raj linux

Linux Installation

INSTALLING LINUX BY

RAJESH J

Introduction

1. System Installation and Customization 2. System Maintenance 3. System Performance and Monitoring

What is Linux?

Linux is an operating system. Software on a computer that enables

applications.

Where is Linux?

One of the most noted properties of Linux is where it can be used.

Windows and OS X are predominantly found on personal computing devices such as desktop and laptop computers

What this is about

Workshop on: System installation & customization System maintenance System performance & monitoring

How to install Linux

Linux Installation

To install Red Hat, you will need to download the ISO images (CD Images) of the installation CD-ROMs from http://fedora.redhat.com

Download the i386 images for 32 Intel Processors, PPC images for for Apple Macintosh and x86_64 for for 64 bit AMD Processors

Burn the iso CD images on CDs and use these CDs as Installation CDs (typically 4)

http://fedora.redhat.com/

Installation and Customization

Disk space

Installation method

Installation class

Personal Desktop Installation

Workstation Installation

Server Installation

Hardware compatibility


Hardware Information

Where to get information about hardware

Record your system's hardware


Installing from a Hard Drive Preparing for a Network Installation Installing via NFS Installing via FTP Installing via HTTP Welcome to RedHat Linux


Preparing to Install Installing Packages Boot Diskette Creation Video Card Configuration X Configuration – Monitor and Customization Installation Complete

System Maintenance

Type of Backups Full backup

Every single file is written to backup media Incremental backup

Only modified files are written to backup media Differential backup - Cumulative

Modified files will continue to be included in all subsequent differential backups

Backup Media Tape Disk Network

Basic commands of Linux

1.Wirte command

write -Send a message to another userSyntax:

write user [ttyname]Example

$ Write maudeThis is a test message <CTRL-D>

2.Xargs command

Execute a command, passing constructed argument list(s). The arguments are typically a long list of filenames (generated by ls or find)

that are passed to xargs via a pipe.

Syntax: xargs [options] [command]

3.Yes command

`yes' prints the command line arguments, separated by spaces and followed by a newline,

forever until it is killed.

If no arguments are given, it prints `y' followed by

a newline forever until killed.

The only options are a lone `--help' or `--version'.

4.whoami command

Print the current user id and name.Syntax:

whoami [options]Options

whoami produces the same result as the id -un

command

Alias -Create an alias

Syntax alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]

unalias [-a] [name ... ]

5.Alias command

6.Aspell commandAspell -Spellcheck a file.

Syntax:

aspell check [options] filename

Examples:

Check the file foo.txt:

$ aspell check foo.txt

7.awk or gawk (gnu awk) command

Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

Syntax:

awk <options> 'Program' Input-File1 Input-File2 ...

awk -f PROGRAM-FILE <options> Input-File1 Input-File2 ...

8.basename command

Strip directory and suffix from filenames

Syntax:

basename NAME [SUFFIX] basename OPTION

9.cat command

Display the contents of a file (concatenate)

Syntax:

cat [Options] [File]...

10.Cd command

Change Directory - change the current working directory to a specific Folder.

Syntax :

cd [Options] [Directory]

11.cfdisk command

Curses based disk partition table manipulator for Linux

Syntax: cfdisk [ -agvz ] [ -c cylinders ] [ -h heads ]

[ -s sectors-per-track ] [ -P opt ] [ device ]

12.chgrp command

Change group ownership

'chgrp' changes the group ownership of each given File to Group (which can be either a group name or a numeric group id) or to the group of

an existing reference file.

Syntax: chgrp [Options]... {Group | --reference=File}

File...

13.chmod command

Change access permissions, change mode.

Syntax

chmod [Options]... Mode [,Mode]... file...

chmod [Options]... Numeric_Mode file...

chmod [Options]... --reference=RFile file...

14.chkconfig command

Update and query runlevel information for system services.

Syntax: chkconfig --list [name] chkconfig --add name chkconfig --del name

chkconfig [--level levels] name <on|off|reset> chkconfig [--level levels] name

15.cksum command

Print CRC checksum and byte counts

Computes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum for each given File, or standard input

if none are given or for a File of -

Syntax cksum [Option]... [File]...

16.cmp command

Compare two files, and if they differ, tells the first byte and line number where they differ.

You can use the `cmp' command to show the offsets and line numbers where two files differ.

`cmp' can also show all the characters that differ between the two files, side by side.

Syntax cmp options... FromFile [ToFile]

17.comm command

Common - compare two sorted files line by line

Syntax:

comm [options]... File1 File2

18.command

Run command with arguments ignoring any shell function named command.

SYNTAX command [-pVv] command [arguments ...]

19.continue command

Resume the next iteration of an enclosing for, while, until, or select loop.

SYNTAX: continue [n]

If n is supplied, the execution of the nth enclosing loop is resumed. n must be greater than or

equal to 1. The return status is zero unless n is not greater than or equal to 1.

20.Cp command

Copy one or more files to another location

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

Syntax: cp [options]... Source Dest

cp [options]... Source... Directory

21.cron command

daemon to execute scheduled commands

Syntax: cron

Cron should be started from /etc/rc or /etc/rc.local. It will return immediately

22.csplit command

Split a file into context-determined pieces.

SYNTAX csplit [options]... INPUT PATTERN...

Creates zero or more output files containing sections of

INPUT (standard input if INPUT is `-')

23.cut command

Divide a file into several parts (columns)Writes to standard output selected parts of each line of each input file, or standard input if no files

are given or for a file name of `-'.

Syntax cut [OPTION]... [FILE]..

24.date command

Display or change the date.

Syntax date [option]... [+Format]

date [option] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

`date' with no arguments prints the current time and date

25.dc command

Desk calculator

SYNTAX dc <options>

26.DD command

Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records, create a boot floppy. dd can make an

exact clone of an (unmounted) disk.

Syntax dd [Options]

27.dd rescue command

Data recovery tool, save data from a crashed partition.

Syntax ddrescue [options] infile outfile [logfile]

28.declare command

Declare variables and give them attributes.

SYNTAX declare [-afFrxi] [-p] [name[=value]]

29.df command

Disk Free - display free disk space.With no arguments, `df' reports the space used

and available on all currently mounted filesystems.

SYNTAX df [option]... [file]...

30.diff command

Display the differences between two files, or each corresponding file in two directories.

Each set of differences is called a "diff" or "patch".

Syntax diff [options] from-file to-file

31.dircolors command

Color setup for `ls', outputs a sequence of shell commands to set up the terminal for color output

from `ls' (and `dir', etc.).

Syntax

eval `dircolors [options]... [file]`

32.yescommand`yes' prints the command line arguments,

separated by spaces and followed by a newline, forever until it is killed.

If no arguments are given, it prints `y' followed by

a newline forever until killed.

The only options are a lone `--help' or `--version'.

33.watch command

Execute a program periodically, showing output full screen

Syntax watch [options] command command_options

34.wc command

Print byte, word, and line counts, count the number of bytes, whitespace-separated words, and newlines in each given FILE, or standard

input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'.

Syntax wc [options]... [file]...

35.vmstat command

Report virtual memory statistics: processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu

activity.

Syntax vmstat [-a] [-n] [delay [ count]]

vmstat [-f] [-s] [-m] vmstat [-S unit]

vmstat [-d] vmstat [-p disk partition]

vmstat [-V]

36.screencommand

Multiplex a physical terminal between several processes (typically interactive shells).

Syntax: Start a screen session:

screen [ -options ] [ cmd [args] ] Resume a detached screen session:

screen -r [[pid.]tty[.host]] screen -r sessionowner/[[pid.]tty[.host]]

37.diff command

Merge two files interactively. (Show differences) with output to outfile.

SYNTAX sdiff -o outfile [options] from-file to-file

38.select command

select construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has almost the same syntax as the for

command.

Syntax select name [in words ...]; do commands;

done

39.seq command

Print a sequence of numbers to standard output

Syntax:

seq [options]... [FIRST [STEP]] LAST...

40.set command

Manipulate shell variables and functions.

Syntax: set [--abBCefhHkmnpPtuvx] [-o option]

[argument ...]

41.passwd command

passwd

Modify a user password.

SYNTAX passwd [options...]

42.hash command

Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as name arguments, so they need not

be searched for on subsequent invocations.

SYNTAX

hash [-r] [-p filename] [name]

43.id command

Print real and effective user id (uid) and group id (gid), prints identity information about the given

user, or if no user is specified the current process.

SYNTAX id [options]... [username]

44.fup / ifdown command

Bring a network interface up or down

Syntax ifup [options] -a | IFACE...

ifdown [options] -a|IFACE...

45.less command

Display output one screen at a time, Search through output, Edit the command line.

SYNTAX: less [options]

<command> | less [options]

46.let command

Perform arithmetic on shell variables.

Syntax let expression [expression]

Each expression is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated. If the last expression evaluates to 0,

let returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.

47.bc command

An arbitrary precision calculator language

Syntax:

bc options file...

48.BG command

Send job to background

Syntax:

bg [PID...]

49.break command

Exit from a for, while, until, or select loop

SYNTAX: break [n]

If n is supplied, the nth enclosing loop is exited. n must be greater than or equal to 1

50.bulitin command

Run a shell builtin, passing it args, and return its exit status.

SYNTAX: builtin [shell-builtin [args]]

This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as a shell builtin, retaining the

functionality of the builtin within the function

Linux advanced commands

1)# cal 2007- show the timetable of 2007

2)# cat /proc/cpuinfo- show information CPU info 3)# cat /proc/interrupts -show interrupts

4)# cat /proc/meminfo - verify memory use 5)# cat /proc/swaps- show file(s) swap

6)# cat /proc/version -show version of the kernel 7)# cat /proc/net/dev -show network adpters and

statistics

9)# cat /proc/net/dev - show network adpters and statistics

10)# cat /proc/mounts - show mounted file system(s)

11)# clock -w -save date changes on BIOS

12)# date -show system date

13)# date 041217002007.00- set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds

14)# dmidecode -q - show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)

15)# hdparm -i /dev/hda displays the characteristics of a hard-disk

16)# lspci -tv display PCI devices

17)# lsusb -tv show USB devices

18)# uname -m show architecture of machine(2)

19)# uname -r show used kernel version

20)# arch - show architecture of machine(1)

THANK YOU

raj linux

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