radical america - vol 1 no 3 - 1967 - november december

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 1 No 3 - 1967 - November December

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RADICAL

AMERICAovm _ Deeber, 1967 Vo [. 1 No. 3

50 t

NewYork Rent StrieAna lysi and Commen by Acv

Jae Wenen on STUDIES ON THE LEFT

An 5DS Jounl of th H i toy f Aia Rdca i s


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COT

ae V/insin STUDIES ON HE LEFT: RIP

\ar D ason, RN SKES IN NE YRK

Ror Gr er, coriN

Dai ci (a A PAERBCK- A!ERCM RADCA RADIIO

. . .

ARAC G

Leaflet HE IS AMERA TCS

7

50

54

OS THE AMRA A80RV/,\E 877_92 6

R IA an SS magan al By alac Jsp 'wsa oi: Tomrisoff o Clar Lfwk V. g Joh d

Sbscro ra 3ea (6 isu) or for SS

naoal ebs n goo ding Sng cy ul rate uon rqes. Pulid he adon SDSFe e. Addrs Bl 127 Saight S adion con 537

"

e pea fo our n r hACAL ARCA

IS n otgoh of pogr in Raicl Ectorojct of h Sude f a c-ic Soc. Thedo od h he ls of he eicn dic; ar cric1 fo h eloen o Lf hope o ilae ,n nensd sdy radiisoy d f h fe an a far graere amon SDS rcnk-and Ies corning sesbc. e oo 1'0 coao l h - enos o can fs o a ealiz o ou shar aditin lp ng beof e Old e:n e Lf ogr

is sue o cculao ps t 200" a all oe ne- in sbg RADICA

[Conned o se k cov


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fntn f e an inst tt ins . tdies did littlet as la ns sne ss f these develent s Bt t dd exaine and exan the ndeling

al eny tdes ade ts ain ntbtnn the tnng f te ne adals n t aeas . 1t entfed efae state libeas as te tiade f te lage atn tgt thsent and, teefe as te dnant taldelg n te nited tate s . t began the essf entn sast thgt tad the ble fbldng a st-ndstl sas.

Te deveent f tese t sets f deas aeenta n akng ssile a ses evtnaeent n the nited tates Te fst s te ket nestandng the ean lt al eny These s essental t a stategy f sal evltinn ts n . t distngishes leay beteen thefntn f salst tansfatn in te nited

tates and in te agaa nties hee sessfletnaes ae te need ndstie ady.

Of tese t sets f deas nly te fst has beende ndestd ang ne left atv sts . The ndestanding that lbealis and the libeal beaatistate s te ental delal ene leal dist ingshes te ne left f the d That knledge

akes aetane f the la fntis f thenist at and the sia elfais f theiaist at naetale t st ne leftsts.

The liited aetane f the deas abt stndstia sialis in te nited tates has sealases al f the lsel elated t the nate fthe existing s ial i st ates . The ain ase has

en te faile f tes aties t dee a isinf the ind f ife that ld be ssile in thenied tates i siey ee eganied n thenile f ax individal feed, sefdeelent , and at iat in in de is in aing Basesialists f all aties have een aght in deb ats at the ess f indstializatin in ssiaina, a te ave en bsessed ith


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centraized so contro, xrnay ediscplne te suoatn o ;cnal i

ment to collectve econoi deeoment For te

Uted States, after te reoto suc conrns e mostl releat. P of th neI le ertd ti SI:e ae ve te revouton had aread been w .

We dy ae te t d] 3sre

ed e OT o "q;cE aG

o a u e b1 tJ hanp cY ht op is a oe iato stme s r '0 er te re prj ncpJed wih o oca e s gn T doth we a p\ o[L h co-:pora 'aqe a poe he magitn ate n wa e d e cete toae a o b al to ut o

o e arket eco

T REVOLTION T

Te deop o grou ga d hcapacty O rn a ew socet can be acieed ony an oganization of peope commited o wningow ad cai thrh reouton uc agro w not acee sgnt 30 chnge t eome voed fult e n conv12ngoLe that a ew socia ode in he mone iteet I cannot ac os to,eter inelectal or plit a unle it aeie sy Any t h o rae

oa Ad -me t to ms ta corehenve poial e Dd og) ow means o cmuncatng t ews a res ana permanent nationwide ue uch a rgnatn s a pot hethe patiptesin eections o nt

Mot o the tde etrs wod e to ee

h a e} socia] pty b b hee a eie O C0 hat t e abot.


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4

eleve ha a a an e a n e lesssnnes f he exe ene f he new ef d n shae ha vew see he ea n f a as n f wl n e a f hse wh be

leve be neessa. d n hnk ha a an be ed edae f ne s be fedn e nex hee eas se g f ele ke he nve nw.

The ssl evl n e fe eas l be ffed negaed n ne se f akng e ae Te nl qes n

s be nseed nw s ehe ee s needf sh hs e f s hen se hesand e need ve e esns b l The eeene een eas shld enge shn sne hse h have aed agns e n ghees and n e ses ve s nflfnd e s hn e eeed.

On e need f a he n easn s vn n ben evn B a ne d n Tefs s es ne a bese ll eesng nes ve fled devel evn eevn nsfn e ned Ses nde ess led b he lng-e degldendene n ne ne enden n e Se

n n n e nne he akes selfsesl s ev n fe Te ave nseg f bdng ss evn veeee The nng nd gs e shed bes e an b heselve as kes f hs

TH TM S NW

Te esn f a ne a hs e s hae veen s ceed he sbl f adgwh and eleve f a evla eveng he Mveen de s n have hn eea nsend s esen l ns ne s fe es he veen h eded hndedsf sands f ng ee e ndesndng


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5

of the true nature of Amerian apit a i sm It hasshon that radial atons are ossble and that itson tneme from the ominant alues of Ameriansoiet is del share It has expose the slaish

oalt to the Amerian business sstem f ourpo t al struture an our eutonal inst ttons .It has demonstrated the aue of sontaneous ationan of loal intiatie as el as the personaan group rears that ome from taking an atepart in soi a hange

But the oement has also demonstrated its

limit at i ons . The ier sit hih gie s it muh ofits strength preents the eeopment of a rigorousprposefune ss . The prmari stdent maeup of theoement makes t nkel that a permanent ore ofmembers ll be reated or that there be anontinut n the deeloment of rogram or strate.The han of the deeopment a reolutonarsinglemindeness thn the oement is almost non

existent sine uh a prose does not neer hasome spontaneousl out of i s sent or res i stene moement ed entrel b those nder thrt s thot benefit of the amuated experene of otherreolt i onarie s and other eolutionar moements Without that knoege reoutionar theor is mpossibe . An , of orse ithout reot onartheor there an be no reoutiona part

er reotionar part that has beoereeant as ell as man that haent has beenreated b the ful ation of a smal grop ofmen and ome n If a ne part i s t o be formed nthe Unted States the same l be true hre nomatter hen it happens In that sense the formaton of part i s an el it i st at But t s s inot to at beause of a fear of etism. If aneitist part is forme no one il foo t nan ase The orst that ill hae hapene isthat thse ho forme t aste the r t me .

This stateent epresses one of the tendeneson the Studies board a sho exlan from


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pepe t e y Stde s ad ot l s stor alprose Te next magaz ne tat I ope to be t ll

be n ndendent jornal t no se os +e jornal o a reoltonar poltal organn

ams nsten


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7

The Rnt Striks i Nw York

Re srkes i Ne York are as old as e slslready i e early 90s ere ere aa resrikes led b e adies Beef Trsssociaio c ao eeral labor es kep oer as Side i cosa r

oil fer e passae of e Teee Hosea 9 re ske e 90ssbsded; b 9 e limied ais o e

pre-ar po er Vep y a roi osisoae ic prmied adors o na n

b as c as 200% i a maer of mos

Teas able or illi o ree sore

eases sbsaaly ier reals faced sadsposses cdn ad oesale evicos frequ oo p. cis ori clss dsrcs i ard b empoe dri pos ar demobilizaio es of osads ere derf osi eir oes

TH ERLY TRUES

I e eis seco of e ciy e osrisis bro i i a e obrs of re

1 Moses Risci) Te Promised iy (abride19) pp 670

2 Rdell) rce:ed-"0_!JHh;?ing) p


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8

stries n a 918 the ew r Ca teciist art's Enis anae newsaer rerted a are rent strie n the Brwnsvie sectin

Brn. enants were dbin and treatenin t camp in the streets rater than sbmit t te njst demands the andrd. " Te Cas editr raised the strie as a :rcef istratin f wrin casssidarit

ntire bs are bein ranied. The sted tenant is bein emed ith hnrs. ne has any se fr the wman h s submsive and pays the rent3

These first stwar ren stries ie thse in the18s ere arey spntanes In the se-nitish cmunities a andrd h refsed t yied ttn tenants mht ave t fae ndemnatin byespted eaders f his synaue r fraterna r aniatin bstraiatin by his friends ss ftnae at hs business and verba arassment and even ysia viene frm his nebrs In theuns f te Ca we find the edifyin tae a andrd naed Katz wh tried t brea a rent strien a bidin e ne by hirin a band f ths t beat u te eaders f the tenants mittee bt wh was red t yied t the tenants e the ed asccessf byctt f his bter sp dn the

b4 ven in te sacred cnfines f hs synae the andrd as nt sae frm harassment by embattedt enants. rin the heiht te stries 0 tenants stred a Brnsvie snae in te midst passver servies t ebarrass a nmber f andrdsin te nreatin. The heri deed a faithfu reprted in the Ca

Mst f te iars f th ev am iars f Pace cnreatin are andrds The ead f the nreatin is said t ave evicted se

\ew r Ca ay 98 p. 84. Ibid, Hew York Cal March 0, 192 p. 4 and

ar 9 p. 5


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enan Fra e wa reore o haveuere ome brue he exciemen eer a when he enan oure o he nagoguecrng, Down wh he ervce, o rang

our ren5

A he ear wen on, enan began o develo more ormal orgaizaio for heir roe Whle local acon of he e ju menioned had omeucce, wa clear ha he houng cri cou

no be ened unle he cy governmen a heae legilaure aced o reuce he immene lgal

auhory o e lalor over he enan, whch

9

ave him almo unlme ower o e ren, deer mine he lengh of leae ad evc allegel un derable ea6 In 919, enan unon a enanroecve aociaion were ormed inBrownvlle, Wllamburg, Harlem, he Bronx a he Lower Ea Se, o exan he coe of local acon aga lanlord an o arculae enan' deman

for erme acohe new ean aociao were cloel

lke o he major rogreive orgaiaon in he immigra omu-h ocai ar an he laor movemean her leaer were avoweocal who aw he ean' revol a man eaon of he new cla concoune ha eee o have eize worker all over he worl aer he war ha ene Ther magaon, lke hoe o mo ercan raial had bee red b he rolearian urng ha he Euroean War ha u leahed, an ever rike, ever ma acion, eemed o heral caialim imen fall he revoluoar imule o he ena leaer foud oule n erodc aem o organie ma acon

5 New York Cal, ril 9 92, Uner New York Ci houig law, a lalord had

ol o eablh ha he wa aci i goo faih order o evc a ean hom he coere udeirable


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n ctye eve t aatze he tenants gevances

In ay f he ly ennts nn theatene call a geneal ste nvlvng he ceatve&20n f enants leagues an a unns, fcusenn n hus ng es7 n n Setee fe s ea, sc al st gats , accng he's ee n Ren Pfteeng ee ne en se nvlvng ne l n te nans 8ee f hese es hweve, ee acually

ee The s evlnry f he tenntss' cs ee e lc en ses whch cnne e he ecn e ay efensvcn sgne fce lns ec ent ne ase s n s ev ct n ceengs he l clan f he enans wee alate thughn ecac eans--enn yngn nzng es les-alhugh he sze fe en stes

(he Blyn Tents Unn ha

40 enns n se n wh the eea f ssve se e egh heenes' eess

hen he enans nns wee fs gnze hey n sn cgh n he l c hyste cs whch he hev evlutn seee hv ngenee n en scey e t seh Te ys ee n en Pf ee ngnze e ses beween enns lls ene an nvesgatn f he ennts'ven wh he wnng h

Bsevs nes n anchy ae ncesngy becse f the cves f hese scle anten scees n s s e p

n nae sees f lce s n the cltennts e age O eengs wee en u ,

7 ew Tes, y , l 2 9 I cb 4 99 2


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members imprisoned, our offices raided, and ourexecutives give he hir degree," declaed HarleTenans leader J Louis ros in an interview with he Cal.lO Mnicipa court judges joied in theeffort to reak p he ents egues. A typicajudicia resone o he et srikes was tha ofMgistrae Shra, o cosed a Brookyn et ecse y oe ea o pay e e d

we e eco offee wod rin ei eece:

This aDer ohng me thn caSf Bs ucn s ss o b ugo ve T h st. Yu v l


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, r-

RNMS S

pubic auhoriies hwever, di not succeed he pOer o he eans' oveent There

criod o elatie quit after he polie rais 2ept and cobe o 191, but a;aio ' w . ev eae ene i he ear (oths nxt year The mayo, anxios t aseo Ia z e e sr om rnla:, sen a seies o" Di o ate eslau t ntr et gouging ve ectSn renin these s to the tat egisature

a thn siern he uson o s vecaiJ emesj iy ois wne at teirassae s neessary o prevent isorder from reach-in uLeab proporions te islatuee to octrire o pass he cisti ren

)ntro as Fiore a uardi then a embe oH se lesature ec&red, el:inae by soiaiss afe the ext eeon

Uness rapi reie leisaio is passed, next

ear a aial eisature miht be ebating

heher o alow ive partymen to sit i-

sted of a Republian ad eorac asseby

suseding five sciais .. ad whe he hot

days Aust have exhause he peoplepiece, the reat ody of cizens o New

Yor wil refuse o pay any ren hatsoeverThen ha an you o? ou n disposses

every teat in e ork.

The rechaelin of discoen ino a legal

rmewor seemed o uermine he power o he or

anied teants oveet e local tennts leauesufer a rC 0: me oe ren sre pass nd he Teants eense Uon, the ciy

de oao f eh ogniztons el apartnirely, uable, he fae o idespread ena

apathy, o develo \rable progr for he ahieve} 2;_8\.e ea ad execed a permanen organiatio to be orged in

th hcrusin s E isaed Wihn

I


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3

a ew years, there s no rae at all of the oveDent tht had nspred ear o a "rent reolutionSome tenants leaues n dle-c&ss neihborhods

wer actve, but they made litte pact on the

housin policies o the c it or state gvernent.he rent control S o 0 reained essentialuodiie untl ther expiraton in

3S

he res) :Eer; ntte a e2FL tnnts' gtaton in Pew York Cit n tres !ere begn y tnntb in Brownslle thronx and the Lower ast sie t prevet etonsn t orc ndlrds to ower rents. Jay the Dly rkr repre with seeertG th

he slogan hh ent ust ce d isechoin2 thro hu the er Brnx teor

nd o gn stre .. ew, unde areoraz3 Ae conis d > ldeann 0 reductions n rent.

e the early stwar tenants reots these rentstres 0ccurred n ewish neihborhoods and ereacopned by nsiderabe [b action. Both the

e' Yo; imes ad the aily 1er eporte fromrather deret erspectives the se o ilenceand sabotae to orce ladlords to yild to tnatdeads, and to preent city arhals r carryigo etin. Cn JEur our thcntenans, Ti reported, roted nd attacedpo rere ores +yin7 to evict seeeentenants frm an Oninvile Avenue Bro budi

The mob was led by wen oised on tos hdirected the tn wt 8aphnes and hrd objets upon the ol tin th upraised fiststhat the Wer ste as cHened. Th

3 .p


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14

as the sa nighhd, h nd, h200 l, hanting vlina anhs, " hadied s h viin nans xaln ya . n la ing n n sik

vit, th Wk ind ih id h agthat nan s had sh in sisin li aaks

te a ld atl ih th li and hvitin a k had aild t ak hanzain th n siks a Onlinvillvn, h landld as d d hn n 2 aatns $2, n a 3-

aatn 250 and n - aatntsy 3 ali in th day, li and divstall atakd an n ai in thtnans hih as ld y h Bnx nlyd nil. iv ks asdand a n injed. 14

Th anizatin s=n nans aas

ha lay en the k th nis a.n of th ast tas th d-gadsialiss in h tad-nins and he ialistaty, it as illing sns an kind stivity t dvl and nag lassnsisness and it sid n hsing agiatn as anaa in hih it ld ass is ladshi in hass sggl n dvling h n s as an

tiv an th nld s in dalinth th hsin les, h aty illd a ladshi in th Jeish nity, hihthe sialis s , n hs il ass a in hadt. n its va th n stikes, th Dailyk dly td sval insans he aes had n v idngs ialis anis h had tied t nvin tnans ih

th andds in t 5 is, th landldstheselv s e si alist s Th Wk tld aent sti in the ildng a ialis landld,h as a e th Wkan s il and sval

da i s . l This sialis andld, h-, il Wk, Jana 23, 192, . 4 . id. Th Dail Wk, Jana 4 , 193, . 2 .

id. T al k, ana 2, 1932, . 4 .


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ate eae " mt ab n h atak nthe wke en n the pe t beak up themeetn f the ent tn tenant an theatenn b bath aant the tenant

fte 93 thee ent ke appea t haveube epte the wh f a pwefu enantmvement n the t The beat n f the evn pe mbne wth theua exenn f wefe eve b he tten feeal veent me the pbem f enn f e aue n unetln than he h

been n 93 when he ent te wee tmn . Thee w nt the me ene f uenht hee a n he eae pe n the newennt antn whh ew up afte 93 enate n he evepmen tabe eantmement pabe f ben ntnun ue fpeue f enhee venmet nevenn nhe hun fe . The C e Tenn Unn , n

ntn hh evel nlue enfufte ten leue n eent etn fhe eh he ue f lbn n ublemontn ue uppt f efm letn t hpte, whh e evelpa tabe netwk f enant ' un n thenehb whee the wke ue the en tke nfluence nl nl when the fm f

peue h fe an the en whhu be uppe n u The ee the entke a an exee neu fm f pte b e ue nl when enan un w h h n

fte eue f a numbe f efm nt w wee f he Unte nCmmtee ant Evtn he ue eve t CTU mahl en the eevon un the meen ue Relefueu u fn ete hete f theevte enn

ee Stua D . Wh he CWe TentUnn o ew k ( unpublhe mr heubUnv pp +5


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exen ve legal a avalable . Befe a en keu be ane n a paula buln he anha be ave b a e ee e enal

b peabl peven ha an whh ghham he epu a n f he gana n The e aefulpeau n ean he en e ue pevene m eve aanng e au a pe veenune e unl e n 940 193 ene nnue pla a le le n heae eew enan agan The enan anan beae hhl peale ung h

pe b n a lal an a we leve wha m aa a a a egal wnea a ng hng The ve e keh ae n ale n 93, h eavaanam ean e auh em ene ue


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HRLEM 93

n the fa of 93 hen ent tike one mobean to make thei appeaae on a maive ae

houin oniton in e Yok Cit um ee muhthe ame a the ha been fo the pat ea. nthe o ehbohoo hih the Euopean miantone inhabiteBonvie Williambu aemth Eat Bonx an the Loe Eat Seeoe aPueto Ran no eie on teeet hhh been eae a ubtaa n the PoeveEa . ie hune toan eope t il ve n

houe but befoe 900 9 he the Teneent Houea ha etabie the t' ft et of heathtaa fo eta ontution

Depite the otnue ea o the um aeao patia ofet b the ontuto of ooe pubi hou t equ the mpetu ofthe Civ Riht oveent to tanfom pave e

entment nto ative potet npe b the moo o mt hh the ah on Whtoboth efete a eat evea RE hapteha eun n th ume 93 to app the tti of novioent et aton to the fie ofhoun. Bookn CRE tate th a ampn topeue the t to efon the extin houoe tauht tenant h to f fo th thebul patmet to et the oe efoementmahe nto opeatio a t piete the hea buine of ano ho efue to e tote nant ema To oee hapte U CR aCoumbia CR ao foe hou Comttee abea to oae um te ae thee t Sie . The Columba Chapte e theBo oup te to teh tenat t okthouh the t aene to pove oto butYU CRE a a ma oaato ale the othStuent ovemet ovne tenat n x buon the Loe a Se to fht the o bithhon ent.

9. Tme ua 96 p


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hese re sres o the aroal o JaesFre, he aoal rector o COE O oveber ,i a stateet to the stera Nes he eclare thtthe re sre ha prove a eectve epo"

urge hat ore o he be epoe b teats hvg probes th eret sulors2 A ee lter, he are o a cte re stre ith up to te housa teats o sre su cotos re oleare up a precte ht the vl rght rve he c oul be steppe up o all ros ater

the irst o he ear

ET ESSE GY

Although arers prectio o a ctie retstie prove o be accurate, the iiatve or

i o e ro COE but ro 3-ear o Harle eats eaer ae esse Gr For te ears Gra ha bee rig o o hat COE chapters ha o o begu o th abou--orgazea ass ovee he

gheo arou he ssues hch atere ost to the loer class Negro--poor housg, uepoe polce brual A oge racal expee ro heNatioal Marite o or hs et-g a atos he ha begu hs or Harle th a revolutor rea But the respose to hs agao as ue thusstc a istea o a ass oveet, he s abe to eveop ol a sal teas orgzao o

a e blocs Cera Harle cle he CoutCouc o Housg I Ocober o 3 , he he o a proes arch o ct hall hch he ha orgaze,ra hreatee o ea a poltca rebelo o Harle eas uless the c ace to ae ove bugs th ogsag voaos et out serushes o alors The Wager aistrao has prove ha i s uabe to hae he hous

probe }ra as uote as sig e otat hi coe up o Hare o as or votes

Ieel atr ths protest arch hch re e]as ra ecie o orgaize a re srie i

h ser e ov 13 p Etws cober 9, p

I'


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19

the enta aem bun he ha been wn nThe tmu f th en mae appaentwth tte pepaatn thee ha been n mentn fa ent te at the pet paae wa the wn

m tan that Ga fwe ha bee n hwn atmeetn an pet ae ne the en f theume Tenant wh h ne mee aepte Ga ' a wth he bun epatment fm wee nwemann amat atn t et epa . Theepe Ga t he mteam New ae muhme u han eve f the um ntn nwhch the ae ea t ten t an aa wh

te the n be fhtene b evn nte . 22 fte ne week f ann a ame he wa abe t ae 1 bun n tke.

The Cmmun Cun n n when beanhe tke wa a ma nfma un peanha teeee he ee f bankut t eenef upt n a bnatn f membeh ue

wh wee ae n n an vae nbutn wea aa . e f Ga h manaet ee u eae aa fom t teau theewee fu en wh eve a ane n ne fwhm a Wl am wke fu me . Ga meve u exet ve e hep fm he enantebe f the un n an n the ke f hem wee we n wh wu n a ke

ne ve a ma n butn the Cun eau but wh wee nent eave he fman f ate an the anan f bun Ga an h ae. Dete thee avantaeGa wa abe t amt tpe the nube f bun n tke un he nth f vembe n thefew bk that he a ane befe the e h eae wa enhuat an he nmt n he pee anatn eee t be hee that wa eque exan the ehan fthe t ke Thee wee bun n Centa aemwhee the name Jee Ga wu en an . n

22 The mteam ew eembe 7, 19 . 1


22/72

h hbh h h h k f t as G b tss hs f a s hab a kab s f ts Lk thmat stt as th atqats G s th a h h tbl th h fa tt th a f th h h a fs baasth hh th t f th svva

a mb a ass a h at thbak mmt C a t s Pak Gaa th ss f vmb s a Tas 3 mts h la ha hst s th mb f bus apa h t sk h m batl am a ass mm th as pssa papa h a. 3 t as mfor at s ta h as t . a sv a Wa a h ffas t up t am at m .

T a mplats f a mass mmu s lashp ls am slsh pt a as a Catl a Jak a ks ha v mh a a hs fm qka th supp f h t sk . v l h aas faba a a aal th f b tt h l mp

h at Pat f a s tak t mvh blh fm th m a a f ah hal f th fa ak v h

suk s Fft h a v psps a h sam a p h spt h sks a fm a a mt h h stk pats f am.Th s a a h sps hh T

s tl h s a xam s t ah aa

23. The New York Tine s , December 2, 196, p . 30 h msam s mb 9 5 sk mb 3 19, pp 171


23/72

1

Gray sd aos oxcad y h couyso dary ha had afsd a h ray . ga o s a cd rgg fro hsa srk ha h had sard ra arh gra powr ocs of h ar couy hsrs ad h pocas wr g up hdh srk, ad OR groups Broo%y ad h owras Sd wr arady gg o orga hrocas f our pas ara , h a srporr wo days ar h ray, w w ha 000u ds o srk y h rs of h yar Whop, y as o a cyw r sr, o orc aass ra a o o h sus .

W FES

hs as rac days of cr, s wfac s appard h ouy ouc ' s cur c O h org of c r 7, wh houy ouc s saff rousy awad h r

sus of h f rs c our c as , a w drss ha wh a rusqu ar akd o ray s of c ad ask h cou hp h o 2 ha rad aou h r sr h spars hsa, ad had co o h cocuso a was hfrs sfca rdca o w ork sch 190s was rch, had xcu xprcad had ay pwru rds h ra

couy . Wha cou h do? Afr a g ds cuss o w h hs a, who, urd u had prs of o of h args sg ad rf cpa s h d Sas }ray c d pu h charg h r sr ' s u cra os as o or a of h ouc ' sdags wh h wh cuy r ud rasg o prss ras ag }ray r o coc

ra o xd h sr ar Bu h aso ra copy aoous, so ha o sorsau a h a h h r sr woud pucy crcuad

25. s, cr 3 , p 32 hs ray hap ad acy h way

ha scr


24/72

Mr. Levin s e sa t an did an extrrdj nry eective ob of ubzng te stre.

efe e cae te ret strKe ws known mong te

ther exoteric group o eoe wom it fected'ty--Hre tennts an poiticins city hous

cas civl ihts rers nd te lndordse1e een e artices on te rent ste beoeI;2cer but e d been idden awY i the bc ad o attrcted !u:h pub noe . ?i hOer r es o the r o ear reulrly e ront pages eEy a nesp&er n e or xcept the Dily

WS an sors o t ee n Newswee Tiqd the turdy venn Post Aearanes wererrngd or Jesse r and ther rent tre eders

n and teevon. he rent stre, r te) ec8 the al porant ocl potcalsue, n the ause ceebre o the cv rhts ove

et n he orth

evn had no expernce n uic relt ons

C to reer to n hs new ob But te secon t de \t pep that ce trann hd ie him ere suicient o

e h a success is etd was smle he woud up eorters on the vrs newspers whovere v rigts nes inie the dow to t spe to esse nd inspect the buidng

tt "ere on stre. For any the reporters w

e down the experence ws ovehelming t onri[tening and hulig. vn or en rdened

ers of reprt ars, urders nd rots te sit

o a fy sivern in etess teneent whie theeperture outside ws egt egrees o a other

treatiG the ratbites on her ouryer old chid

u r trrie wnng imes reporter came out o one strng

ulding u vein th nger T tennts in te buding ad no t nd no waterbecause te bud

ng hd o biler nd the inspecion reort rom te

uldns departmen sted no violations. his is

e wor ng ve seen n yers of report h ld v wre nt.


25/72

ahe, -ra arned

Th ocet that tje ro is gng o expodin t'he sumer Ihen its hot, m ou no

thats a farce Hare s gn to epodrgt no in he cod . ha e i touwit etroit and Chago We hoe e

f H d t + o e W spea or c.

ry s d culat "einG Deor e oL b[,. S t

Y

ba2g c c w 2gneAdnstra -ht qut Pcng o s Et e t adlJC ';nc +p rl 0+"1,, hu'. 'h7"D corI AU J . V ' L v ,. l ; \.l ., ",-

o;cl ad py souh wy v

t sPJi1n; t T2c oe}n \/ ty s p ST} 1 w ]zd blocks etra Hal cotte of 3 t c als, e Rot ow he y cou 1,ao t dstri \:e t rnt strk 3d roet tt day d std tat e city SF':

t Hem ara, tae o iingt veh d add e pnn o teb:. derten staf. e 1ao aidyaced on thes sugstios

Fial Jnur 5, aer a hurie coltaton ;ith some th rnt strie awys, agnr

Nwswee, Dcmer

7 bid., p 17 A e leadng hous lwer wo spoe to

caimed that ity al as " a at o omplead ute anic in ecmer and auary becauseo rent str.

w Yo Tm eeber


26/72

aoucd a housg polcy dsgd o dy h progrss ors dadg ousg ror a spag sa o h prss, h aoudha h was sd a ll o Alay o lgal rsr ad ag a pock oo aac o h

slulords was gog o "sp up prssur oraxu s ad al ss or olaos ag alh ad say prss h lgslaur or u s ad jal scs or ousg olaos,cras spco orc o h uldgs dpar ad ry o clos h w rporso a olao ad ocal aco o corrc , urg crao o spcal ousg cours Qus ad

h Brox ad ask or a sudy o h c y s housgad halh cods, ad a h lao o duplo o h cods ad cys spcosr

Ths progra, prss as soudd, wasrd prooud spcs y propos oous ror R Pr Sraus h prs d o

WA, who had ladg a slu claup capagow s l o c o , cald yor s poposa lo o ho ar ad pod ou ha h c y had

ply o auhory o a pros udr hprs laws 33 a dasag colu ldo o o h Slulords, Wody Kl urd all h occasos a ayor agr, hs aroscapacs as a pulc ocal ad dclard war o

h slords hr wr 14 ad ssrd a hw progra was ohg or ha a ward or rso pas pross, wh h possl xcpo o lgg r srks Th agr Adsrao,

32 . w ork Ts, Jauary 6 , 1 , p 1 33 w or Ts, Jauary 7, 19 p. .3 Th worklr ad Su, auary 2

p . 5 Th whol laor o Wagr ' s approach osl hsg ad dd o os o h coplxsocal rols cy s auully coyd s colu , s h olo asrallusr a

aor Wagr s dclard ar o h slu ords o 7 as cara o


27/72

2534 . (C"ont ) " , ' , " '. : , ' ., : " pang Cqm$9;J ie .ulY! iQ ; "re spon:i-' ! r - : . C _ - < '-

, . ' blJrty ;fqr, tpe , :sfY1 com9r and. .yr )lvs . . of ,New 'k T.inis : tn ,[948' a$ Cha.n ('he

." ,' " itY ;PJcg'Cqfon h ca:ed fRr a old ' :roga . . to an u s e ng : ' 1 - . , : .:,

'

" - i . ;

, : . In 1959 he announced tat hous ing was the

t No . oblem and pr?m, which, he s ai d had been w'at ou for monts . "

' clled 1 o ;r -rep Q; i , sHf. co s an ' ptn - "

'

o + , Waeee h l o

" up t housi' poram bQasd: "W e o ng e bee, a e un obne "

6 a ne aseaa sls an , xn e

tna_ ' c

u eag w t dv luo o bs in

ess on

e ea ese as ad o a te s n t s gs eet ea

I d ha N 'York e 1 1 I a s" e Y e .

Aso i te me e aede Pgy as de lae md e e a sm s

n ue o a n ed as a j se d nt e &d ee

s oeo . e o ae m ae e ,

stif e nda e a es " o n 4 a s aa alled o keb atta n te slumlods

o , i s ag t s Qf tY Eail: IThre ' n i . sf y a

gong t be ta a. Te Ne Tes

Janua 7


28/72

l, n illing it il iliin l itt igniin in in n i itnd t Ng nit ndnl tin ld n ik id tg t i iil didin t tt liil lt l nn

MO" L

n l n ni nil ginning t k ln tn nt i in nt " , it nting n xtn i n iil ig g nd ii gniiniin t l ni T init il n go d n nii fin l gnitin inlding lk iin g, i l nd l nin l 199 t Dg nd itl Wk d ind dinting itt t y t xnd tik ' xtt in f t ,

d t tiit i l , nd nt tik gn t k t fng dil n , nit nil ' ni ggling t xnd t tik inl lt nil nidd T ifn lii g d ik g G n nd ld liiz nt in t nt t did nt id t t nt tik ned

d nnogni ilding t n t fi, t k ontt it t tiking nnt nd di nlgl t T ntnt t in n t ti n ll tn n ginning n, t l gniztin till ig n k tni nil nd t Nn dnt Mn

ik xndd t inl 00 ilding, t t 000 i d ditd

T ninl i t iil igg, did nt l t ll ln i l itn f


29/72

t -, c me n

:

= S

" G

rn s : howve auly io e k f L e e

s s s . Jesse Gra s n t lesses n nzng te eople of arlem exaggete n gf by a "mukraking press aptured the imaination of young ivi rights atiists around the ity atists who wereunaquainted w ith ray ' s radi a akgrd neafter another oal CE groups i the ity droppedtheir other atiities and egan to organie ret

strikes in their distrits . h rklyn hapter ,whih had een orgaizing tents sie the suerplaed its first uildings strie eeer an had nuer f ases i urt efre the ef the oth tw C Cia C

ro the idde f eeer es reri ot ke sige stet the sujet

f the ret strike athugh he h hisefate ityie re strke earier i theyear eru reer he iterieey he try eig st t re fthe ii rights eet he eare theutet ht he d aer uest reatig t the ret trie to esse ry


30/72

whh had n oang s hosng ogas whhwokd hogh y agns dod h osaoh nd gn o ogan n stks y nanay. nd Bonx CE nd Es CE whhhad n do ng os o h o oyn

agns, gan nt sks o h own n y.Wh th oss xon o th Bookyn gos,

ts C hts nd h nt stk wh onyh agus notons o wht thy w tyng oacosh and h ost td xn wh nant ogan on and hosng w h yong a stsho oosd th k o hs oganons w

sondn o to h gn sns of xctnt whhsondd th nt stk, thn o th a o a ogh ot stagy of a on h hadns nth ss, th ado oadsts, th ass tngs andth afng caagns, catd what thos who xncd t cad a n s f an xtaodnay sns of xhaton and n of hstocdsny tha dw o to th ont as th n

ao of a nw stag n h ghts on he xtnt ahd s hgh at a s tnghd n a on anay 11 A owd of gh hndd o , oosd f a tnnts an snats of aos y cl ghts go nd tnnsoganaon n th cty hard a go of onntss ncdng as Badwn, Wa ts yan,s Gay and ohn ws t th to sd th nt

st o oth as of th c ty . ths ng, on ad of sdnt CE go tod yonagh th f nt S . o on nw ao thga nsqnc s , o h aon of wok nod. tsd k th thng to do th ony way o at thladod '

n addton, oaon fo oth, a fday

onsod soa wok oc yng to noagsoca cton aong owno o on th Lowast Sd sw n h ass on that Gy sd to dong a od w woth ta ng hoghot D , s dct oa wokd to ds a wyto sonso a sss nt stk on h Low Eas


31/72

Sde ou oenng e poal neess upo depene fo s uns To be suessue beeed a en sre on e oe as Sdeould ae o be as mlan and oal a e e Halem oul ae to aa e en as el as e landods Bu i ogaes a en sre mit eopaz s esee o e use o goenmen uns o ognoes aa e goeen as e hardly ifcaly s ac med " o i n T cgz h rn b hid a "okr0 l c o by MY prcje ';h a " osa 3 ; ' .

mr e Ja) o c i a ganzdp o ea av t ref ro a oe xs s o hem pai omi , - i pl u FY ' S eX}i : r i ov-ho t m h w i h := . h o a n o m z t i s ) c h " U a s o 81 fnl G i 8 ( : L


32/72

30

a eadquares an areed o work oeer ocree a ass e en sre on e owe r as Sde

A COOIATIOTe as of coordnan ese oca en skes

nd n e a uned oca ac oe obe a cu one e ee was con s eabesan o noraon abou eos anaonan an eece conan o seces erewas no successu ae o dene e oas o e

oeen n a de ee n o ese ccs nc ebes e acan oanaons coueec cobne e enees uc e oeen f s oen a o coodnaed ac on as eb ae n oe sues beween eaes o e aousen -s n rous eas e an s o conc was bewee Jesse a an e eooanounc o ousn, a eeaon o ousn oana

ns foed n e e es oec renn oe s fo consuon oow-nco ousn ar n e se, e eounc ose eades eare esees as eerson e ocal densons o ousn robes, adeeae eos o se se u as a cearnouseo en se noaon nd o ncooae een s e no s ow les ae aans I

ne Jesse ra o becoe e eae o a cw eren sre coornan coee, wc ooseo esabls Gra , owee , rej e ce e oe r .e d no an s eaes o e oeen d ueb wa cae a we dde c ass oan a on Ae en eas of orann wou econon ewas no wn o sae s new won rese wan oranaon a e readed as ben ou o ouc

w e sn sr of race conscousness anna onas n e b lack eos

He dece, us o coordnae e oeen sef e soe a a e s n beaf of ous oran n ren ses n ars of e c, and adnumerous rae conerences w ren srke leaerso scuss w e ecnques o enans


33/72

31

oganaton and eated pobem o oung aw.nd n te pe coneence and new boadcatc pe agent aanged o m, e damated te um condton c gae e to ete and te moemen' medate am n a oceu and omnou a, etng o a wae o otem eom b te ct beoe te e ad eenappoaced t pojeced tengt. On ebua ent ke eade \ee nted o a ma eenn Haem o a e Commttee o ecenHoung, c oud coordnate potet o oce ec and tae oenen to act agan e ut t meeng, a pu on one o bee peomance. n a coou peec, e caed o aac on ban o emnd oeno Roceee taCena Hae and aea e ae pat o etae o Ne o and ta e oud op n oad eponb b bamn oe a te e o e tebe oung condt on . 37 Heng aaed ct oa, aetng tat

o Wage a pnee , and ce ungepe , Juu C dee wa a o ceatue I TTo et oun de enoceen n e c t, aconc uded, c t zen ad to pead, pa, beg , andod peca cuc ece . Ote peakej oned te og o ang eto c . Re Bone ,eade o e Stke Ba Teant Counc , and aog upoe o te Haem ent ke, caed

o a ong g aan e enee o pubcung, and decaed a oeno Rockeeeeaded te o n eaue e a no o enoung pogam. 3 Bu en te peece endedon two opoa o dec acon, and atemd one a a, ee aed b te deegae- o on te Mac on ban o a 50 mnmum wge a tenant paae o demand code enocemen and

te conucton o oe pubc oug, and o be gn a "Rat to Rockeee Campagn , c conted o a de to end ubbe at o e oeno

37 Te Ne k Te Febua 1 94, p . 5 3 . bd , p


34/72

3

alon fo lees fo enans ugng eGoeno o suppo legsaon o pode emegencyepas n slu ousng

Te ope s oced by e s e s leades a femons befoe, a e oeen ould oble epopulaon of e geos fo mass acon o foce acpeense eablaon of e slus seemedsangly emoe fom e debae no ng placeepoposals afed ee an exenson of e esponsblemeod a enans oganaon ad engaged n foeas ou bngng basc canges n e condons

of e e Tee as no n a e fom Gay oanyone else fo a de o foce publc auoeso comm emseles o a sysemac poga of slumeablaon a oud mae use of e dsupepes o e blac masse s . Gay as e man eeyoneloed o f leadesp, bu e seemed ne o uae ay of ananng e mlancy of e Halem moeen n e conex of a coalon of goups . Hs

ejecon of e eopolan Councl on Housng ascmfoabe ad mddle cass seemed nc deed fore n m lan coodna ng goup a e adfoed bean by appop a ng s meods Te onyas appaen een o Gray. A fuue eengs of e c yde cee fo decen ousng a self,no_d n a capagn agans e polce n Halemaey soed up

In e las ees of ebuay e aua ofcaaclysmc poe a ad suounded e e sen s eal days ad lagely faded aay. Te pessseed lose nees n e oemen epoes noonge anxously ep ac of Gay's pedcaon ofo lage s s og n ngacles abou slum condons and effcences of buldngs deaen seemed o g ou of fason.Fom Febuay 1 ad, no acle dealng ee appeaed on e fon page of e Tes Tey goenmen ceasd ssung pomses o appease eeen s ' ledes and e aoused cnsc ence of epu c . Te ayo s las dama c eue e


35/72

e cae n Febua , e e annnced e begnnng a e m da aa camagn e d e e ece .

We e bc ae eued eaba lacece ad m cdn e ene eade d e ae ed ead e aa m ca que . Tee cea eee e e de a ca ee n ed, n agng cn e e and e ca e

a ad een ged e begnng e e.Te a eeng n Hae c ad cned and

ned e aa e een, een e d e en and ad aendenc nma a e c, ndeed, e en e began eebe a ca ece ea aean a an e .

TH COTS AD TH OVT

Te Cmmun Cc un ad eeede e e dn adead e ega em. dd n ae c cdence e ega ce g c ngenan cud ge ea ecn 7 ebdng cde b a ung bc ecu ene, ad ed enan aee ud be n ec n e ea age e e, e ganze ad ad n encaen e ega cedue eed a

7 " --wc ncuded g m nec e dg dea; cecg a a ee acua ecded ae necn andubenag ecd e cue ee ng ge bdg n e uc ge e e

men ic a eeage . man cae eened ganze m caed a meen ena,d e ang en ad e edngem ca e Cmmun Cnc c e ee eceed a de.

Te cun e gnze ab e ec ac wd a n e een a ceaed


36/72

SIJBCRBE !RADA f r n e y a r 6 i s s u s )

50S n t i n l mb rs n g o t n d n g

n d p r s p t i n s b sc r i t n s( n t i n i s s w t h h i c h t i

BULK ?D n Q t n d RD " \ i n y r c t r

k s ?

i s : 3 5 r cP Y n n s g n n t3 0 C p r P y g r n t d r t r n n

r - p n t r d r s

v r 2 5 p r c P y n c n gn n t0 r c g r t d r t r n n

r n t r d r s

E NE N UV!

B h , . 1 27 S h t t , M d n , W


37/72

r-t qu t tHu

A Marxism and FreedoBy Raya Dunayeskaya. New aprbac ditio contaddd hapter " T h C h a g o f M a o tung" . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . ' _" , . . . " . $1 98 pr co,

B News 6 LeeUniqu omnaton ker d ntetul, ush s a yer . . . . . . . . . . . . $ r sub

C The Free Spech Moveent nd the egoRelutio- a En Waker adRay ueskay O c pr o

D Blck s Relt-tatnt s & LeHs m tes 3 er c

E Ste-piai and Marx's HuaniB aya Duayevskaya SO co

Wkers Batle AtmatBy s De7 Et E & LEE 2 pe py

he Aabsl Clso Pa-s LterBy ay Dunayskaya

ORDER ONews 6 Leers,4 Brainrdeoi Michigan 4

2 pr p

Peae ener y subripion o NWS 6 LRS issues for $1 0

Encoed peae find $ for he foowing:A B C D E F

(Pleae cire numb ospondig t tat ea te bov I

M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CT . STT . . . . . . . . . . . . ZP

5


38/72

favorabl bu conflcng dc is ons andd down lwr cour agisra s in la Dcbr Oncb 0 n irs our dcison acng rn sriks39 Judg Gu Gilbr baudod 13 srikng nns n o Harl nns oP n ino cour unil landlord rard ouann voaons, ssring a condons in bngs wr socking nd soud b raird assoon sib 4 T rffra o iab of 5 wa acco b a snarg a cour did no odon n sris ws illgl or nns o old rn c css vlvg ral and so ald consruciv ion nd wr zrdous vioi ons s 4 nk lr, owvr, a dcsion ws ndd down i aookl cour w c wn far bond Judg baudo scu nd brok do an o guidlns wc oani rs ad s af arlr d c s on Judgrd Mo, fr arng cas o fv srngns wo argud a ir vng quarrs wr no

for uan ab a on rld a n c or d fa on ar of landlord wic drivs nn of bnfcial njon of s rss,cos ius , i n s of law , an vc on Awrgfu vicion, b landlord, wr arial oroal , as an ffc of rina ing nn sl ab i for rn 4 Tis an, lar laida in r cass, landlord s no nil

o n rn unil condions r rdid If i ks landlord wo ars o ak rars , g s no rn for wo ars . riod 4Tis dcson, wic as no bsd uon scon 755,d rd fro Judg ibaudo s in wo signic an rss i dd no rquir nans o a r

9 Undr w or Ci Housing Law, nans cann

inia cion in cour agans a landord forgrivancs c ons u ng a consruciv vic on us ai or landlord o snd a disosssand n cons disos ss in cour

0 w or Ti c 1, 9, I b i d , IS .4 4 d , 5


39/72

nt int cut, and it did nt ntitl t landldt back nt f t pid tat t vilatin win xitnc

Bt t Ribaud and M it dciin d tuggt t t vnt culd gt pai f individual tnant tug cut acti n But nitdciin, a it tund ut wa pntativ f tkind f tatnt t tik wa t civ in tuing cut Onc ca bgan t apa in lagnug nub t b f f publicity, t uingcut judg, a bd ntiu f ti ub

vinc t t pat acin , wd tng itanc t t u f t cut a an agncy tuvi pai n ca , j udg ad nattpt t id ti cntpt f t tnant andt i pit in t t nt tik , and didn t tt paat ti lgal gunt f ti pnlb ia But cn w a tict adanc tlga tcnicliti n t pat f bjctiv

udg, wic, gin t natu f t uing awan t pculia pbl f t lw-inc pnin a cut ituatin, vd t b a futating andcnfuing bi t ffctiv actin

n t uing cut, it wa cn, fapl, t gant pati in t ca adjunnt,wn ti ca w nt ufficinly ppd

lvant witn uc a building dpatnt inct w abnt Wn lw inc ppl w apat t t ca, t ingly inncnt pw fadjunnt tk n nw iptanct w t adj n wa t pw t d t F t f ttiking tnant living n t dg f ubitncbudnd by cnic and failia nibiiti, cut ppanc wa a aj acific wic ad

t b angd fa in advanc by t gani faft tniv planning and paatin, and t f a day alay n at f t tnant,t ult wa nl adjunnt, t tnat,gnally anxiu and faful t bgin wit, igbgin t utin wt t yt t b acid


40/72

ains f si w w i f disi n i wg i n i sna iv s . anddsf aa f sbvsiv ffs f adnns

n a a nans i wd fn s av i ass npad dmand anw insss b ad in, w w n sn a f is aing an jd s , insn si iv difnia ia f adnn n andd andnns, wd n add s qs and ba nnsis a is aassmn-s, ndb ss innn in i inn ins s aw in is anin nsi s and saf wa f fsain a vn sisd

n addiin, ivi jds ind7 in a wa a ad i diffi f a b s af bid nans i w in a as ia wi in, jd ds i dsin; wd n as idn viains f d sbnad f

bidins dan Wn nans fd vbasn ab ndiins in biding as viains, w d a s infa in wd n aff m f as . Tisman in ff, a sis w dndn n mbs and qi faib ain f bd s dan a v in in si a an a insin, ma s a

ns dwn van viains, s w w aa dd a Ha f Rdswi s w das and qi a i dwnwn and sbn insin s Ha fRds n da f ia

T ganizains snsin n si snnd a n wa insins n a

wab basis was ss n ig ffiiasf bidings dan f an aangn an i ass d baa i anns Ga addn a a in si, and as ab n isins in Ha din bain a n a . B vn s w


41/72

39

robes n arrann e ecancs of an nseconA e e of day en e nsecor arred oso e enans n e bdn cod be o nd

ony a fracon of e oaons od be recorded.I was necessary o arrane a e for nseconay areeabe o nsecor and enan b cyaw s ddn ae roo for sc an arraneen . Tensecor od ofen arre nannonced and fndos of e enans absen r nn o e n oreoer ere as no aranee a e oaons od be recored once e nsecon as

ade Insec ors ere no orosy cor n anabe o brbes and d ofen san er nsec on reor s o aor e andor F nay ereere e deays n recordn e oaons onceey ere reored by e nse cor A e bdns dearen coer c rocessed nseconreors n!raon as ed or 3 rkn dasby backo

T FAI F A

I was coon s for srn enans oaear n cor \o bdns dearen recordso back er cases or records c dd nory reec e nare of e condons n erbdn Jde s sn a sr c consrcon " ofe docrne of consrce econ wod decrea e edence resened as nsffcen oarran ssn a 75 and od order e enans e back rens o e andords and reserear payen Sc a de c s on e fna order

reeed a are nber of e srn enanswose case s aeared n c or . Te wer as SdeRen Srke was osn reeffs of s casedrn arc and Ar and roed s erforanceony sy aer on . None of e oer rensrn oranaons see o ae done c beerTe one exceon as Brookyn COR wc fond eBrooyn cors ore resonse o enans neressan ose n oer boros

4 The_New ork Tes Janary 1 1954 1


42/72

0

udgs auay grad a 7 as rai a odos uidg sigfi ay prd As a as rrd, dd as y rqurd o orrv

os rordd Buidigs par forms rrds r of icp us oi c or crru spcs, som ors O ! S in sruck udgs r dd tnc u ursdc adto, c':rt u e d o c'()2


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strike suh an iting thing to e a part of in itse arly stges

In Central Harlem where uildings ha eenorganie most hasti ly an hopes of reating a massmovement ha been highest the emotional let-downevoked y the advent of litigation was partiularlymarked . The Community Counil ' s attempt tosimultaneously perform the funtions of a militantpolitial movement designed to fore major reformsfrom te power struture and of a traditionalhousing lini working to improve onditions forindividual tenants egan to falter adly one leglperspe tives and legal prolems eame prominent .ut even those groups whih had ommitted themselvesto a legal perspetive from the start suh asrooklyn CORE and Ted Vele ' East Harlem Tenant sCounil eventually disovered that they ouldahieve teir aims more effetively by organizingtenants to use the ity genies to ahieve repairs.egardless of whether ourt ases were won or lost

tere was a ue isproportion between the amount oftime nd enery wih they onsued and te limiteresults obtinable Ehausted by the endles s routine o ourt appearanes frustrated y he impossibility of tively involving slum tenants inomplex legal proedures unale to sustain themilitant atmosphere o the early days one groupater another abandoned the rent trike hile

esse ray beame involved in ampaign gainstpolie brutality and orruption rooklyn CORE -whih had organized 400 tenant ounils and 00rent strikes - abandoned teant organizati on entirey and pplie its energies to the formation ofan indepndent politial movement known as theroklyn Freedom Demorat i arty. y the fall of94 little or nothing was left of the rent strike

movement in ew York.


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I ET TKE I EEC

Mos of he gous hh had aiiaed n hismoemen did so boh n ode o ioe housing ondios i he slums and also o eae he basis oasn hanges in he olial aiudes and beha

io of s lu enan s To ha exen ee eihe ofhe se goals aheed O he fis oun he esike had a xed eod Is sho em gains eefaily impessie. Mos of he buildings hh eeo e sike o a numbe of io ioeens asa esul of ou ioes o ifomal ageemesh lalods ho ished o aoid l iga on . heske as auay effeie n dealg h

eeeny suaions suh as leaks gapg aholesa lak o hea a ho ae . uh olais eeno oo dfiul o deal h o a eoary assad ladlods ee ofen ll o bea he sallexense of ahing u a all o fx ole ode o aoid uli exposure as a sllod o aour aeae hh oled he isk hoee


45/72

a of "hai he ook o at h a eigfoe to make ao ea aea hee thee tke ata ie aie ootio aattate the aetio o he eia ee uoga

e uiig exeiee a teoay ioee ieie

ut hough the ieate gieae ofte weeea wih he re ike i the at maoiy ofae i o chage he aic coiio heuilig which coiualy reae emegeie-thi ad flimy wall achai uig a wirg

yem lack of ae quate ui lig erice hatgoo id i do o ch u rahole i a wal thatoul e gawe hough i a few hou y he atha made heir home i he gaage ie ouatioof he uildig ? o fix a ige eak i a ieyem ha a ruy a deay ? o e ae l ie ae hee uildig equie utaial ehailiaio-a he ery miimum ew wa a ew oiera ew wiig yem a a floo o oof cleaigad exeraio u e co of uch eair waaggerig . fe uidig whi h he iy ookio receieri ea ate Commiioer Laaruold he Time he oa um requie o eoe alliola io wa 7 13 2 a oerat ig rofiof 01 a year whi ch he uidig yieded wihheir re leel of et i wul take aou2 ye o amorie he 7, 13 iemet wih4% iere . he c iy he cocued coud o e alwih he wor um ule i wa ready o oeratey a oicy i which "huaiy ome eforeecoomic f he re trie di o achiee maooliical eform i effec o lum coiiowoul e eiely aioy.

he oitica achieeme of the re trikehowee wee o uaia here wee hreemai forma iroeme i houig roceue whichhe ret rike rought aou a the iiiaioof a illio ollar ra exermiatio ogam )the aiio of 50 ieo to the uiligeate c ) a he aage of three ew la


46/72

4

egali zig rent strkes . These progrs were hasdevised by Maor Wagner i'"the ear months of. he c,strk t o 'met the is i sent cla :1 ,'16vbsleaders;i j Pt' fdr: \'tio aYHs;)hkF 12l: " . s 'f) , :


47/72

paringly, only in fat by group reevng largegrant fro the poverty progra or from prvaefoundation . For the unorgani ed , unub dzed poorwho opoe the vat ajority of the u nhab tant the new law did nohing ilurat ng one

again the depth of the ha eparatng the poorfro the deorai proe.

he greatet gain made b the rent rke wereno n the for of new law bu in hange n theadinrative roedure of the ity hongagen e . urng the ren rie he organ atonh a the earent of Building, he earent

of Healh, and the ent and ehabiiaton Adntration, were ubjeed o etraordinary preureto improve he qality of ode enforement To re erve heir reuation and erhap ther job,offiial of thee agenie ere fored to makeradial nnovation in ther proedure, whih enabled them to ee the ren trike demand forore effi ien ervie . Tenant group nvolved nhe rent trie were graned hot line o thehead of agenie hh enabled e o ge on hepot onvition and qik rent reduion-sealphone nber were e up for enant who lakedheat and ho water, and a tudy wa begun by he ty o devie a plan to trealine and nify yagenie dealng ith hoing p int Lowerlevel offial were inrte to ee loe on ih liant enan oganition nd to aidthe in every poble way.

he rent rie moveen h had a altaryeffe on lu houng onditon in he hor rn;b dd no hange he ba eonomi relatonhphi h made for deay and oor erv e The ajorhange roght y he rke ere a generalproveent in blding ode enforement ahineryand an inreaed iere in reform and nnovationn hoing n he omuny at large b did nobring he nd of aive rehablaion roramthat were needed o gve he oor re roeonro he danger of e neen e ene Th fa l ure wa ri al The earle t organze d tenan


48/72

:rovs in New York had undero t tr culd bo j Jstice for slm tenants as lon as I incOetO'Jsing as operaed by the rte enerprse system e groups} lie th Ham Tnt st ike ; on ,ve i regti osn rher vD B Y pro- G 5 E t c 2ng {dant c t n e d d l T eaL2,? ch tod 1 to g : / te y .

4 t ' v l he CI]cm T K c e

s r e 3u: s :e ve l s L;1 . + t t g beA U j t t_ \ z gh t i l 9 e k _t - _ly ? _ = _ - :- [ )

" t C 1 S ) e 3 { Gv. ,5 1s- 8 e j X r J in a U " C c \ ) 7 at s e E t ( n d - e o be ' "u L d dvpb 8aet mt r i x n t ; u elI dlte Y i nd t sre u f ognzoa d ter p s , oe of t he E 8 " e t o n t tese tte s ncn) bnd the urt n o t t i . ' r r t [a or tenants gro s in th e P t \ - e ppy rpes of o rna t nd on z e " t n an s n n d d l

b dn Bt Teants Deense Unio of 1 9 - 0 d the Cid Tents Union of the 0 I s haddec l ar e t t h e r l to organize in eraen

l e bdy sort of th is g a en aong te


49/72

te nans house cmi t ee s were a most di ff i cul rof organizaon o aintan on s ab e b a s i s

ERROS OF TH ;OVMENT

Wheter or G a d ffe re nt n d of ren s r ikeoveent could have produce d ore s ab e oran i a i onal f orms re3i ns an open que s i on a i scer a in i tha b o in er s of g z i voveent ad o i i c a ct , he r e 1 se errr jue e in t o se ure i2 iovnt enc o e c r s For te c or s

nd are dea it e n s g r i e n ce s ancase ere os enrey and case hat er onualy res ed in toen repair s B morimporntly ivovCent in c our ac ion sinson he oranation of the re srike moeentic pre ene it f rom a inin th e s i e e x ibilit or inernal soidarit reuired o forcegovernen ct ion t o rehab i li ate U uil dngs

he ci, stt nd e:ral goernments ere onl bod h te nanc resures osub s idi e c p e ive epairs i n sl ous i -ey ere te ones \'Iho he rent srie ad o orceto act no e slumord The ren st r ie moveensoud have gien riority o ose o is aribute s wh ic d e o s inf e nce n po iti aauhoriy

here "ere hree ain uali ie s o e rens i e that conrib ued o it s pol i t i c a efec en s s . First , it s si . The l are r e r s egre\ e Dr politians perceived n it treat te pic oder or e daner o a broadbed radical moveme arisng o underi stab i she d po l i c al re ati onsh ips . Se co nd m t ancy e more e rent strLe broe laws or massedare numers f pee toeer in volatie stua-tins te ore oliticins fe he daner of contagion of civ disorder o oher roups ando t e r i s s u e s a ea ea ceu rules ofhe gae n /hic e ere used o oeratin.


50/72

4

Trd raor beween eaers and foowers . Te moresae e movemen oranon was and e moreose s arans ere ned o s eaders

e more oans grew afrad a aaon woudbe eng and woud sread o oer ssues wen eren sre ended.

Cour aon owever ndered e ren sreovemen severe n ea of ese reas . revenede ren sre frm aanng omum se beause absorbed so mu of e oraners ener n aerr an meana robems rean o our aeranes su as arrangn ransoraon for enans andsuboenan re ords . Te e sen fng ou forms onferrn w awers and arrangn ransoraonor e a n our oud ave been sen on av es w exanded e sre . n add on wene oranzers go nvoved n our aon e wereunabe o devoe as mu me o e ornaon ofdeonsraon and raes w ad ven e rensre e aura of as s movemen n s ear das nvovemen n our aon seemed o mose a non an soo on e ren sre s eaders andsub seered em awa from mass aon or vdsobedene Te nd of mass ve res sne o ev ons a araerzed e ren sres of ewenes and res dd no ae ae n e aremren sre Te mos ub zed nsane of re

ssed eon nvoved on en eoe--a fr rro e eoe wo massed before an OnveAvenue Budn on en sre n 9 na eena resonsbes assoaed w our aonrevend e oranzers fro usn er e we enans for oa edaon or vew srenened enan s orn a on Some re mnr surves b e Soo of Soa Wor of

enns nvoved n e ren sre sow a ereas ver e ona beeen oranzers and enansand a ver e of e ren sres me ann wasomun aed o enan s . Te oanzers moreover ad ver suess n gen enans o ara n reaed roes aves and s was n oran reason w govrnen ofs fe e


51/72

could fl o i coio f h fi oh of h ik

The ik, h, i ivolvd icou cio vly ooid i h

oli icl o , u i di d o i l e u i did o hv cl cocio of ilf oli icl o Th ik uddly d d hhdl-i hd idiquiy My oi i o uhd it o iho kJ yh ou hou o ihout evouei i o o-icoe eole hou l ey o ud h d hou

cofide hei liy o y wh the ov hy we uhed io h f d liyl of oz hih would o u hev,o h , i d They dd o V eouhou houi wok o h ou Aecoy i eel GO eiz h o eooih ould o effced y h cou ci ive d olly uuifed ofde

elhed io heized he ze, y of ho ee whe ole tudet dofe i ol . nu o h ow oe oe fd of d oz o h eo y oii, d uy eholde o he oueoioio h o vil i he o oe-hy d of he e eloe fo ofoil wok

Mk D io


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5

Comment

Mr . son hs wrtten one of he rs ac count s Je s se Gry ' s C mmnty C onc l on Ros ng He s8penly mlr i mny of the fts onernntbe ren str ke oveen te r t ot of the ron Te re s , hoeve r n els e qy o the thor ' s

"or \ ch rstr e s :e e d s ss es te r s e njf of nmeros enn moveents n Ie Yor Cynd ny nrres the hstory o the mos rrentept o rs to dress theselves o the o s s s e . I m conse to hy he otere o te h s per n the f rt e s ne he nevereX91 ly se s ny s n nt concls ons h s s s ere ly o re or he lres o the et he

hs done so r ly B h nte to dr w s omees sons rom h s h story o tenn - ty nlosles he hs fled

N son ' s mor rt s of e ren sr e s

t s l ck of den on of ls e mnns hhe ovee nt o hve e en re l n ; n ereven s e ssl hd voe the c or s n pre

erence or cn or oernen o smhosn.

I

he C omL!ny C onc on os n C CH orny


53/72

5 1

ou o buil a i oeive oliilly oniou read radi al o iali bae in a liiearea in Harle roul beween Fif an iAvenue an 10 an 15 Sree . Te ren

rike wa one o an i o aid in builini bae Gra alo eaied uon se ion w i enan i n buildin our ui wenne eary; a mee in an e leoral aain Cerainly beore Oober 19 ee Gra and iorani e were bulin a radial base aionaarenly ee no siniane in i ienon oe ory

Te ren rike ai was ilemene a eol weaer e n, in e lae fall o ran e Counil oranier anae o ull rkein buidn were e Counil wa known and rese e Te oal wa no ore an 1 Teseond rou o enans o o ou on rie wa noa failiar wi e ea o e CC an ra bu

neerele euaon rora and bulioun ls ad been mleene Te oa noeber wa no ore an 50

was a on a ere was a if nemasi Te de s ion of ibaudo and ori ,oled i esure of ooeraion rom sae andi aenes e o line o e ofe of en

an eab l iaion Adinira on, and e e i s iono e earen o elfare no o enaleens wo el ren allowe e ren srikemoeen o ean Te our s e iions andelfare s erissiene ss were sron oins aroun eole old be ersuade o wiold ren arado deeloe in , as aison oin oue our aon diere e ren srke oeen,

b a e ails o noe, e sren o e oemen eended on a e blok eel,e ole a o b e as sure a e wouldn be ouon e sree Furer all of i s oo laen e one o nrease ress oerae ande nolemen o an e rdal and liberalsTe ren srie oemen e ae e ub oain and ra saried lol oranin n buldns


54/72

or the reaton o see o housnds o tennstyn u the ourts he y adnstron nd heslumlords.

rly sekn he lure o he renstre moveen en when ry s orn on de ed to o ousde the ounds o he tny loe nwh t lt ts se . he om t on o u ty oornton o tywde moveent and hetendt htn eeen arous leaders or oweru the ottlene o ourt ses orosed the son o the mmunty ounl on ousn.

o aso o stae tht the ovement had no oals s h trt . o e urte the oun l hd noeteuldn a rdal se or oltalaon-wh was unortuntel sred oredeny and oortunsm.

I

son suests a smle ernatve r te oveet mss ve ede d to sumhus . Ths sue st on relets h s aure todra lsons rm th hstory o the strules omean rdls . The et stre , he ares , ouldhae en eetve strte desned to ryoe ut o shnton . a so sees to asse t te ood so ety s the ret so ety . hr

aerst o ny radl movements nd oranztns o the th entury s a tendeny to deneo ons or ths nton s lls n ters o stronnat ona e rnment . son s nswer oos n ta d t o . d als , n t have een stawrtstes o atonl reor rrams whh hveerted the develet o ororte atalsma ulttue 1 [ted e tween t r

ve eonom setor nd the natonl herrhy, nda entralaton authorty nd deson-mnwhh hs eoe oressve to ll tzens.

t t 8 7 a t sroramt solut ons n anoher dret on . he o ron oyorned


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oganiations wi dands o sl l and onolat tan nati onal and sta hgony, is imati i t nt gnaton o an adaswshs to siosly hallng and hang ths

nat ion S -dinat ion , and loal ownshand ono o nihooods and ldins,sa oth o ols o oo ol and ot la ssu o t knd o gonmnalstt adias would lik to s salshdin ths ony.

aison s a son o hs own naat-syl

o hsoy Tus h an a h as and thou os o sugs u lt o wl u o oh h stoans o analy ais on s a sowad an undsandn o th nuy adals

n


56/72

A Pprbck Apch o hemrn Radical Trn

do ' s noe : Te oo ng s e onudng o n o aa ' s to a atle

an sud o a eed to e d ust s esened n Jes eso ' s Te

te o u: oonss nd e e nte ndnsonnton 73 h d a aon s WEBu Bo ' Bk Reonson eedn, , . . os eod s te mnaed naugon nd ed Reon Hae, 5 ) Fo ase nd ee Jonson neo, see L. Kt ' s Ande Jonson and

esuon oen 3,

o e anu ea o e W ads d o onend a e ed o n/od ogn, Be of eo FomRuteod B. Hayeto ooso le ,3 0 ; e s e!s Lhns Jn Doumex Voeneeae 25 5) j nd Tomas F o sse s ae s o_ Idea_me oe n B, . Te ooug ounge sm m e seen n e n o & e L e C anoodad, tson Aan ee a, B0 Bhe rdicly "Jas


57/72

made in W . . B DuBois Te Souls o Black Folk(C rest R699 . 0)

55

Te rapant exploiaion o te period wic

absorbed muc radical eort is well described byatew osepson in Te Robber Barons (HarvesHB4 $2 . 25 ) and i s e Poli icos (Harves HB59$ . 95 ) . Immigrans were lured wit lies and broui droves to b exploied . Teir par wic addedo e radical radiion is beauiully old by JonHiam Sraners in e Land ( Aeneum # 1 . 9 ) .One pase o radical eor aid m is sert in Ray Ginger s Aleld s Ameri ca : incln Ideal Vrsus Canin Realiies (QuadrangleP1 . 2 )

On t ariculural ron a grass roos revolaired . See : Solon J . Buc e Graner ovemn A Stud o Ariculural raniaio and Is Poli ic al Economic and Social aniesa ions (BisonBBlJ 1.0 Jn D . Hicks Te Poulis vol :A Hisor o Farmers Alliance and t Peol sPart Bison BBlll 1 5 George B Tindall ed. ulis Radr (orcbooks B09 2 . 25 ) . Fre continuation o Amerca ' s agrarian srugle re ad Teodore Salouos and Jon D. Hicks TwenieCenur Poulism Aricuura Disconen in eMdl Wet 1939 (Bison BB175 : 1 . 85 .INDURIALIS ND SCIAS

On e indusrial ron rebellion also madeisel el A key crisis or radicals growingu o e 8 our day i is presened by ryDavid History o e Hamarke Aar (Cllir0124 1 . 9 5 . Te Governor wo ok e radicaside and was cruciied or i as is sry old

Harry Brnard Eale Foroen (Carer


58/72

L se study . Read Ry Ginge r ' s Eugene V . Deb s : Agr;phy ( Coler BS2, 50) ths erent also arises the milita di e ct

st ader of he Idstria Wokes of heHOl _d who as eft another rdicl cla s i c , Willim D .

:ia, cr ; The Autc'b io;raphy of " Big Bil HaYood ( NE 'vi'rd , r " , J 59 ) :'1 . A amous I H V . matyr of tee 'vJ wa shot y a iing squ Utah I-as he s Je Hi . o h i m B e e : P p S . Foe L s e Hi (e] rld tJ5 4 5 ) ; . r - Th ets o o HE Oa; ? 5 SRvs a Frnk a s The ons Je , ( a , 00 and lizabe Grey Flyn, ' SeaB-:1 F _:. Autoi[rh o 'ebel r l ion 4 2w ws an aa"ng rd r n rh

ron te eur s tn urpr u!b etuals became ae olved ne sch as

a< Q \ pe L an Lnatio e2 C anetor f Studs o Derat oiey. 1 see S F ; e d . c non Ame r i c ar'c l itde 1 3 95 ) n ant i i e r a i s o mria h oud e 2 eh to hveund y has s say in J&e ith ed , r'3i , :e ed Humn Race (Hl & Wang, A) C H ' An eyeoening study of h i s F S . F o n e r sMQr_,'ai2ocl:. Critc. ew 1Jod, \, )1 85 . }\re tw jrnalist he perod my be hea a nter and Hrert Shpir es Te ord fc2 Se Hil Vn AC 5 3 , 5 and2ncte-b John eed The duct Jon e er 1 45 . One of the a uanitarianf ?res r e a 0 t Y c a s P . 3 . Fo r d He n K e : H oi l t Y

Ce\ \"orl :';6 J $1 .5) lso wor exaini here ois F l saders or Aerian ieriaish Str f t aers (Colier, 032 , )l;'Jd te anthogy r and la "nbeg, he:'L;,2._JC- f icvrl )


59/72

Realn l at t te te raallt al ert t ee war Qnt TeFrn ran Sal (bb AHS4? 95Lav . Sannn Te Salt rt er tr (Quaranle QP 2 .45) te uentarantl ane ran e e Sa 000 (Setru S5 $ . 5 ; an annteretn tal rentrut Tereraer Te Rt era n a 7 t-raal were al ae awtne l ret en an enter Feera Sen e ada Trhb TB8 5 an a erb aun et anter t unt I I r Re t te bert K urra Red S are Stu n at naltera 0 Grawill 4475 $2 . ) reat tre te er eane avBr abr n r te Se el Stre ntt 5) t eaer wa an V hlater beae a unt an tell tr nlla . Fter Pae r a rker e

(Internatnal Il 2 . 0 . eul ere t Rar Br an erbert . ra abr Untl St ( unell . $ w tae n tn t ra al trae unnt

One te atere te t rl ar Oneer w ralle ntelletual a raalaue lenl urvee n Lu un an

un ran Te ea Sa an anett(Quarale Q $ 2 8 5 nd a be eltetnall n arn . Franurter an arnerJan e Te etter Sa an Vanett ( utt 6 $ . ) . l elul ee all rtuent lterature alter B R deut TeR a el n te n St ate 00 (ll an 5) wle ane l arn rtern te et (vn $ 2 , a valuabletu nteletual n te 9 Fr a vewtu a reat ar ntelent ee trun ln Te eran Eartuae uentar te Jaz z e Te reat ere nan te e ea nhr l .


60/72

M

or ore reet hsory olg the aicalradio e oo ig prode isght Willm ias he Traed o era iplmacy (De,:002 3 ; ad Horot The ree ordoossus A Crt i que of era ore oi eod ar Hll Wag H3 $2 45 ) ; Mar uther ig,r . rde Toard reedo he Moomer torereal PIJ, 65 Malol d lex Haey,e uoorah of Maolm X De , ) ward Zin SCC e ew Aboi ni st s Bac n 3P2 , l ae Sed e Le r'om sssii e T29L.3 ) 75 ; Belf3ge J?redoI ummer Crst 98 ' ) ; ea he :n c e ce f a Radc2 S,8 ci Is L e j l O = rr k - \re 5 ) :1ce "d- ='

Q " e _Te! Su t J ] c ef -e [ Set 'T} : 3v s

e :eY K ?Y Ck 7 'bcQV =s Pyamld ]124 Eay

we :x re OI' e Back C a J 8 I

S U an readi ere e me r aal rdiio s e sible n pprbck i n . o e sure ood cing reai

har- cvr . ere s e deeraey ide sory r oury w e staisme ws foroe.owede t c ree errors ad de aioIt a sre ad mae oer o e raia se .e s e aare of ood read

aie Maray


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A f: h Gu merican olit s

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Lst ye esse Lesh ws dened ene ohs ontt s sstnt oeso o stoyesh et-n tvst whose shoshousse n th oe o he mo mn n oonnd lte en hsto, ws tod n elnonou nvs neee wth you shosh I

In 9 Dne Boostn, eenen oonhston t the Unvesty o ho n testmoy

eoe the ouse Unen ves omee( U sd the oon out onvtons ndshosh

M (Mon Vl MOUD n you e us esttement s to how you eesse you ooson(to he ounst ty sne tht t me (Boostn d tested o en the y nq M BOOI Yes s

My oos t on hs tken to oms : st , theom o n te tton n elouses


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T scd r y ppsiin as bn an ap discvr ad xpain y suds in y acig d i y wriing, uniqu virus

ric dcracy. I av n is pary in yJrs b (T s Wrd Tasrs, 948) ad i a rcing bk cad iu!_ ric Piics, wic is prsss .

I d a s civ way igCuis civ wy i wic I ay

v s cpnc is by pig pp udrsd vrus ur isuis nd irspcia aus as s rgd r ur isryd I av rid d .

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r . BOORSTIN . N s ir .

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r . BOORTIN I ay ra wr I v ay xprpc , i s i ra uii sd scia scics y swr wud b .

U . . , Cngrs s , Hus prs iv s Ci Uric civiis Cuisds I iri duci Par I 8rdCgrss 1s ssi 13, pp. 12 0 , 90 )

Tis s rpri i r udsiig . d usi Brs i s rig issry riis r is ri xpai isiis ad ivs a cgrssiaci . (T u ad r prpris s ig s HUC i s r r . ik ug ur ipr rcs c bbsd is siy


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( 1 ) e sarsp at east ne manstreamsa sentst, y s wn testmny, swrtten w t a pta purpse , and t spurpe s t ad te meran de n ted ar. t s prae tat te same strue many ter manstream sa sent t s

2 n Brstn s ase te assert n a p ta persetve tru sarsp andtean was nt at all entemanly r terant. t went ar as t asert te letmay exludn erta n ate rnatveperpet ve an, te ae was and s true any ede Brtn.

( Slarp and nvtn are nt euvevaue A ar e sujet andteatmet and attaent t ertanyptee, are nevtay nuened y nvt n - -r ak nv tn ertanlytee nuene mut e ueted t rtera j etvty and evdene . Tere wll away et a ertan tensn etween nvtn and larp . Pray tere are nunveray vad udelns r re vn t

4 Tu talk "nvtn nterern wtslrsp n te ae ne ar syprt a Wat must e nte d tatertan sarly asesmanly te wavr te tatu u-are tlerated, evenpraed y te pren we ter manly te \ qestn te tatu uare exude d ny am tat ems t j at te Unverty a eaue

nvtns nterered wt arp,ut tat Brtn retans j eaue snt n d nt ul t

SY O IGO SS O OTSY 10197)


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Bk ( bMovemet, 1877 - 924

ous Ada, name Te Sor ass olene nAeca 931 ev rer , loueseras s , 190 )

ary Barnrd , Eal oroen Te e o JnPer A1ed Indanapos, 13

mue Bensen, Essas n oa and neecuaisor (, 9 .98. , Te Frs ne rna onal n Aer a ( 19) .

Pau Bssenden, Te ; : Sud o meanSndas 1919

ayne . Boe , Jr . , Te agures Camrdge ,

ery Jose Bowne, Te ao u and engs o Labo (Washingon, 9 Oer Bue, 877 ear o Voence (ndanas,99 )

- - J !aler oeman, Te Moll aue Ros ndusa

on c n e Psa oal R (Rmod,93; al ublsed as Labosurbanes nPennslana, 1818 (Wsngon, 93

Jon R e a . sr o ou n Uned aes vo II (Y, 91 ober J one Te Anae oa Srke o 902

(Wasngon, 19 Th D ()f b s

n eca ambdge, 19 -


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enr Dd Te so o te amarke ar Std n e mern oa-Roonr and

Labor nts Y 19; ernt 195 ester Mrtr Dester meran Rdals85191 Esss nd Doments e ondon 194 reprt NY 19 .

Rrd Drnnon Rebe n Pradse Bora Ema Godmn Chiago191 a Dougas e es n e nted aes

189-19 Bs19

oser ea Des abor n mera 19+9 re 196 ) .

Donad D . gber d S Persons eds . o smand mern e ol I Prneon 195 s

-0 , 9 Jon Tr Es Te e o James rdna Gbbons

rbso o Ba 1921 o Miee 95 .ee pste n Jes abor n S . n

dsta atr s o Jes abor :oeen os Y 1950 -195 )-

os er Dtona o meran Soa Reor Y 196 ) .

aan ne bor nd rmer Prtes n e ntedSte 88 198 )

p . oner stor o te or Moeent n teUnited ttes IIV Y 197 Jon Bambs T Dene o te NY 19) Ra nger ted's mera Te non Ideal

erss ann Reaes NY958 Te Benn ross Bgra o ene Debs

Brnsk 199 E se G k Jon Mell Mne r abr s Bran

t te G e 199 Margerte Green Te atona ederaon ad

te mer an ab oeent 19 sngo6-

Gerad rob orers and Uoa td oIdeooal ont n Tn bor oeen18 190 ansn 1


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4

rssm Wm Svs Peer merc ; ! Sud e br Mvee dur e r e Cv Wr N, 195

v . rver Debes d mers; Te Sr d Tr (Crvs 194

ee er Jr J Cmm; sAu ssez-Frervs 192

Ve ese ere Cc br Res e errus M dusr u 1930c 1950

c Krs merc br Us d Pcs

1900198 (Crbde 195 Te merc Scs veme 18971912 952) -

d C kd dus Cmes e usessb d Pubc c 18 , 9S1s. 1-9

escer d Ezbe rdes sr

br e Ued Ses 189192 I WrkCdbr es . Cmse sr , 195

Amdse Te Pu Srke; Te S Uque xere d re b Ueve(Chc 192

Ce D es d Es e UedSes 01890 (Prc 10) -

es rw Te Amec Feder br;sr c d secs (Wsh 193 3 ) d L cu Cxe s Am; A Sud e

dusr Arm vee 189 Ts 929 e re ur ke 188; A Cse

br B s ( Cme 19)-es Ads mec br edes

eses d Frces e br veme( N 1950; ep J 192 ) ed de Se mes (e Srs 93 ) e r Euee V ebs; Scs

esde (Srcuse 1


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Henry Peng mern Lbr ( Ci ag , 160 ) Seg Pen n Php Tt, Hstry f Lbr in

te nte Sttes , 61 ,I LabMn,in n R ns , et , Hstry 1

Luis Pery an RirS Pery, Hstr f teLs nees Labr Mvement, 1-11 (erkeey, Har H Qunt Te Frin f erin Siism

(Cubi, S C Jsep G Ryba, Histr f erin Lbr

(NY, 19 j rev , 9

ert ees and nad P abs, ea aes nanuaturin, 0-14 (Prinetn, 191 ater B. Rideut, Te Ra Ne in te United

Sttes, 1900-15me Interiss fiterature and Si(Cabridge, 5

aid Sannn Te Sist Prty f meria( N , 1 )

Rert ayne Smit Te Ceur d ene inin ar

; ase udy f an ndustri isute (Crvais, ren, ) Pip Tat Te F f in te Tie f Gmers

( ) - N , 57

, ranized Lar in merian Histr (Y 196 ) Stepan Ternstrm, Pvt and Prress; Sia

biit n a Nineteent Cury Cit (Cambridge

19 -

Lyd Umn, Te Rise f te Natina Unin; Teevement ndnie Its StrutuGvernin Instutins, an Enmi Pies( Cmride , 15

Nman re , e Labr Mvement n te UnteStates, 1601; Study in emr (N 19)

en ff, Lkut; e Strf the Hmestead Strke

f 182; ? Stu f,nism, and eCarneie Stee mire N 6 Samue Yeen, meri an Lr Strues ( NY , 36) rin Yeit Labr and te Pressive vement

n New Yr State, 181 (Itha 1


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I

TUDE NT JOURNAL . ( An d w he n t h e h i p p i e s s ay o Ame r i c a ; V F o r ge h a s qu a re s c e ne c a l l e d p o l i i c s a n d l i ve , o n e s i mp y

h as o a s k : S o wh a e s e i s new? Ra i o n a l i ze d ap a h yi s he n ame o f he m i d d l e c s s g ame he s y l i s i ce s se o f h e no o r i o u s m i dd e c l a s s s u rre n de r o hes up er s e . A nd b e e e n a p o l i i c a l a p a h y wh i c h i sra i o n a l i ed a n d o ne wh i c h i s po e i c i e d I f a i I os e e a n i mp or a n o p e r i o n a d i f e re nc e "

TH E.

OF PLTICSAND

NIAC T IV IST2 7 W Co e ge O be r i n O $ 2 / y r J s amp e s o re u e s Amo n g f o rme r c o n r i b u o r s G re g C a v e r Tom H a y de n S a u gh t o n L yn d Re nn i e Da v i s a n d E d g a r F r i e de nb erg

s u b s c r i b e n o w o NW UH UDEmo n h l y ma ga z i ne o h eS o u h e rn S u d e n t O rg a n i z i n g C om i t e e

f e a u r i n g :--an a l y se s o f S ou t h e rn p o l i i c s a n d S o u h e rn

r a d i c a l h i s o r y- -come n t a ry o n h e d ra f t a n d f o re i g n p o l i c y- -b oo re i ews p o e ry a d m s i cnews c o era g e o h e mo eme n t 4 0 a y e a r s ap e c o P y 5

h e N e w S o u h S t u d e n O B o x 6 3

N a sh v i e e n n 3 7 2 1 2

OAL 4 3 6 5


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71/72

(Conied frcm n de rnt cver )

A\ICA to contact u at nce '/e are w eekingAss c ate in variou c ie wo ae intereted inmakng a comiment f time ntellect and erhaoney t te end f ha n and imrovin or contentand frm.

A the reader Id note Vol. p No. i arre readale han evious sue. e ok towardsteady imrvement and eques o ur reader ugges_tion and criticm bt add rakly th a ti rolem ike many othe r ; ca e s ved n y y inac a cntributis yu tink ADICALM\ i ca e rtat e ak yo help u n any way yo can

asl y? we aplog ze r he aeness h ie The event i Mad s ade i ep ra r yimss be reach ur dead i ne t s ders odhat bc r tio i 1 be f l ed by uer and n

y ie l m

Or Conruts

OR GBRINR, nw a gruate studet at the Ui

verity f oin Hrke with Jesse Gry befored duin e 1-4 rent trike camign DrHli:C lVY i a raduate tudent at tger niverity RK . SON now c raduate studen at Colubiaa zed rent trie n Ea em n 1963-6, ada nce doe tena raiin n te es SideJnES !EISTEN an ed t f S dies the Lef.>h ecey had DN OF S AL Sf' ER ;

12_15 pub ied y R Pes


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radical america - vol 1 no 3 - 1967 - november december

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