Radioactivity and radioactive elements, as the factor of

environment

Rikhvanov Leonid P., professor,DSc in Geology and Mineralogy

Nadeina Luiza V., associate professor,PhD in Philology

TOMSK -2015

• The XIX-th century end was characterized by outstanding fundamental opening in natural sciences:

• 1895 - W.C.Rontgen detects X-Rays.

• 1896 - A.H.Becquerel detects uranium beams, after named M.Kjuri radioactive radiation.

2009-2010 associated with anniversaries dates in searching and use the phenomenon of a radio-

activity100 years

80 70

60 60

• He described his method on

the French Academy of Sciences on 24 January

1896

In 1896, while investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts, Becquerel accidentally discovered radioactivity. This discovery led Becquerel to investigate the spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation.  

•  

Первая радиография

The radio-activity phenomenon has been quickly estimated by physicists. For them the new area in research has

opened Representatives of other departments of natural-science

knowledge haven't reacted on this event.

Pierre Curie Marie Curie

Ernest Rutherford

The equipment applied at the first stages of studying of a radio-activity (on materials of a museum of the Curie in Paris. S.I.Arbuzov's

photo)

Materials from the Curie museum

The first gram of radium received by hands of Marie Curie at processing of uranium ore. Now it is packed.

Materials from the Curie museum

Their names are piously stored in memory of the French people

«Whether the humans will manage to use this force, to direct it on good, instead of on self-destruction?» V.Vernadsky

«… scientific thought as the planetary phenomenon, can appear the most destructive antibiospheric force.». V.Vernadsky

«With hope and fear we peer at the new ally and the defender« (V.I.Vernadsky, 1910

Геохимическая таблица Д.И. Менделеева для живого вещества в биосфере (по «Medical geology», 2004 с дополнениями по Л.П. Рихванову и др.)

1H

2He

3Li

4Be

5B

6C 7N

8O

9F

10Ne

11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Сu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd -

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

55Cs

56Ba

* 57-71

72Hf

73Ta

74W

75Re

76Os 77Ir

78Pt 79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

87Fr

88Ra

* *

89-103

104

105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Лантаноиды* 57La 58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu Актиноиды и * трансурановые элементы *

89Ac 90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr

Главные элементы Главные структурообразующие (конституционные)

химические элементы Второстепенные элементы Сопутствующие структурообразующие химические

элементы Жизненно необходимые эссенциальные элементы для организма Следовые элементы (неструктурообразующие) Газообразные элементы 82Pb Токсичные элементы 1-го класса опасности по ГОСТу

17.4.1.02-83 57La Редкоземельные элементы (лантаноиды) 5B Элементы 2-го класса опасности по ГОСТу 17.4.1.02-83

89Ac Радиоактивные и трансурановые элементы 23V Элементы 3-го класса опасности по ГОСТу 17.4.1.02-83

D.I. Mendeleev’s geochemical table for living matter (after “Medical

geology”, with additions after L.P. Rikhvanov)

Chain of radioactive

disintegration of uranium-238

To prove the theory of transformation of one atoms into others

Time nucleosynthesis (on model sudden nucleosynthesis) – 6,4*109 years; Solar system - of 4,55*109 years.

U-Pb, Th-Pb, Pb-Pb,Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,

Methods:

To define the time of formation of natural systems

The professor of mineralogy and geology in The professor of mineralogy and geology in Dublin John Jolie has deduced the idea of Dublin John Jolie has deduced the idea of radio geology – a new source of internal heat radio geology – a new source of internal heat of the Earth. of the Earth. There was a basis for a hypothesis of cold There was a basis for a hypothesis of cold agglomeration of a planet.agglomeration of a planet.The energy allocated at radioactive The energy allocated at radioactive disintegration (U238 – 0, 94 Vt/g; Th232 – disintegration (U238 – 0, 94 Vt/g; Th232 – 0,26 Vt/g; K40 – 0,29 Vt/g etc.) play an 0,26 Vt/g; K40 – 0,29 Vt/g etc.) play an important role in thermal balance of a planet important role in thermal balance of a planet («radiogenic heat»(«radiogenic heat»

To reveal one of the main sources of heat of a planet (radiogenic heat)

«Omnipresence» of radioactive elements in a material world for today it is well shown by many generations

of scientists

Distribution of uranium, thorium and potassium in planets of Solar

system.

Distribution of thorium to Moon surfaces

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

U(Ra)

Th

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Донные отложения

Почвы

Th/U=3Th/U=2

Relations Th (g/t)/U (g/t) in ground adjournment of lakes of Siberia (badges of dark blue color) and soils of their water modular areas (badges of yellow color) in various regions of Siberia (on V.D.Strahovenko and others, 2009)

Thorium-uranium ratio in human organs and tissue and natural objects

Th/U (зола)

0,00001

0,00010

0,00100

0,01000

0,10000

1,00000

10,00000

0,001 0,010 0,100 1,000 10,000

U

Th

Морская вода

Карбонаты

Геохимич. кларк ноосферы

25

17

220

15

10

722

23

16

26 14

4

1213

8

1919

21 318

24

15

611

9

Th/U=1

Th/U=2,5Th/U=5

Th/U=0,1

1-tongue; 2-gullet; 3-stomach; 4-duodenal gut; 5-small intestines; 6-thick intestines; 7-liver; 8-pancreas; 9-hollow vein; 10-heart; 11-aorta; 12 spleen; 13-trachea; 14-bronchial tubes; 15-easy; 16-thyroid gland; 17-adrenal glands; 18-bladder; 19-kidney; 20-brain; 21-skeletal muscles; 22-skin; 23-fatty fabric; a24-mammary gland; 25-jaichnik; 26-uterus.

• Relations of total maintenances of thorium to uranium (Th/U), beginning from Solar system in whole (Th/U = 3,72), to its planets and the Moon (Th/U=3,55), meteorites (Th/U=2,5-8,6), magmatic formations (2,5-5 at prevalence 3,5-4,5).

• It is the general law in the ratio thorium and uranium which it is possible to name the law of Boltvuda-Rozerforda, the first paid attention to this fact.

The relation of isotopes of uranium 238 to uranium 235 (U238/U235), is a physical constant and makes 137, 8, and for U235/U238

• The deviation from this value in this or that party testifies that or there were processes of nuclear division to burning out U235, or influence of the enterprises nuclear - a fuel cycle takes place.

U235/U238

The main problems of the future

• Technogenic alpha radiating radio nuclides (Pu, Am, etc.), and also Rn and products of its disintegration will be the main radiating factors of the future.

• The estimation of the status of territories on these parameters is required.

• The objective estimation doses loadings on the population of territories biodosimetry methods is necessary.