

main characteristics are described (content and subjects, written or oral examinations etc.); the level of education to which the qualification gives access (or whether it gives access to the

labour market);

the details indicated on the certificate, such as the specialised field, the subjects taken and/or

passed, the grades and marks obtained in the examination;

where appropriate, the title it confers (with a cross-reference to the corresponding term in the Glos-

sary).

If the qualification forms part of an old or new system, the date when the new system came into force,

and the date up to which the old system will remain in application are indicated.


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3. Title

In the Glossary, the word title refers to a persons title, for example that ofdoctor(in general abbrevi-

ated to Dr). It may also refer to the title of a qualification. In this case the holder of the qualification

may often employ it in a professional or academic context and use it before or after the name (e.g.

Bachelor of Arts, or its abbreviation BA).

In most countries, titles are conferred only in tertiary education.

Only academic titles are mentioned, such as those obtained following a certain qualification or

degree. Names of professional titles involving the common name of a profession (pharmacist, veteri-

nary surgeon etc.) are not included here, with the exception of the titles of architect and engineer in

those countries in which they are in normal practice used as academic titles.

The standard explanatory note for a title includes the name of the qualification that confers the title

in question and a cross-reference, with an arrow, to the relevant term.


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Part I Glossary


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a

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles

A

17

A levelCountry: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR)Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofGeneral Cer-tificate of Education Advanced level.

A2Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR)Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Abbreviation used for the sec-ond year of the General Certificate of EducationAdvanced level.

A-attestCountry: Belgium (Flemish Community)Level: ISCED 2 and 3Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofOrinterings-attest A.

AbgangszeugnisCountry: GermanyGrammatical variants: Abgangszeugnisse,Abgangszeugnis*Level: ISCED 2 and 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilswho have not achieved the educational goals oflower and upper secondary education, but havefulfilled their compulsory schooling requirement.

AbiturCountry: GermanyGrammatical variants: Abitur*Level: ISCED 3

Explanatory note: Leaving certificate obtainedby pupils who have passed the Abiturprfungat the end of the Gymnasiale Oberstufe (generalupper secondary education), normally after com-pleting 13 school years or, in some Lnder, 12school years. TheAbituris certified in the Zeugnisder Allgemeinen Hochschulreife, entitling its holderto take any subject at any tertiary education insti-tution. It may also be obtained in Zweite Bildungs-weg (second-chance education) and other adulteducation institutions.

AbiturprfungCountry: GermanyGrammatical variants: Abiturprfungen,Abiturprfung*Level: ISCED 3

Explanatory note: Final examination held at theend of the Gymnasiale Oberstufe (general uppersecondary education) after 12 or 13 years atschool leading to the Abitur and AllgemeineHochschulreife, which are certified in the Zeugnisder Allgemeinen Hochschulreife. The examinationconsists of written and oral tests in four subjects,but in some Lndera fifth subject, or a besondereLernleistung (particular academic achievement),may be included. The subjects examined mustcover three different subject areas: languages,literature and the arts; the social sciences; andmathematics, natural sciences and technology.Depending on the Land, the Schulaufsichtsbe-hrde (school supervisory authority) will either set

the topics for the written tests centrally or merelyapprove them if they are set by individual schools.Vocational schools (berufliches Gymnasium, Fach-gymnasium or the 3-year Berufsfachschule) alsohold the vocational part of this examinationBerufliche Abschlussprfung.AbschlusskolloquiumCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Abschlusskolloquien,Abschlusskolloquium*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Compulsory final examinationtaken by students at the end of a 7-year universitycourse of study in psychotherapy. This is internally

organised and comprises both a written disserta-tion and an oral examination. Successful studentsare awarded the Abschlusszertifikat.AbschlussprfungCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Abschlussprfungen,Abschlussprfung*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Compulsory final examina-tion taken by students at the end of universitycourses of varying duration. The examination is


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internally organised and varies according to thesubject area. Successful students are awarded the

Abschlussprfungszeugnis.Abschlussprfung der berufsbildendenmittleren SchuleCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Abschlussprfungen,Abschlussprfung*Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Examination taken on com-pletion of 3- or 4-year secondary technical andvocational school (berufsbildende mittlere Schule)leading to the Abschlussprfungszeugnis derberufsbildenden mittleren Schule. It includes botha written part and an oral examination before an

examining board.

Abschlussprfung der GrundschulbildungCountry: Belgium (German-speaking Community)Grammatical variants: AbschlussprfungenLevel: ISCED 1Explanatory note: Primary education examina-tion before an examination board external tothe school, which is appointed by the Ministryof the German-speaking Community with a viewto awarding the Abschlusszeugnis der Grund-schule. The examination is organised for childrenand adults without a primary school leaving cer-tificate, and children who for any reason have notattended primary school. Since the decree on

Schlsselkompetenzen (2002) came into effect, itconsists of written and oral tests in all subjects (itpreviously included tests in German, a first foreignlanguage and mathematics). The examination hasreplaced the Kantonalprfung since 2000.Abschlussprfung der OberschuleCountry: LiechtensteinGrammatical variants: Abschlussprfungen,Abschlussprfung*Level: ISCED 2Explanatory note: Optional examination mark-ing the completion of 4 years of general lowersecondary education (Oberschule). Schools them-

selves decide whether to hold this examination,which includes written and oral tests in German,English, mathematics and science, and are fullyresponsible for its organisation. Successful pupilsreceive the certificate Abschlusszeugnis der Ober-schule.

Abschlussprfung der RealschuleCountry: LiechtensteinGrammatical variants: Abschlussprfungen,Abschlussprfung*Level: ISCED 2

Explanatory note: Compulsory examinationorganised by the school at the end of 4 years of

general lower secondary education (Realschule).The content of the examination, which includeswritten and oral tests in German, mathematics andEnglish, is determined by each school. An addi-tional examination in French is optional. Success-ful pupils receive the certificate Abschlusszeug-nis der Realschule.

AbschlussprfungszeugnisCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Abschlussprfungs-zeugnisse, Abschlussprfungszeugnis*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to stu-dents who pass the Abschlussprfung in variousuniversity courses of varying duration. The area ofstudy, course subjects and marks are indicated.Depending on the regulations, this may be a pro-fessional qualification. If the course comprises atleast 30 ECTS credits, graduates receive the titleAkademische/r(+).Abschlussprfungszeugnis derberufsbildenden mittleren SchuleCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Abschlussprfungs-zeugnisse, Abschlussprfungszeugnis*Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilswho successfully complete the Abschlusspr-fung der berufsbildenden mittleren Schule. The sub-jects passed and grades achieved are indicated.Holders are entitled to exercise certain regulatedtrades and occupations.

AbschlusszertifikatCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Abschlusszertifikate,Abschlusszertifikat*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Final certificate awarded tostudents who pass the Abschlusskolloquium.The area of specialisation is indicated on the cer-tificate, which testifies to fully completed profes-sional training as a psychotherapist.

Abschlusszeugnis der berufsbildendenmittleren SchuleCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse,Abschlusszeugnis*Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilson completion of 1- or 2-year berufsbildendemittlere Schule (secondary technical and voca-tional school). There is no final examination.The certificate indicates the subjects and marksobtained and gives access to the labour market.

Abschlussprfung der berufsbildenden

mittleren Schule


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dents who have passed the final national exam-ination of the same name held on completion

of general and technological upper secondaryeducation (3 years) or vocational upper second-ary education (4 years). The examination is organ-ised by the ministry of education and consists ofcompulsory written papers and oral tests, andoptional examinations. The common compulsorysubjects in the general track are mathematics,science, a foreign language, a second language(which may be foreign or regional, or Latin in thecase of students working for a literary Baccalau-rat), philosophy, history/geography, civics andphysical and sports education; the optional exam-inations vary depending on whether students areworking for the general, technological or voca-

tional baccalaurat. The certificate indicates thetype ofbaccalauratobtained and the final marks.It gives access to tertiary education and/or, in thecase of those who have opted for vocational edu-cation, the labour market. It confers on its holderthe title ofBachelier/re.BaccalaureusCountry: Belgium (Flemish Community)Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Intermediate qualification andtitle obtained by students who have successfullycompleted a 2-year first cycle of university studiesin philosophy and ethics. This corresponds to thedegree ofKandidaat in de (+) in other fields ofstudy. The qualification gives access to the secondcycle of university studies in some fields, leadingto the Licentiaat in de (+). For information onexaminations and details indicated on the certifi-cate, see Apotheker.Baccalaureus (+)Country: The NetherlandsGrammatical variants: BaccalaureiLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have successfully completed first-cycle pro-fessional tertiary education in non-technical fieldsand obtained the Getuigschrift van het afsluitendexamen. It may be followed by reference to the field

of specialisation concerned. Abbreviation: Bc. (+).

BacharelCountry: PortugalGrammatical variants: BacharisLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have obtained the Bacharelato degree.BacharelatoCountry: PortugalGrammatical variants: Bacharelatos

Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Degree awarded by univer-

sity and polytechnic institutions (universidade,academia or instituto politcnico) to students whopass all curricular units at the end of a specificcourse (usually lasting 3 years). The degree testi-fies that they have been scientifically, academic-ally and culturally educated to a standard suf-ficient for them to exercise certain professionalactivities. The degree always indicates the sub-ject area, the grade awarded, the marks obtainedand, where applicable, the relevant qualification.It confers on its holder the title ofBacharelandgives access to employment or, in certain cases,to further study leading to the Licenciatura degree.

Bachelier/reCountry: FranceLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders ofthe Baccalaurat.BachelorCountry: CyprusLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Equivalent to Ptychio (+)awarded in private institutions.

Bachelor (+)Country: Denmark

Grammatical variants: Bacheloren, bachelorer,bachelorerneLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have obtained the Bachelorgrad. It is fol-lowed by the name of the field concerned. Abbre-viations: B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science) in natural sci-ences and engineering and B.A. (Bachelor of Arts)in all other fields.

Bachelor (+)Country: GermanyLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First academic degree andtitle which were introduced in 1998 by the Hoch-

schulrahmengesetz or HRG (Framework Act forHigher Education) and are obtained on comple-tion of three to four years of study at universities,other equivalent tertiary education institutionsand Fachhochschulen (universities of applied sci-ences). The degree gives access to the labour mar-ket or to second-cycle university studies leadingto the Master(+). In the case ofBachelorcoursesthat are more application oriented, the termBachelor is followed by reference to the field ofstudy, in the form Bachelor of (+), e.g. Bachelor ofEngineering. Abbreviations: B.A. and B.Sc.

Baccalaureus


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Bachelor (+)Country: The Netherlands

Grammatical variants: BachelorsLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have successfully completed first-cycle ter-tiary university education (wo) or professionaleducation (hbo), and obtained the Getuigschriftvan het afsluitend examen. It may be followed byreference to the field of specialisation in which itwas obtained. Abbreviation: B. (+).

Bachelor i (+)Country: NorwayLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First academic degree and titlewhich, with effect from 2003, may be obtained by

students on successful completion of 3 years ofstudies (4 years in the case of music) after pass-ing the final examinations set by each institution.For certain professional qualifications, such asthose in teacher training, the paramedical pro-fessions and engineering, the Ministry of Educa-tion and Research establishes a framework plan.The degree gives access to studies leading to thesecond degree Master i(+) in the main field con-cerned.

Bachelor of (+)Country: IrelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title describing the holder of a

Bachelors degree.Bachelor of (+)Country: LiechtensteinLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First university degree andtitle obtained by students who have passedthe Bachelor-Prfung. The degree is awardedtogether with the Bachelor-Urkunde diploma,and gives access to the labour market or second-cycle university studies leading to the Masterof(+). The title is Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Busi-ness Administration or Bachelor of Science, depend-ing on the field of study concerned.

Bachelor of artsCountry: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred by a tertiaryeducation institution (hskli) on students whohave obtained the BA-grda degree in human-ities, social sciences and visual arts. Abbreviation:BA.

Bachelor of educationCountry: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5

Explanatory note: Title awarded by a tertiaryeducation institution (kennarahskli or hskli)to students who have obtained the degreeBEd-grda in the field of educational sciences.Abbreviation: BEd.

Bachelor of fine artsCountry: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred by an academyof the arts (listahskli) at the end of a 4-year courseof tertiary education studies in drama on studentswho have obtained the B.F.A.-gra degree. For allinformation, see BA-grda and BA-prf. Abbre-viation: B.F.A.

Bachelor of musicCountry: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred by an academyof the arts (listahskli) at the end of the first cycleof tertiary education studies in music on studentswho have obtained B.MUS-gra degree. For allinformation, see BA-grda and BA-prf. Abbre-viation: B.MUS.

Bachelor of scienceCountry: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred by a tertiaryeducation institution (hskli) on students who

have obtained the degree

BS-grda in the fieldof economics, business administration, medicine,natural sciences and engineering. Abbreviation:BS.

Bachelors degreeCountry: IrelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Degree awarded to studentswho successfully complete a first-degree coursenormally involving 3 or 4 years of study, but insome subjects up to 6 years, in universities, Col-leges of Education and in certain Institutes of Tech-nology. Arts and science degrees may be takenat general or honours level, the latter demand-

ing more specialised study at a higher level. Hon-ours degrees are classified as first, second (upper/lower or I/II) or third class while general degreesare unclassified, i.e. obtained on a pass/fail basis.Degrees are generally awarded in accordancewith the students results in a final examinationwhich, depending on the institution, may be com-bined with marks obtained in intermediate exam-inations and/or in assessed course work and/or,depending on the discipline, practical work. Hold-ers of an honours degree may proceed to sec-ond-cycle studies or advanced study and research

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leading to a Masters degree and Doctoraterespectively. Holders of a general degree may

proceed to certain postgraduate courses, suchas those for teacher training, or to a professionalqualification or enter employment. The mostcommon Bachelors degrees are those in arts andscience, abbreviated to BA and B.Sc. respectivelyand in medicine MB. Bachelors degrees in educa-tion are usually designated B.Ed. Holders are enti-tled to use the designatory letters BA,B.Sc., B.Eng.,BBS, etc. after their name.

Bachelors degreeCountry: MaltaLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Degree awarded to studentswho successfully complete a first-degree courselasting 3-5 years at the University of Malta. Thedegree indicates the field of specialisation, thetitle, the overall mark and the grade obtained.Holders of an honours degree may proceed tosecond-cycle or advanced study and researchleading to a Masters degree and Doctoraterespectively. Holders of a general degree may pro-ceed to certain further courses leading to a Post-graduate certificate/diploma (+), e.g. in teachertraining, or to a professional qualification, orenter employment. The most common Bachelorsdegrees are those in arts and science, abbreviatedto B.A. and B.Sc. respectively. Bachelors degrees ineducation are usually designated B.Educ., those

in commercial studies B. Com., etc. Holders areentitled to use the designatory letters BA,B.Sc., B.Educ. etc. after their name.

Bachelor-DiplomCountry: LiechtensteinGrammatical variants: Bachelor-Diplome,Bachelor-Diplom*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Synonym for Bachelor-Urkunde.

BachelorgradCountry: DenmarkGrammatical variants: -graden, -grader,

-graderneLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First university degree awardedafter 3 years of study to students who have suc-cessfully completed the study programme at auniversitet or a non-university tertiary institution(teknika- or ingenirhjskoler). Study programmesinclude project work equivalent to a minimum oftwo months full-time work. There is not just onefinal examination at the end, as examinationsare taken following the teaching of each individ-ual subject throughout the course of study. The

degree is awarded by the institution concernedand indicates the subjects examined, credits

obtained in any other examinations, the marksobtained, and the title and the field of specialisa-tion. It confers on its holders the title Bachelor(+)or Diplomingenir (in the field of engineering)and gives access to studies leading to the Candi-datus (+), and also to the labour market.

Bachelor-PrfungCountry: LiechtensteinGrammatical variants: Bachelor-Prfungen,Bachelor-Prfung*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Final national-level examina-tion organised at the end of first-cycle universitystudies lasting from 6 to 12 semesters in the Fach-hochschule. It consists of 3 parts, namely writtenor oral examinations in various modules (sup-plemented by student research, projects in areassuch as architectural design, presentations, etc.),preparation of the written Bachelor-Thesis , and aninterdisciplinary and exclusively oral final exam-ination. Students have to pass the Bachelor-Pr-fung in order to obtain the Bachelor of(+) degreeand the Bachelor-Urkunde diploma.Bachelors degreeCountry: United KingdomLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Usually a first degree awarded

to students who successfully complete a coursenormally lasting 3 years (4 years in Scotland) butlonger in some subjects, such as medicine. Bach-elors degrees may be taken in one or more subjectsat ordinaryor honours level. Courses are offered inuniversities and other tertiary education institu-tions and, in some cases, further education institu-tions. While universities remain free to decide onthe designation of their degrees, and study of thesame subject may lead to different degrees in dif-ferent institutions, they are now encouraged toachieve greater consistency under the new frame-works for higher education qualifications, whichare being phased in from September 2003. Stu-dents are normally required to sit final examina-

tions but the classification of the degree usuallytakes into account their performance in interimexaminations and coursework. Ordinary degreesare not graded and, under the above-mentionednew frameworks, will be classified as an Interme-diate level (I) qualification in England, Wales andNorthern Ireland and, in Scotland, as SHE level3/SCQF level 9. Honours degrees are normallyclassified as first, upper second, lower second,and third class and will be designated as Honourslevel (H) or, in Scotland, as SHE level H/SCQFlevel 10. Degree certificates normally indicate the

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name of the institution, the subject(s) studied andfor how long, and the grade obtained. Bachelors

degrees are recognised for progression within ter-tiary education and by employers and, in somecases, may lead to professional accreditation.Holders of a good honours degree (first class orupper second) may apply to study for a Mastersdegree or Doctorate. The most common titles forBachelors degrees are Bachelor of Arts and Bachelorof Science, abbreviated to BA and BSc respectively.Some Bachelors degrees, particularly in vocationalsubjects, have more specific titles. For example,degrees in education are usually designated BEd,and degrees in medicine are designated Bachelorof Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery, abbreviated asMB ChB, MB BCh, MBBS or BMBS.

Bachelor-UrkundeCountry: LiechtensteinGrammatical variants: Bachelor-Urkunden,Bachelor-Urkunde*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to studentswho pass the Bachelor-Prfung. It indicates thefield of study and the academic degree and title ofBachelor of(+). Synonym: Bachelor-Diplom.BachillerCountry: SpainLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate and title obtained

at the end of general upper secondary educa-tion corresponding to 2 years of a Bachillerato course as defined by the 1990 Ley Orgnica deOrdenacin General del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE,or Organic Law on the General Organisation ofthe Education System). The certificate is awardedto pupils whose continuous assessment in everysubject has been satisfactory. With the full imple-mentation of the 2002 Ley Orgnica de Calidadde la Educacin (LOCE, or the Organic Act on theQuality of Education), the Bachillercertificate willbe awarded, with effect from the 2005/06 schoolyear, to those who secure a pass grade in all sub-jects and successfully complete a Prueba Generalde Bachillerato. Pupils with the Bachillercertificate

have direct access to the Pruebas de Acceso a laUniversidad, to tertiary non-university vocationaltraining (Formacin profesional especfica de gradosuperior), or to artistic tertiary education (as arule provided they have received the certificateTtulo profesional del grado medio de (+)).BA-grdaCountry: IcelandGrammatical variants: BA-grduLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: General first degree awarded

by a tertiary education institution (hskli) tostudents who successfully complete a 3-year

first course of university education in the field ofhumanities, social sciences and visual arts end-ing with the BA-prf examination. It states thecourses and the results obtained in the exam-ina-tion. It gives access to the labour market or to uni-versity education in the corresponding field atthe second level leading to the Meistaragrdadegree. It confers the title Bachelor of arts. Theequivalent degree in the field of music is calledB.MUS-gra and leads to the title Bachelor ofmusic; in fine arts it is called B.F.A.-gra and leadsto the title Bachelor of fine arts.BakalrCountry: Slovakia

Grammatical variants: Bakalri, bakalr*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred by tertiary educa-tion institutions on students who have obtained theVysokokolskdiplom (+). Abbreviation: Bc.Bakal/kaCountry: Czech RepublicGrammatical variants: Bakali, bakal*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have obtained the diploma Vysokokolskdiplom and the certificate Vysvden o sttnzvren zkouce. Abbreviation: Bc., and BcA. inthe field of arts.

Bakalaura diploms (+)Country: LatviaGrammatical variants: Bakalaura diplomi,bakalaura diplomiem, bakalaura diplomusLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to studentswho have successfully completed the first stageof academic studies lasting three or four years ata universitte oranother tertiary education insti-tution. The qualification is generally awarded onthe basis of the students results in the Galaprbaudjumi. Degrees are designated Bachelor ofHumanities, Education Sciences, Social Sciences,Engineering, etc., depending on the field of study.They give access to the labour market, further pro-fessional programmes or the second stage of uni-versity education leading to the academic or pro-fessional Maistrs (+) degree. The diploma enti-tles its holder to the academic degree Bakalaurs(+).

BakalaurasCountry: LithuaniaGrammatical variants: Bakalaur*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Synonym for Bakalaurolaipsnis (+).

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BakalaureusCountry: Estonia

Grammatical variants: Bakalaureuse,bakalaureustLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have obtained the Bakalaureusekraaddegree.

BakalaureuseeksamCountry: EstoniaGrammatical variants: Bakalaureuseeksami,bakalaureuseeksamitLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Final examination taken at theend of the 3-4 years of first level tertiary educa-

tion (Bachelors study, or bakalaureusepe). Forstudents who defend their final thesis this exam-ination is not compulsory. It is organised by eachinstitution, which also determines its content.Students who successfully defend their thesis orpass this examination are awarded the Bakalau-reusekraaddegree.

BakalaureusekraadCountry: EstoniaGrammatical variants: Bakalaureusekraadi,bakalaureusekraadigaLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First degree awarded to stu-dents who have successfully completed first level

tertiary education (Bachelors study, or bakalau-reusepe) and defended the Bachelors thesis orpassed the Bakalaureuseeksam examination atuniversities. It is awarded together with a Dip-lom. The degree confers the title ofBakalaureusand gives access to a Masters study programme(magistripe) leading to the Magistrikraad inaccordance with the conditions and pursuant tothe procedure established by the board of theeducational institution concerned.

Bakalauro diplomasCountry: LithuaniaGrammatical variants: Bakalauro diplom*

Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Diploma awarded on sat-isfactory completion of first level consecu-tive university programmes at universitetas orakademija, after students have passed exam-inations and successfully defended a thesisin a particular field. The diploma confers onthem the title of Bakalauro laipsnis (+) eitheralone or combined with Profesin kvalifikacija.It gives access to the labour market or tosecond-cycle university studies leading to theMagistro diplomas.

Bakalauro laipsnis (+)Country: Lithuania

Grammatical variants: Bakalauro laipsn*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First academic title conferredon students who have obtained the diplomaBakalauro diplomas. The title is followed by ref-erence to the field of study concerned. Synonym:Bakalauras.

Bakalaurs (+)Country: LatviaGrammatical variants: Bakalauram, bakalauruLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Academic or professionaldegree obtained by holders of the Bakalauradiploms (+) or the Augstks profesionlsizgltbas diploms (or Augstks profesionlskvalifikcijas diploms), respectively.

Bakalavur()Country: BulgariaGrammatical variants: BakalavriLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First academic title conferredon students who have obtained the Diploma zazavurchena stepen na vischeto obrazovanie at theend of first-cycle university studies.

Bakk. (+)Country: Austria

Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bakkalau-reus/rea (+), followed by designation of the fieldof study in abbreviated form, e.g. Bakk. rer.nat.Titles conferred by Fachhochschulen are followedby the abbreviation FH.

BakkalaureatsprfungCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Bakkalaureatsprfungen,Bakkalaureatsprfung*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Compulsory final examinationat universities and Fachhochschulen organised atthe end of first-cycle studies (minimum duration 3

years). The examination is organised internally bythe institution and takes place before a board. Itscontent is related to the individual course of studyand includes written and oral examinations. Suc-cessful students receive the Bakkalaureatspr-fungszeugnis.

BakkalaureatsprfungszeugnisCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Bakkalaureatsprfungs-zeugnisse, Bakkalaureatsprfungszeugnis*Level: ISCED 5

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Explanatory note: First degree testifying to suc-cess in the Bakkalaureatsprfung at universitiesand Fachhochschulen. It indicates the field andbranch of study or Fachhochschule course of study.Holders are entitled to exercise the relevant pro-fession or to commence study leading to a Mag-ister/tra (+). The degree confers on its holder theacademic title Bakkalaureus/rea (+).Bakkalaureus/rea (+)Country: AustriaGrammatical variants: Bakkalaurei, Bakkalaureae,Bakkalaure*Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Academic title conferred onholders of the Bakkalaureatsprfungszeugnis. Itis followed by an indication of the field of study,e.g. Bakkalaureus/rea der Naturwissenschaften(natural sciences). Titles obtained through studyat a Fachhochschule are followed by the abbrevia-tion FH. Abbreviation: Bakk. (+).

BA-prfCountry: IcelandGrammatical variants: BA-prfi, BA-prfsLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Examination organised at theend of the 3-year first cycle of university educa-tion within the field of humanities, social sciencesand visual arts held by a tertiary education insti-tution (hskli). It comprises a series of tests and

examinations throughout the 3 years, as well asa final dissertation. The content and assessmentof the examination vary depending on individualinstitutions. The examination is the responsibil-ity of the relevant faculty. It is compulsory forobtaining the degree BA-grda.The equivalentexamination in the field of music is called B.MUS-prfand leads to the B.MUS-grda; in fine arts it iscalled B.F.A.-prfand leads to the B.F.A.-grda.

BarnmorskeexamenCountry: SwedenGrammatical variants: BarnmorskeexaminaLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Diploma in midwifery,

awarded after a full-time study programme of atleast one-and-a-half years at a university or uni-versity college (universitet or hgskola). Being aregistered nurse is a precondition for admission tothe programme. The diploma indicates the sub-jects passed and marks obtained and gives accessto employment.

Baseline assessmentCountry: United Kingdom (WLS/NIR)Level: ISCED 0 and 1Explanatory note: Assessment scheme con-

cerned with each childs knowledge, understand-ing, attitudes and skills on entry to primary schoolat the age of 4 or 5, so that staffcan plan the cur-riculum appropriately and provide activities thatmeet childrens needs. Assessment must be car-ried out within 7 weeks after they have startedschool in Wales and within the first year in North-ern Ireland. Language skills, mathematical skillsand personal and social skills are assessed usingan accredited assessment scheme. No certificatesare provided but schools must discuss the resultsof this formative assessment with parents. In Eng-land, Baseline Assessment has been replaced bythe Foundation stage profile. Pupils progress tokey stage 1 of the National Curriculum or the North-ern Ireland Curriculum.

B-attestCountry: Belgium (Flemish Community)Level: ISCED 2 and 3Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Orinte-ringsattest B.

BBSCountry: IrelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor ofBusiness Studies. See Bachelors degree.Bc.Country: Czech Republic

Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofBakal/ka.Bc.Country: SlovakiaLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofBakalr.Bc. (+)Country: The NetherlandsLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Baccalau-reus (+), which is written after the name of theholder of this title and may be followed by lettersindicating the field of study concerned.

BcA.Country: Czech RepublicLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bakal/kain the field of arts.

BEdCountry: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofBachelor ofeducation.

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BEd-grdaCountry: Iceland

Grammatical variants: BEd-grduLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First degree awarded by atertiary education institution (kennarahskli orhskli) to students who have successfully com-pleted a 3-year first cycle of university studies inthe field of educational sciences and successfullypassed the BEd-prf examination. The degreecertificate indicates the courses and resultsobtained in the examination. The degree givesaccess to the teaching profession at compulsoryeducation level and to second-cycle universitystudies in the corresponding field leading to theMeistaragrda degree. It confers on its holderthe title

Bachelor of education.

BEd-prfCountry: IcelandGrammatical variants: BEd-prfi, BEd-prfsLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Examination held by a ter-tiary education institution (kennarahskli orhskli) at the end of the first 3-year cycle ofuniversity studies in the field of educationalsciences. It comprises a final dissertation, as wellas a series of tests and examinations throughoutthe course of study, the content and assessmentof which vary depending on individual institu-tions. The examination is the responsibility of the

relevant faculty. It is compulsory for obtaining thedegree BEd-grda.BefhigungsnachweisCountry: Belgium (German-speaking Community)Grammatical variants: BefhigungsnachweiseLevel: ISCED 3 (SEN)Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilswho have completed the fourth and fifth yearsof special vocational secondary education andsuccessfully passed a qualification examinationbefore an examination board comprising mem-bers of the relevant trade or occupation. Its formis centrally determined by government decree.The certificate indicates the branch of study (spe-

cialisation) and gives access to the relevant tradeor occupation.

Befhigungsnachweis des sechsten Jahres desSekundarunterrichtsCountry: Belgium (German-speaking Community)Grammatical variants: BefhigungsnachweiseLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded at theend of the sixth year of technical and vocationalsecondary education to pupils who have suc-cessfully completed their vocational training and

passed the qualification examination before anexamination board comprising members of the

relevant trade or occupation. Its form is centrallydetermined by government decree. The certifi-cate indicates the form of education (technical orvocational) and the branch of study (special-isa-tion), and gives access to the relevant trade oroccupation. The certificate awarded at the end ofthe sixth year of vocational education may also beobtained by attending part-time education.

BEPCountry: FranceLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Brevetdtudes professionnelles.

Berufliche AbschlussprfungCountry: GermanyGrammatical variants: Berufliche Abschluss-prfungen, Beruflich* Abschlussprfung*Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Second part of the final exam-ination held at the end of double (general andvocational) qualification courses at upper secon-dary level in a berufliches Gymnasium, Fachgym-nasium or 3-year Berufsfachschule (types of voca-tional school). The first part, the Abiturprfung,leads to the Allgemeine Hochschulreife and givesright of access to tertiary education. The secondpart, the vocational examination, consists of awritten and a practical test and leads to vocationalqualifications valid under Landlaw, for example asan Erzieher (youth or child care worker), physika-lisch-technischer Assistent (paramedical assistant)or kaufmnnischer Assistent (business assistant).A combined certificate is issued for the first andsecond parts of the examination.

BerufsbildungsreifeCountry: GermanyLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Term used in certain LnderforErster allgemein bildender Schulabschluss. For fur-ther information, see Hauptschulabschluss.BerufsmaturittCountry: LiechtensteinLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Synonym for Berufsmatu-rittsprfung.

BerufsmaturittsprfungCountry: LiechtensteinGrammatical variants: Berufsmaturitts-prfungen, Berufsmaturittsprfung*Level: ISCED 3

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Explanatory note: Final examination organisedat national level at the end of vocational upper

secondary education (four years in the duales Sys-tem plus four semesters in the Berufsmittelschule).The content of this examination includes oral andwritten tests in German and communication, Eng-lish, mathematics, applied mathematics and thechosen subject of specialisation (from the fouroptions of technical studies, economics, art andICT). Students have to pass this examination inorder to obtain the certificate Berufsmaturitts-zeugnis.

BerufsmaturittszeugnisCountry: LiechtensteinGrammatical variants: Berufsmaturitts-zeugnisse, Berufsmaturittszeugnis*

Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of voca-tional upper secondary education awarded tostudents who pass the examination Berufsmatu-rittsprfung. The certificate indicates the area ofspecialisation, the individual subjects, the exam-ination results and both the title and result of theproject work in German and communication. Itgives access to specialised tertiary education in aFachhochschule, without an entrance examination.

Berufsqualifizierender AbschlussCountry: GermanyGrammatical variants: BerufsqualifizierendeAbschlsse, Berufsqualifizierend* Abschluss*

Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note:

Qualification of a vocational training pro-gramme in the duales System (dual system ofvocational training), subsequent to completionof compulsory general education at the end oflower secondary education. The certificate givesaccess to the relevant occupation as a qualifiedworker in one of approximately 350 recognisedoccupations requiring formal training.

Qualification of a mostly 2-year full-time courseof study in a Berufsfachschule (vocational uppersecondary school), which prepares students fora particular occupation. The Mittlere Schulab-schluss is usually a prerequisite for admission to

such a course.BerufsreifeCountry: GermanyLevel: ISCED 2Explanatory note: Term used in certain Lnderfor Erster allgemein bildender Schulabschluss. Forfurther information, see Hauptschulabschluss.BerufsreifeprfungCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Berufsreifeprfungen,Berufsreifeprfung*

Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Examination for candidates

who have not taken the Reifeprfung. It maybe taken by those who have successfully com-pleted the secondary technical and vocationalschool (berufsbildende mittlere Schule, with atleast 3 years of studies) or who have passed theLehrabschlussprfung. The examination is organ-ised by recognised upper secondary schools andconsists of written and oral examinations in foursubjects German, mathematics, a modern for-eign language and a specialised subject. It leadsto the award of the Berufsreifeprfungszeugnis.BerufsreifeprfungszeugnisCountry: AustriaGrammatical variants: Berufsreifeprfungs-

zeugnisse, Berufsreifeprfungszeugnis*Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded by recog-nised upper secondary schools to pupils success-ful in the Berufsreifeprfung. The subjects passedand grades achieved are indicated on the certifi-cate, which gives its holders unrestricted access totertiary education (allgemeine Hochschulreife) butdoes not qualify them for an occupation.

Betyg ver avlagd yrkesexamen p andrastadietCountry: FinlandGrammatical variants: Betyget, betygenLevel: ISCED 3

Explanatory note: Swedish term for Todistustoisen asteen ammatillisista opinnoista.

Betyg ver kombinationsstudierCountry: FinlandGrammatical variants: Betyget, betygenLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Swedish term for Todistusyhdistelmopinnoista.

Betyg ver lroavtalsutbildningCountry: FinlandGrammatical variants: Betyget, betygenLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Swedish term for Todistusoppisopimuskoulutuksesta.

Bevis for (+)Country: DenmarkGrammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserneLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by non-university tertiary education institutions (er-hvervsakademier)following a short course (erhvers-akademiuddannelse AK) usually lasting 2 years.There is a final examination, which varies depend-ing on the field but which essentially involves

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written and oral examinations, as well as written

assignments. The examining board can consist of

internal or external examiners appointed by the

Ministry of Education on the recommendation of

the institution. The diploma indicates the marks

obtained in the examinations and the professional

title conferred usually the name of the trade or

occupation to which it gives access (for exam-

ple, administrationskonom AK, designteknologAK, byggetekniker AK, markedfringskonom AK).Synonym: Eksamensbevis som (+).

Bevis for Hjere ForberedelseseksamenCountry: DenmarkGrammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserne

Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilswho pass the Hjere Forberedelseseksamen. Itis awarded by the gymnasium and includes themarks obtained in the examination in the com-

pulsory and optional subjects and in the major

written assignment. The examination result is the

average of these marks. The certificate is a basic

qualification for entry to tertiary education.

Bevis for Hjere HandelseksamenCountry: DenmarkGrammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserneLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilswho pass the Hjere Handelseksamen. It isawarded by the handelskole. For informationon elements included in the certificate and the

education to which it gives access, see Bevis forHjere Forberedelseseksamen.

Bevis for Hjere Teknisk EksamenCountry: DenmarkGrammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserneLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilswho pass the Hjere Teknisk Eksamen. It isawarded by the teknisk skole. For informationon elements included in the certificate and the

education to which it gives access, see Bevis forHjere Forberedelseseksamen.

BilledkunstnerCountry: DenmarkGrammatical variants: BilledkunstnereLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have obtained the Billedkunstnergrad.

BilledkunstnergradCountry: DenmarkGrammatical variants: -graden, -grader, -graderneLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Degree awarded by thekunstakademi(an artistic tertiary education insti-tution) to students who have successfully com-pleted 5 or 6 years of academic studies in thevisual arts. There is no final examination, butcontinuous assessment of the artistic work of thestudent throughout the course, as well as a finalwritten assignment. The degree indicates onlythe artistic field concerned. It confers on its hold-ers the title Billedkunstner and gives access toemployment, as well as to studies lasting 2 years

to prepare for work as an art teacher in the field inquestion (kunstformidler).

BMBSCountry: United KingdomLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor ofMedicine/Bachelor of Surgery. See Bachelorsdegree.

Brandos atestatasCountry: LithuaniaGrammatical variants: Brandos atestatai,brandos atestat*

Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Leaving certificate awarded topupils who pass the Brandos egzaminaiat the endofvidurin mokykla or gimnazija, option 3 of voca-tional secondary education (profesin mokykla), orthe first-stage course of the konservatorija at uppersecondary level. The certificate indicates the coursesubjects and the marks obtained. It is required foraccess to all types of tertiary education and post-secondary vocational education profesin mokykla(option 4).

Brandos egzaminaiCountry: Lithuania

Grammatical variants: Brandos egzaminas,brandos egzamin*Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: National examinations organ-ised at the end of upper secondary education byNacionalinis egzamin centras, an external insti-tution for which the Ministry of Education andScience is responsible. The examinations are allwritten and cover 4 subjects in the curriculum, ofwhich Lithuanian has to be one. Successful cand-idates are awarded the Brandos atestatas.

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BrevetCountry: France

Level: ISCED 2Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupilswho have passed the final national examina-tion (of the same name) held on completion oflower secondary education lasting four years (ina collge). The examination, which is held in threecategories (collge, technological, vocational), isorganised at the level of the dpartement. It con-sists of three parts (in French, mathematics andhistory/geography/civics). In awarding this certifi-cate, the marks obtained in the final two years inall subjects as a whole are also taken into account.The certificate indicates whether studies havebeen of a general, technological or vocational

nature. It is not required for access to upper sec-ondary education.

Brevet dtudes professionnellesCountry: FranceLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to stu-dents who have passed the (compulsory) finalnational examination testifying to satisfactorycompletion of the first two years of vocationalupper secondary education (involving initial train-ing lasting two years in a lyce professionnel, con-tinuing training, or distance provision). The exam-ination is in two distinct (written and oral) partscovering general and vocational subjects. The cer-

tificate indicates the chosen area of specialisation.It gives access to the labour market as a skilledworker or employee, as well as to classes for stu-dents wishing to work towards the vocational ortechnological Baccalaurat. Abbreviation: BEP.Brevet de matriseCountry: LuxembourgLevel: ISCED 4Explanatory note: Certificate of technical andvocational proficiency and the highest voca-tional training qualification in Luxembourg. It isawarded following 3 years of study after obtain-ing the Certificat daptitude technique et profes-sionnelle and gives access to employment. Syno-

nym: Matrise.

Brevet de technicienCountry: FranceLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to stu-dents who have passed the (compulsory) finalnational examination of the same name held oncompletion of general and technological or voca-tional upper secondary education, dependingon the area of specialisation. The examination isorganised by the national acadmie authorities

and consists of written, oral and practical parts.Where the area of specialisation is agriculture,

the certificate is known as the brevet de technicienagricole. It confers on its holder the title ofAgenttechnique brevet or Technicien brevet. The cer-tificate indicates the chosen area of specialisationand gives access to the labour market. Studentswith the best marks may embark on further studyin their area of specialisation leading to the Bre-vet de technicien suprieur. Abbreviation: BT, andBTAwhere the area of specialisation is agriculture.

Brevet de technicien suprieurCountry: FranceLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students

who have passed the required examinations inthe two-year programme of non-university ter-tiary studies. The examinations are organised bythe institution concerned during or at the endof the course, and vary depending on the typeof programme and area of specialisation. Thediploma indicates the area of specialisation andgives access to the labour market or further ter-tiary studies leading to the Diplme national detechnologie spcialise or the Licence profession-nelle. It confers on its holder the title of Techni-cien suprieur. Abbreviation: BTS.

Brevet de technicien suprieurCountry: Luxembourg

Level: ISCED 4Explanatory note: Qualification certifying thecompletion of studies awarded after 2 years ofpost-secondary vocational training in technicallyces (upper secondary schools). It is awarded tostudents who pass a final examination organisedby the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education andResearch, and covers subjects in the curriculumof the different sections (secretarial studies andoffice automation, accounting/management,overseas trade/marketing and cartoon anima-tion). The qualification indicates the area of spe-cialisation and mark obtained and gives access toemployment. Abbreviation: BTS.

BSCountry: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofBachelor ofscience.

BScCountry: United KingdomLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor ofScience. See Bachelors degree.

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BS-grdaCountry: Iceland

Grammatical variants: BS-grduLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: First degree awarded by a ter-tiary education institution (hskli) to studentswho successfully complete a 3- to 4- year firstcourse of university education in the field of eco-nomics, business administration, medicine, nat-ural sciences and engineering, and who havepassed the BS-prf examination. The degreeindicates the subjects and the results obtainedin the examination, and gives access to universityeducation in the corresponding field at the secondlevel leading to the Meistaragrda degree. It alsogives professional certification in the field of nurs-

ing and physiotherapy, and confers on its holderthe title Bachelor of science.BS-prfCountry: IcelandGrammatical variants: BS-prfi, BS-prfsLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Examination organised byeach faculty in a tertiary education institution(hskli) at the end of 3-4 years of first-cycle uni-versity studies in the field of economics, businessadministration, medicine, natural sciences andengineering. The examination comprises a seriesof tests and examinations throughout the 3-4years as well as a final dissertation. Its content andassessment vary depending on individual institu-tions. It is compulsory for obtaining the degreeBS-grda.BTCountry: FranceLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Brevet detechnicien.

BTACountry: FranceLevel: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofbrevet de tech-

nicien agricole. See Brevet de technicien.BTEC First DiplomaCountry: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR)Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Diploma designed to pro-vide specialist work-related qualifications in arange of sectors, focusing on applied knowledgeand understanding of the specific sector stud-ied. It is now offered by Edexcel (an independentawarding body) but has retained the initials of theBusiness and Technology Education Council, one

of two awarding bodies which merged to formEdexcel in 1996. The diploma comprises six units,each involving 60 hours of guided study and isregulated by the qualifications and curriculumauthorities. Assessment is internal or externaland varies depending on the unit concerned. Thefinal qualification is graded pass, merit or distinc-tion. This Diploma is a level 2 qualification withinthe National Qualifications Framework. Progres-sion is possible to a level 3 qualification such asthe BTEC National Award, National VocationalQualification (level 3) and General Certificate ofEducation Advanced level. The diploma may alsobe obtained in adult education.

BTEC National Award

Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR)Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: A specialist work-relatedqualification focusing on applied knowledge andunderstanding of a specific sector but availablein a range of sectors. It is now offered by Edexcel(an independent awarding body) but has retainedthe initials of the Business and Technology Educa-tion Council, one of two awarding bodies whichmerged to form Edexcel in 1996. Students (youngpeople or adults) must normally hold a level 2qualification such as a BTEC First Diploma. BTECNational Awards require 6 units of study whileBTEC National Certificates and Diplomas comprise

12 and 18 units respectively. Each unit involves60 hours of guided study. The qualifications areregulated by the qualifications and curriculumauthorities. Assessment is internal or external andvaries depending on the unit concerned. Finalqualifications are graded pass, merit or distinc-tion. These qualifications are level 3 qualificationswithin the National Qualifications Framework. Pro-gression is possible to a level 4 qualification suchas the Higher National Certificate, Higher NationalDiploma and National Vocational Qualification(level 4).

BTEC National Certificate

Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR)Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Qualification related to theBTEC National Award but requiring 12 units ofstudy.

BTEC National DiplomaCountry: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR)Level: ISCED 3Explanatory note: Qualification related to theBTEC National Award but requiring 18 units ofstudy.

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BTSCountry: France

Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Brevet detechnicien suprieur.

BTSCountry: Luxembourg

Level: ISCED 4Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Brevet detechnicien suprieur

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Cand. (+)Country: DenmarkLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofCandidatus (+),followed by the Latin name of the field concerned

usually in its abbreviated form, for example,cand.med.vet.

Cand. (+)Country: IcelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of candidatusfollowed by the name of the specialisation (also inthe abbreviated form), e.g. cand. pharm. in phar-macy, cand. oecon. in economics, cand. med. inthe field of medicine and cand. odont. in the fieldof dentistry. See Kandidat(+).Cand. (+)Country: Norway

Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofCandidatus (+),which is always followed by reference to thefield of study in abbreviated form, for examplecand.med. in the case of medicine, cand.agric. inagriculture, and cand.theol. in theology.

Cand.mag.Country: NorwayLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofCandidatusmagisterii.

Candidat/e en (+)Country: Belgium (French Community)

Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on those whohave been awarded the Candidature en (+). It isalways followed by the name of the field of studyin which it has been obtained.

Candidature en (+)Country: Belgium (French Community)Level: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to studentswho have passed the curricular examinationsorganised by their institution in each subject, on

completion of two or three years of universityor long non-university first-cycle studies in ter-tiary education. It is awarded by university insti-tutions, the Hautes coles, the Instituts SuprieursdArchitecture and the coles suprieures des Arts.

The diploma indicates the field of study, the sub-jects taken and the final marks obtained. It conferson its holders the title ofCandidat/e en (+) andgives access to second-cycle university studies orlong second-cycle non-university studies in ter-tiary education leading to the degrees ofLicenceen (+), Matriseen (+), Ingnieur(+).Candidatus (+)Country: DenmarkGrammatical variants: CandidataLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Title conferred on studentswho have obtained the Kandidatgrad degree.It is followed by the Latin name of the field con-

cerned (for example, candidatus medicinae veteri-nariae). Abbreviation: Cand (+). Synonym: Kandi-dat.

Candidatus (+)Country: NorwayGrammatical variants: CandidataLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained bystudents who pass written and oral final examina-tions and submit a final dissertation at the end ofstudies lasting 5 to 7 years at a university or othertertiary education institution. The degree mayalso be awarded to students holding a Candida-tus magisterii,Examinatus oeconomiae or equiv-alent diploma, who pass final examinations at theend of university studies lasting one-and-a-half to2 years. The examinations are set by each institu-tion and assessed by two examiners, one of whomis external. The degree indicates the studentsexamination results, the average marks obtainedin the main subjects, the subject of the final dis-sertation and its assessment. It gives access toemployment, to practical training leading to thePraktisk-teologisk utdanning qualification, orto advanced study and research leading to theDoctor(+) or Ph.d. degree. The term candida-

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ister of Education. The examination consists of awritten test for each subject and tests, assessment

and marking comply with national requirements.In each type of school, there is a central examina-tion for a chosen combination of at least 6 sub-jects, depending on the specialised component(in havo and vwo) or the sector and learning path-way (in vmbo). Dutch and English are compulsoryin all forms of secondary education.

Centralizts eksmensCountry: LatviaGrammatical variants: Centralizts eksmeni,centralizts eksmenuLevel: ISCED 2 and 3Explanatory note: Examination which is devel-oped in accordance with a specific methodology

devised at central government level, and held atthe end of 9-year basic education (pamatizgltba)and 3-year general (upper) secondary education(visprj vidj izgltba). The examination has aspecific order for assessing pupil attainment. It isheld in the subjects determined at national level,and is organised by the government and munici-pal education boards in cooperation with schools.Satisfactory assessment in the subjects of exami-nation leads to the award of the Pamatizgltbassertifikts (basic education) or Visprjs vidjsizgltbas sertifikts (upper secondary education).

Centralizts profesionls kvalifikcijaseksmens

Country: LatviaGrammatical variants: Centralizti profesionlskvalifikcijas eksmeni, centralizto profesionlskvalifikcijas eksmenuLevel: ISCED 3 and 4Explanatory note: Centrally organised examina-tion equivalent to the Kvalifikcijas eksmens.The Ministry of Education and Science selectsaccredited vocational education institutions orexamination centres which organise and hold theexamination in cooperation with it. The examina-tion takes place at the end of vocational educa-tion (arodizgltba lasting 2-3 years) and vocationalsecondary education (profesionl vidj izgltbalasting 3-4 years),and enables those who pass it

to obtain second or third level vocational qualifi-cations in specific fields of training and educationprogramme groups. The content and assessmentcriteria for the examination are determined atnational level by the state institution responsiblefor the training field or programme group con-cerned. The Atestts par arodizgltbu may beobtained by students who take and pass examina-tions on completion of a vocational programmein which they have received final pass marks inall subjects and practical training. Similarly, theymay obtain the Diploms par profesionlo vidjo

izgltbu if they take and pass the required exam-inations on completing of a vocational secon-

dary education programme in which they havereceived final pass marks in all subjects andpractical training. Finally, they may be awardeda Profesionls kvalifikcijas apliecba after pass-ing examinations taken on completing part of avocational education programme (subsequent tosecondary education) or vocational secon-daryprogramme in which they have received finalpass marks in all subjects and practical training.The profesionls kvalifikcijas apliecba may alsobe awarded to those who have satisfactorily com-pleted extramural vocational education or voca-tional secondary education programmes, or acontinuing vocational education programme.

CertCountry: IrelandLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation of NationalCertificate (+).

CertHECountry: United KingdomLevel: ISCED 5Explanatory note: Abbreviation ofCertificate ofHigher Education (+).

Certificaat (+)Country: Belgium (Flemish Community)Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5

Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils,students and adult learners who pass the exam-inations held on completion of an entire modu-lar course in education or training, and who haveobtained the Deelcertificaat(+) in each module.The examinations, which are written, oral or prac-tical as decided by the teacher, are set by the indi-vidual school or institution and cover all subjectsstudied. The certificate gives access to the corres-ponding profession or occupation, or to other(related) modules in modular courses. The nameof the certificate is followed by reference to thecourse (area of specialisation) concerned.

Certificaat havoCountry: The NetherlandsGrammatical variants: Certificaten havoLevel: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.)Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Certificaathoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs. Synonym:Havo-certificaat.

Certificaat hoger algemeen voortgezetonderwijsCountry: The NetherlandsGrammatical variants: Certificaten hogeralgemeen voortgezet onderwijsLevel: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.)

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Explanatory note: Leaving certificate awarded topupils in general secondary adult education, vavo,

who pass in one or more compulsory examinationsubjects of hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs.The Minister of Education determines the blue-print for the certificate, which indicates the typeof school and, on a separate list, the subject(s)passed with marks of 6 or over, the compo-nent, the marks in the Schoolexamen and theDeeleindexamen, and the date of the final result.Abbreviation: Certificaathavo.

Certificaat mboCountry: The NetherlandsGrammatical variants: Certificaten mboLevel: ISCED 2, 3 and 4

Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Certificaatmiddelbaar beroepsonderwijs. Synonym: Mbo-cer-tificaat.

Certificaat middelbaar beroepsonderwijsCountry: The NetherlandsGrammatical variants: Certifica

ready reference: european glossary on education

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