radical america vol 11 no 1 - 1977 - january february

8/8/2019 Radical America Vol 11 No 1 - 1977 - January February

1/84

THE FISCAL CRISIS OF T CITS

RIAEC


2/84

: m pt 8 D Bo 16

EBd

E

PE_n.

Gc J O

_ . _ / w N - _ _

AAL AERA 6_ _ U ADDR 5_ $ pk5 . Z n h.. = n n


3/84

ARCJu 977 V,Nu 1

TO;cN 3

T URBAN CRSS AA A FR CASSMLAN

F_ x rD A. Onl

WMI M VLfA\ FRC

AldaStvs '

DATME TEVSLi

lAKY

PHRAPH AMCAmWkr

DT: DG:A WeMbo

E SADWS CAAGNR


4/84

W H ( 1


5/84

IntenT ;a Qf Y C 1 t mt stki

1 i' s,s of e B are 3,n a ar ma

j

ca'ILe srp cc

l", I sev i! t < cn91eteed a cs. t O he ucl a hav l y th l g Me , UsA he of tCe_ d,g wa W uccu)a _ are f j "n ,a I Ir9t col_

Th nss 0 e ci canr s y 1 m> Th xsio rb fare rvt 95 :he drct W peue ibsst o ban bak _fe he


6/84

s" " s l B CrSs of he t s ese l Ol-et 0 8kg ly ar< e uran

s 9in n cilies y throcerted aI( hav pa a Slrang d on 5:a an al gveI nue cbac m mp i in ns


7/84

na AId ad S e the g'Mh f e :eU la dscs l gnQ kg oae amI se won ad a seen's w Ce he g'-


8/84

\m! 1 9 < i0!;o

! i5-* 3 5,g

o!

= 1 " 1 -" "

- ' -' "= :,! '"- - _ "!' _ " O .o:Z.


9/84

w y w eJ e a crica cou 1 e and i s 1 "He i whrud ue' n p Fiy, a R Arrldnt aze s of e o- n:c h a t rsicy U StW1 1Aa nSiQ I CI Wt !a in 972 by te M oD:a h s he mi o acama'l and t out pts 0 o avu h cafaig b usfu


10/84

u Cren, M


11/84

f Dz

x h . w

A great political drama is now being played out in the UnitedStates; its title is "the urban fiscal crisis. Official definitionslocate the causes of the crisis in inexorable and neutral conomic

processes. What is being said by various elites is that the simplys not enough money, and thus public expenditures must be reduced.The truth of course is somewhat different. Th so-calld fi(calcrisis is in fact a camouflage for largescale changes in domesticpolitics and policies whose overall effect is to reduce the realincome of the working class and especially the income of thebottom stratum of the working class which includes the bulk ofthe black and Hispanic minorities. In this brief article it is ourpurpose to sketch out some of the possible options for resistanceto

this new assault on the quality of life of the poor But beforereviewing these options, it is necessary to give some eplanationof the nature of the fiscal crisis.

THE RAN FISCAL CRISIS

The events of the urban fiscal r are taking place in theolder cities of the United Stats that were based on manuacturing.


12/84

In the years snce the Second Word War however the econoy othese ctes was transored : the anuacturn base eroded ndn soe o these ctes corporate headquarters operatons toeter

wt the servces requred by headquarters oces epanded Thedecne n anuacturn resuted n part ro te oveent oboth oder pants and new capta to the South and abroad n searco ceaper abor. In part t as the resut o the oveent opants to the suburban rns where abor costs were not necessary cheaper but where edera nvestents n hways housnand other servce systes reduced the costs o don busness nvarous other ways In part t was the resut o the pattern oedera nvestents n deense and space eporaton whch by-

passed the oder anuacturn ctes or the new ctes o theSouth and West. These trends n anuacturn were ntertwnedwth the ht o coerce and o the ore auent casses rothe oder centra ctes to the suburban rns and to te southernr o the naton. Meanwhe wth the ad o edera urbanrenewasubsdes the downtown areas o any o these ctes were benredeveoped wth hue oce towers and uury apartent co-pees to house the ncreasny cope adnstratve apparatusand te anaera personne o natona and nternatona cor

ratons whose pants were now ocated esewhere.Durn ths sae perod are nubers o dspaced arcuturaworers who were ben deprved o veood by technoocaadvances or by the rowth o abor surpuses n the countrysderated to the ctes. Many o these dspaced worers werebacs and Latns a were deepy poversed. nder the besto crcustances such are nubers o rura worers coud nothave been easy or rapdy absorbed nto the urban econoy Gventhe decne n anuacturn n te oder ctes to whch so any o

the rants oved are nubers o the coud not be absorbedat a and underepoyent and unepoyent eves reanedhh By the d 96 s these dspaced and chroncay pover-sed peope becae rebeous protests and rots ared tedecade. Anry roups deanded housn jobs and te wde raneo servces ncudn educaton or whch uncpa overn-ents n the nted States are responsbe.

ebeousness and escaatn deands were by no eans conned to the norty poor. Other and betteroranzed roups whohad are staes n the benets o the uncpa sector aso be-cae tant ncted both by the turbuence o the tes and bythe copettve threat whch the norty or sed. Muncpaworers were oreost aon the nder te pact o thesepressures uncpa overnents n te oder anuacturn ct-es were orced to ae concessons n the or o enared payros hher saares and rne benets and new servces. Mosto these ans were won by the betteroranzed uncpa worer who had the wer to shut down the servces and actes on


13/84

hich the muicialities deeded Heve the miity als made gais they gt elaged elfae efits, a lage shaf muicial js, ad sme e sevices i the ghettes.

As mays stuggled t aease the demads f a aiety f i

suget ua gus ith js, eefits ad sevices, muiciaudgets rse reciitusly. But s lg as the cities ee i tumil the litical ie exacted y the isugets had t e aii de t estre e Accdigly, muicialitis ais ttax ates desite thei eakeig ecmies, ad state gvemets ad the federal gvermet iceased gatsiaid t muicialities By these meas, the cities stayed aflat fiscally adthey stayed aflat itically as ell Oveall, tpe shae f thAmerica atial rduct chaeled it the ulic sectr s

damatically i the 1 90 's ad mst f that rse as due t elagig muicial ad state udgetsBy the early 1 970s ura strife had susided a degee f

litical staility had ee ested i small at as a result fthe ccessis grated i the 1 90s At the same time hevethe disaity etee exeditues ad reveues i the lder citiesideed damatically, fr the lgtem ecmic treds that eedig the maufactuig ase f these cities acceerated aidlyude the imact f the ecessiay licies f the ixFd

admiistratis. As uemlymet se eciitusly i the cetacities, they exerieced sharly decliig muicial eveues fmuch f these reveus is eard thugh sales ad icme taxesMrever ce the tumil f the 1 90s eed, the federal adstate gvermets culd educe their gratsiaid t the ldecetral cities therey orseig the disarities i city udgetseve mre he situai thus ecame rie f a milizati fatial ad local usiess iteests t frce exeditues itlie ith reveues y cuttig the cst f the ulist litics i thcities

he trigger f this milizati as the theat f a akrutcyy e York City i 1975 Baks ith large hldigs f e YorkCity securities ecame erved ver the raid icrease i shrtterm rrig ad refused t flat las util the City ut itshuse i rder. Whatever the akers iteded thei acti eciitated the theatical sectacular f the mie City i akrutcy he City did t f curse g akut is it likely thatit uld have ee ermitted t i vie f the istailities thisuld threate t fiacial markets. But the dama has made it

ssile t imse etirely e deiitis f the ua fiscal situati u the ulatios f the cities here simly is meyit is said muicial udgets have t e alaced (as if cities eehuseholds or small iesses I the face of that defiitiura ressue grus have ecme frighteed, cfused, ad helless they have ee edered silet ad assive itesses t amuicial litics i hich they had ee active aticiats lya shrt time ealier


14/84

Wi o nupc uiicion loclduin in wo on op und gi o uncplo goup od in o ucu c polici. On

on nd ining upon l in poll wg ndni nd in ic o nigoood. On o nd gung o ol dcinng ci nu nw nd gconcon wl o d o un nd unicipl ducd ipod ic ngd udnd lion o puc guion n uc onn pouion. n wod o Mo B o Nw o i Rpuicn pinc on ponl no o pop u o nncl n ug c wpon n n p

o dc oc nd conoc polic o ou c. nd wNw o i plg cpud dn i on pl c o ng ud o uc woingc goup o c o o i nd n odc cocung cpgn ocl .

n o wod u ic ci podd gono ipoion o nion conoic polc o duc puicco pndu n Und S n conoic lc nwic nionl copo in g gdul

ducion o d gnnd o old cnl c n w cond w dl gonn ' u od ci on g o nupc n conon ngngou p lnc wn puic nd pi c-o Und S w nd loc udg n c-coun o wod o o gonn pndu. BUSNESSWE EK pind gow o gonn pndng u cud o uplu g n d udg . Pinn cnno inc o GNP unl gonnpnding dcn. W poiion on on iouno cpi c Und S no uc uon od o oling pol o cpil oionw plc udn on low nco u o popuion goup o l li o i poo o cn cpi uunl ngn nd piod o pop nu Und gu o un clc n o ocl nd nionl un n ondo o cono o uncp l o p-pu cu i i on unicipl l popul uggl

poo nd wongcl goup d ocd o conconin 96.

ipc o poic dlopn on wongcgoup nd pcl on lowu noii i dd ppn. l unicipl wo uing ducio in wg nd ni nd n wo ng lid o Bu owing un o o ng l ino-i popl wo w d dung nd uoil o 96


15/84

In New Yor Cty or eape ha o the Hspancs and twothso the bacs on the ctys wor orce have been red And a ots s happenn at a te when unepoyent n the odr centra

cte reans at neardepreson eves Both those who becoeunepoyed and those who never ound reuar epoynt n therst pace are aready ben orced to turn to the pubcwearesyste or sustenance; but weare poces are becon uchore retrctve as evdenced by the act that the weare roshave not rsen n resnse to rsn unepoyent Meanwheservce to nehborhoods have been cut bac and uch ore son povrshed nehborhoods than n bettero area Housnconstructon n the ctes has coe to a dead hat whe the ne

ect and abandonent o estn sus acceerate nepoyent and bad housn have o course been a erous probe nthe centracty sus or soe te and the concessons won nthe 96s dd not o ar toward reovn ether condton owhowever hh unepoyent has becoe oca natona and uncpa pocy and soe urban eperts are renqushn tradtonaproposas or rehabtatn the sus n avor o new prosasto bactop the and convert the nto ndutra pars


16/84

THE FAILURE O RESIS THE UTS

Th bl o vng h cpgn gn h ubn

o hough odny lcl poc no bgh. Eoby nghbohood nd woplc goup o lobby wh cy nd ocl o v h vc o h job uou onlycu h y dcon no long bng d by cy nd polcn bu now bng d by h bnng nd bu- n on who h cllynd c nd hvbco o blnly dpndn. I lo whul hnng o g-n h Docc Pdn wll lg dncC' cpgn po o h old c w ud ndh uly no on o hop h h lc wll b ogln hn h hoc.

Ognzd lbo vn hough b ung undh pc o h nw clc lc lo dongh wll no povd lcl vhcl o nc. Inddh ld o h uncpl unon hv bco o cowd by hc h hy hv no cd ocully o poc h ownmb. Th h bn l o vn o gnl bu non o vy ou. Alhough uncpl nd polc n n wh whch unon ld nly l nd

n whch hy hd condbl nlunc unl ho goh c o chc h chngd dclly. cl nd onlecooc l now clly dcng uncpl polcy d-con nd bllou uncpl unon un h o bngmhd Und h ccunc unon ld ppnlyblv h h w cou hy o v h ld-hp poon nd h unon o ply h ol o n ncoopng wh uncpl nd ocl n ng h nv-bl budg cu. I y c v h uncpl un nd

h AFLIO ll w o oblz would b o nu hmnnnc o h ldhp nd h ognzon n h c budg lh. hy would no b lly o vc ndl cu o vn o job cu nd hy would b-gn o hold h ln gn c on h nng b.Th ou o yng h ognzd wo w o oblz would b o ve wh hy could o hlv lvng hely uplyd nd h old unployd o nd o h-lv. Th nlly h cou whch blhd unonldhp ollowd dung 93; h unployd nd h un-

gnzd won wh hy dd by nugncy nd hough h dvl-pmn o nw ognzonl vhcl nobly ndul unon.The blhd unn ldehp bed n h ld c ughh dvlopme ch p o h wy. In h pn uonh dvvn bwn h ognzd nd h unognzd ond bcu h on gup ovwhlngly wh whlh h ppondnly bc nd Ln.

1


17/84

CIVIL DISOBEDENCE AS A ESSTANCE STATEGY

What recourse s et, then to the mpovershed worngcassgroups o the cty ? What nd o wer do they have to retaateaganst oca bsness nterests aed wth natona tca andcorporate etes ? In our opnon, ther ony wer s n the ds-turbances they can create by noncooperaton, by cv dsobedence The actons that come to mnd ascend n mrtance romthose that embarrass muncpa potcans to those that dsruptthe urban economy.

At the outset t shoud be cear that most o the groups that arehardest ht by the sca crss do not have the cassca dsruptveeverage o worers They do not have the wer o the stre be-

cause or the most part they are unempoyed or do not wor nsgncant enterprses. Accordngy orms o coectve dsobed-ence woud have to be used that are n act avaabe to the mostmpovershed worers o the ctes, and that mght be capabe oeertng gncant pressure on tca and busness etes.

The most seevdent actons are stns n neghborhood ac-tes schoos, rehouses, brares, daycare centers, senor-ctzen centers whch are beng cosed as a resut o budget cuts.me acton o ths nd s aready occurrng n New Yor Cty,

n part because stns are smpe to stage, and n part becausepeope ee they have a cear rght to these actes. These actonsmay thereore be an mportant stage n the deveopment o ndgnaton Ther mpact by themseves, however, s probaby mtedto the embarras sment o oca tca ocas who are at thsnt qute hepess to do much to reverse the cuts and to restoreservces Heghtened neghborhood agtaton mght, however, orceoca potcans to become ess cooperatve n mpementng cuts,thus addng egtmacy to more serous orms o puar ress-

tance.Another orm o resstance coud be borrowed rom the autorduzone (sereducton) campagns whch have enjoyed somesuccess n Itay n these campagns peope smpy reuse to paya or part o the charge or some servce. are coecton n thesubways and buses, or eampe obvousy depends on the cooper-aton o passengers. I campagns were aunched to nduce peopeto pay ony ha the are on the grounds that ha was a reasonaberate and wthn the reach o what peope coud aord, and argenumbers o peope joned, t woud be at the very east dcut toenorce u ares n the crowded subways, buses and troeys omost ctes

Smar campagns or autorduzone coud be aunched aganstthe teephone and utty companes Sne tse bs are pad prvatey such campagns woud not o themseves have the gavanz-ng eect o puar mass actons. But the mpact on the teephoneand utty companes woud be severe and such campagns werebaced up by organzed squads who turned on dsconncted gas nd


18/84

elecric lines a ye o guerrila acion very diicul o curb inhe urban sums he comanies woud lose much o heir abiliyo enorce raes

more serious orm o deiance would be ren srikes in heslums o he ciies srikes consising o he mass reusal o ayren backed u by cadres reared o mobiize crowds o resisany eor by marshas o evic enans. The slumhousing markeis already recarious and in some laces i is eeering owardcoase as evidenced by he exraordinary rae a which andords are vounarily abandoning heir buildings Under hese condiions widesread ren srikes would surely accelerae he abandonmen o buidings and very ikey on so massive a scale as ohreaen unrecedened chaos: huge areas o he ciy would becomeoccuied by imoverished squaers he realesae indusry wouldreel rom he breakdown o roery norms and he ciy's roeryax base woud be rendered nul and void ecause massiveren srikes o his kind would have such a disruive imac heacions hemseves would have o be deended Large numbers oenans mus be mobilized sirred o indignaion and reared orhe risks ha mus be aken in conronaions wih oice and evenwih he naional guard in order o reven evicions

The greaes imac on economic and oliica elies would re

sul i he workingcass eole in he ciies mobilized o inererewih he movemen o commuers and reigh by blocking highwaysbridges and bus and rairoad lines Direc acion o his kind couldsrike an immediae and criling blow o economic enerrisesbu recisely or his reason he danger o rerisals is large Suchacions hereore woud have o be underaken by very large numbers i hey were o succeed and even so, eole would have o bereared or beaings jaiings and even kilings jus as srikerswere reared in he , and civilrighs demonsraors were

reared in he

EDUCTION INDIGNTION ND DEFINCE

I is only under exraordinary condiions ha eole are sosirred by a sense o injusice ha hey willingly dey he rues oroery and he rules o civil order nd wiingly brave he coercive ower o he sae Such deiance becomes ssible nosimy when eoe suer assauls on heir sandard o living bu

when hey become convinced ha hose assauls are unjus and unnecessary Cerain eaures o he curren crisis in merican ciies are working o curb he emergence o ha sense o ourageamong he eole who are suering he mos In aricular hecrisis has so ar been deined wih grea success as he resul oineviabe economic rocesses raher han as he deiberae licies o ruling elies consequenly eole have ended o eel imoen raher han indignan They have been led o elieve a he


19/84

mpy nevabe he mpemenaon o budge u bby he ue o appaeny evenhanded ao he boad" omua o ung eve and job and he deegaon o pebudgeung deon o oa poan and bueaua aea deve ha hep o enoe h ene o he nexoabe. Onempoan oe o ogane and eade o any poe, heeoe, o oune hee denon and o expoe he aau oha .

We undeand ha he aon dued hee ena age o he peope ho undeae hem No oganze o agao apabe o eadng peope o onon he poe he peope hemeve ae no eady Bu no one an be ue hen peope aeeady, and ogane oen undeae he ouage and oday

o hh peope ae omeme apabe In any ae, hee ae noohe opon o eane In he abene o mave dubane o he nd uggeed hee, oa and naona bune ee ueed a hey ae aeady ueedng n ppng aayhe gan ha he mpovehed onga peope o he Amean e ee abe o n n he .

N X N nd IHA A. LO WA the

-uth f Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Pubic Welr(1971 nd fThe Politics of Turmoil: Pover, Race and the Urb (1974

We were responsible for severa eros in the atce by Een

Canta, "Ation and Femnsm n Itay: omen Against Chuch anState, wich appeared n the Novembe-Decembe ssue.On page the phrase, Ths is press: for exampe the uing

class has made it teoreticaly possble for women to have aons nSeveso huld hv d Tis is pess: fo exampe the ungas made it theoreticay possibe for women to have atons nSeveso

On page the sentence, In January, when the new letoganized raies to protest te poce attack on the Forence atoncenter the men caed banners wose slogans were signed 'onsCommission of(exnew eft paty), " huld hv d In Januay wen te new left organzed ralles to potest the poice attack on teForence arton cente te women cared banners whose soganswee signed Womens Commisson of (new eft paty X).' "

e potograp on page was an Italian untemothers day demonstaton, rather than an aton demonstraton as stated in thecaption Fn aly, the potog raph on pag e sould have been cete toDaniea Colombo It is a pctue of an aboton demonstraton n Ro nDembe,


20/84


21/84

Womn d th Volur Armd Fors:

Fst Repo on a Rky Romance

Lid AlbdS B

Fome Amy Seetay Hoad Caaay announed in 975it a due autoity and a staigt i, te Amys atest sientii disovey a oman oud do aut anyting a man oudYoung omen euits ae no tained in ie masmansi anddeense ombat tatis and tudge on nigt maes evading simuated ie ie and ea teagas annistes. WAC Fist Lieutenant Andea Kaoa boasts tat Te Amys ee its aeningo omen. H He entusiasm is saed by e yeaod aineeJean Meozy, o testiied at e basitaining gaduationts te geatest ting tats eve aened to me. Femae nonommissioned oies no exeise immediate autoity ove

undeds o enisted men. te e dissenting emae voiesitin te ans, most beong to esbians o ae batting, not toeave te institution, but to stay in.

Ae tese anges to be eebated as te gains o te omensmovement deaded as daneous signs o te miitays neoundegitimay, o dismissed as token onessions but noting moe ?Let s not be too asty in oosing u intent ee is not to oeone again beyond te sado o a doubt tat desite tese eomste miitay emains a bastion o antieminism. No ae e intent


22/84

on poving tat tese intena efoms o any ote efoms fotat matte do not ate te basi fntion of te instittion Wiebeieving tat bot assetions ae te, we'e not inteested in

eding tese o any ote of te efts ommonyed ideasabout e miitay to a ateism ate we intend to test toseideas against te eaity of a miitay wi is beaing wit manyof its anaonisti taditions. If te eft efses to examin teseanges its undestanding of te US miitay not to mention itsattempts o ange it wi beome eqay otmoded

THE CONTEXT

Afte being defeated in Indoina and umiiated at ome, temiitay ad to eite adapt o die Te Nixon dotine of Viet-namiation on a goba sae made a ange in te miitays fntion posibe Te Indoinese evotion and te antiwa move-ment made it neessay. Te avonteefoe onept soon foowed Wat ested was an oveau fom top to bottom : an endto te daft a 4% edtion in foe and ndeds of intena efoms, not te east of wi was te attempt to mae sodieinga ob jst ie any ote. In fat, te eation between GIs and teommand oon ame to esembe tat between abo and manage-

ment. Fo motivation patiotism was epaed by a paye Wendiipine faied, te ommand tied ap gops boowing feeyfom e aena of moden management teniques. Te movement n te ans wi duing te wa ad often made an isseof te wa itsef was tuning moe towad a itique of te ondi-tions of wo gieving many of te same issue as te movementsof yong woes esewee Te untinabe soon beame not onytinabe bt posibe a tade nion fo sodies

Ti tend towad a moe moden steamined amed foes

made it easie fo te Depatment of Defense (DoD) to bing itsattitudes and teatment of women moe uptoda Bt it was tewomens movement tat set te standad against wi te mii-tays pogess woud be meased. Not ony di te womensmovement begin to infene masses of woingass women btit aso spead fom one geneation to te next Ten yeas ago,teenage gis wee onsideed daing if tey deamt of te independent ife of an atess o stewadess Today, many of toseteenage gi sudde at te togt of maiage and ids, a duob o iving it paents, and stie ot on tei own by tuningto sodieing. Ten yeas ago, women soting insuts at gentemany miitay offies woud ave been onsideed nseemy andnfeminine Today te womens movement as eped emovetee obstae to ation. Enisted mens wives ave in te asttee yea, souted, pieted petitioned and pessonfeenedtei way into many a onfontation wit te ommand Te bat-teed stwa miitay is in no sition to do batte wit a tend


23/84

as ompeng as hs Unabe o em he may has, n asense, joned 'em The may has been hanged n he poessbu no hou unng some aspes of he omens movemen os on advanage

ENLISTED WOMEN

In he mds of hs fuy of efom avy haaes ofan enomous bueauay sambng fo s suvva, one faomoe han any ohe deemned he mays ne un oadomen he demand fo abo Spped n md73 of s poeo onsp he may as foed o ompee on he open ma

e fo he eus needed In addon, had o mpove hequay of may fe o enouage s aee sodes o sayEven afe he unempoymen and nfaon peenages mbedno doube dgs he may s had pofound manpoe eumen dffues I faed he unpeedened as of eung one ou of evey hee avaabe and quafed nonoege maesAnd a hs even afe a 40% eduon n he numbe of DoD empoyees n unfom and he vanzaon of many jobs adonay hed by sodes As eues fe fuhe behnd he quoas

(even n he fs yea of he vounee amed foes) and as heenng ensmen bonuses and enefs beame oo expensve omanan he DoD began o eaze ho man omen oud ben fufng s manpoe equemens Fome Seeay ofDefense Eo hadson sad, An mpoan onsdeaon nmpemenng he avounee foe s he ena adeoff beeen men and omen By ensng moe omen, fee men haveo be ensed A Genea Aounng Offe sudy aso noed hahe avounee foe oud no be eazed hou a age n

ease n he use of omenEvn afe he eonom sump enabed eues o mee hequoas, and eensmen offes o ha he mass exodus of expeened aee pesonne sevea banhes s faed pesonne shoage The Amy as s sho n he omba ams aey, nfany, and amo The Navy aed boe ehs, mahns maes, and nuea engnees If omen oud be euedand aned fo many of he nona sos, moe men oud behanneed no he a speaes Fuhemoe he moe

fasghed of he mays manpoe manages ne ha aneonom upun and a dene n he numbe of avaabe maeeus due o he dene n he bh ae oud evenuay pushhe mays eung apabes o he ms he pesgous Defense Manpoe ommsson, n s Ap 7 e,eommended ha he may pepae o ap he o of avaabefemae GIsnang as one of he eas expensve and eas dsupve esponses o hs demma


24/84

mltr's for wom rcrts s ol lf t stor o ts wom t mltr Er sr rls tsm collctio of mottos t sr for cto trl

triig t lck of otr ortts. Rcrtg sco ts stmts o ss m ot lst w womtlks w lf w worl of trl. Mkg r oww. o c fi orslf." om from or fmls fromrcil tc moritis t US or from smllr rrltows fwr coomic otos t o tr ml rs.Ulk m tir g, t r ot corg to strik ot otr ow. T mltr offrs ckg l wti tortr strctr tt ls lttl rsk of g to mk cocsbot o's lif. m of t rcrtmt rog ls to

ts fmilsbsttt gl, strssg somtg ffrt btot so rll ffrt" t s mor lk wt o r s to. " rtcl MS. srl rs go, B. J Pills ssmbl

comost of t tcl s mt rig r wk t t.McClll. S b ot of ig scool for r rcsso com fo jobs oxstt or ll low.Ubl for ficil rsos, to go o to collg or ito som tof octiol trig rogrm s cos t rm bcs t offr r bot job triig G Bll bfits for frtr c-

to ftr s ls wor, ts og wom, lk trml cotrrts lst bcs t ck otios lswr.Ultmtl, t sirs of ts rcrts t rqrmts

of t mlitr tm of wr wll cls. s lst rs to CBrigr Grl Mlr C Bil rmrk, T rm'smssio is tol fs ot to crt job ortitis or lol ot ciili lf. Bt so log s t fs of t tiorqrs o xtrorir scrifcs b tos i t rks ttcls m b ost

ltg t imct of ts wom o t militr s b

sigifict, ts is ot mil bcs of tir mbrs. Elstwom mk ol slgtl mor t 5% of t totl DoD cti-t forc. Bt tt most figr s trfol crsor its 97 ll. w msr s rctg of wcrits, wom figr mor romitl 9.2% for t rm .4% for t ir orc, rg of 77% for t trDoD B 978 wom r ss to mk or 6% of t DoDctt forc.

s list wom isist tt t militr o logr

rstrct tm to wom's work" T militr's for womws so critcl tt it to ccommot t ms tt wom wr mkg bot isi ots ts ks t lst twors, t mltr s oc w ls to roi wom witql ortt s torz t followg cgs :

Rls bg otrs from miltr sric wr lft. Tmiltr rsr t rigt to jg wtr wom col

22


25/84

qtl rform r ts co wt motroo bt tsrsrto ws ro s of Jl 975

om c ot clr.

om c gt mrr ftr lstmt stll st Mrr m c lst t t rglr src

t rsrs om r ow lgbl for t sm fml bfts s m om r ow fllflg mmbrs of romoto bors o

logr cof to ltg wom ol P s t sm for m wom of t sm gr Job rstrctos b lft om wr rosly r

strct to 39% of t rm's job ctgors bt r ow lgbl

for 94% ll bt t combt rms Collg ROC rogrms r o to wom. O scool com

mt rmrk r fg tt comtto btw tsxs s goo mottor.

Mltr cms sc s st Pot wt ts 173r ll-l trto r og tr doors to fml cts.

Polc s cg to rmt om o com m xct t cobt ts Srl C offcrs b slct forcololll coms

ll lst wom t ry r ow rqr to tk -fs ws trg Ct Jms r 31yrolcobt tr crg of t ws rfl trg t Mc-Clll s t coms rgt ow to t grls t gs rjst lk bos t gs. ts ttr of coorto.

Srt tcmts for wo r bg grll lm-t wt t rslt tt wom r ow ssg to t wr-r job ccs xst. Stmbr of 1976 t CWoms r Cors) s lt ow bot wom m

lst t rmy

Two ts from ts lst of rfors r wort xmg or tl bsc trg t og of otrtol jobsto wo. Ts r t to ost troblso cgs for tPtgo d t ost fsctg for t yog wo o jo

Bgg b t ry cts btw trg tswo rcrts to b solrs d trg t to b ls. rftgcl boot wo rcrts rc j cb r-dl tr w trog lyl rgoros yscltr-

g rogrm rogrm ot lys ql tst to tt oft bt g otlss. y rll formto gfools boc rgfr t M 1 6 rfl. cott oft 13wk bsctrg rogr s rm sstll wtt s rg t Vt r ysclftss trg mrcg rfrtcq clsss strcto t s of grs t 6 mc g d t M16

Tr r owr to jor ffrcs t trg ro-grs for for o O of t two s t r of

2


26/84

tataeapons anng Men eeve 43 hous o e masmanshp and deensve as, he omen eeve 72 hous. Theohe deene s n he emnne as Women s hough man

daoy assoom nsuton n ha ae, sn ae, egh ono, ape pevenon, and amy pannng (bh ono) Theoses equvaen on he mae sde o he baane shee s veneeadsease pevenon n se an neesng ommen on heAmys noton o hos esponsbe o ha

espe these deenes, and despe he Amys admedynadequae pepaaon o hese omen anees o omba suaons, he amaadee o a shaed odea and he pde o dsoveng pevousy unapped abes s he oe o bas anngo omen. They don eave bas any moe pao, ahungy,

o nauaed th he may han hen hey en n otnaanng, o movaona anng, s no sessed

Equa opponty n he may, as esehee, has s msAdma Hooay, Che o Nava Opeaons expaned he Navysmaons n an neve n S NEWS AN WO EOT shp bes mus by a be ed h men, and seondy,e mus peseve some bes o hose men a sea o oae oOthese e oud be pung ou men on openended sea duy.In he Amy, omen ae s unabe o jon ombaams spea

tes The A Foe pohbts omen om yng And hese aeony he moe vsbe ms.Moe o he pont s to as ha happened hen he Amy sud

deny opened up 45 o s 45 oupaona eds o omen Aodng o the eense Manpoe Commsson, no muh Theepo ams, Women eneng he seves ae opng o hemoe tadona emae jobs Many have no had he bagoundo exposue o nonadona aeas ohds o he mayomen s o n he adona meda and admnsaveeds, h no gnan onenaon n any o he mehana

o eeton aee eds.Ths ptue shoud ome as no supse eus have o quay o he job they eques by passng a baey o tess. Even eveyone has an equa oppouny o ae he same ess, eveyones no equay pepaed o ae hem e ohe equaoptunyempoyes, he may an do no moe han epodue he samedvson o abo hh s aeady pesen n hs soey

Sne he nstuon o he AVountee May, esbans havebeen one o he mos oheen oes hh have pu pessue on

he enagon o mae good s ams o beng an equaoppounyempoye Some o hese esban ensed omen ae he vmso hhune seeps o he omens baas by maynegene oes ho g he omen on he deas o hebaasmaes pvae ves The may ondus these hhunts o puge se o s undesabe eements They usuaybegn hen he auhoes see one oman hey suspe o say

2


27/84

hey ue o eng a ean They heaen he h a ehanhonoae dhage Then hey oe o ehe e he ou ha ee dhage, o e he ay n he gve hem he nameo ohe ean Th a eeaed h uequen vm,o ha he nvegaon mgh go o nude doen o eve hunded o omen Ineengy enough, one ean exWAVE odu ha moe oen he ae ha agh omen ge ued nhee uge She e on o ay ha mo ean ne ho oove he a and ee ea good a ojeng he oemay mage Anohe ea WAVE ho ne ha he agong o e aed eoe a Nava Inegene Seve (NIS nvegaon oad, eaed hee n h ay I e o he a-de oom oo o my uh ah h he de a, u o my and maaa, and I a eady o em

S ohe ened omen oeny dey he may y aounnghe ean eeene In he a, oh me and ome haveadmed o eng homoexua o ge ou o he may, heheo no hey auay ere Bu oday, he amedoe ode eg haenged om hn y ndvdua ho have ood u addeaed hemeve o e gay and have demanded ha he mayhange eamen o homoexua

The may ene n oh ae nvaay o aedhage oedng The ode ho ae ageed o heam age om mode odeohemoh o emand he daeed O he many ho gh o ay n no a do oou o any ove o he may A Amy eeve Segea amBen Shaom emaed, I am deedng my a ouoagh o o o vay, and o he eedom o my eye Whaeve he eaon, he onequee o he aon aequeong he ne eeen he e and he ode They aehaengng he may deemaon o ha hey do ae oHavng aen o hea he may o meage ha a joe ay ohe, hey ae no eng aou o mae ju ha

I o a he handu o ea ho ae o ghg hemay o he gh o ay , o eve hoe , ohe ooedou evey yea emee hame, onue he ee homo-exua ouaon n he may To Kney Inue hoaemaed n 7 ha he eenage o homoexua he may hady deed om he eenage n va oey he vaou deee aye and exe n he uen aeue h adad emae o Ohe eeve h an exemey oevae emae, and on o he mave eoo a u, ad eae hh mae u he gheoed gaymay

Whe he moveme o ean n unom ha ee a eeono he age movemen o equa gh o homexua, myoon eome e ae The ACL aye ho deeded o gayWAC a F eve a yea euaed, Sooe o ae, one o


28/84

ts css will roc cort cisio clrig iscriitiogist oosxls costittiol T ilitry is t ky i-stitti Jt s t rcil itgrtio of t ilitry i t lt

4 's st t stg for tiol socil olicy of itgrtio, tcriticl sxl bttls r goig to b fogt r"

ESTED ME'S VES

T rct l ito t twtit ctry of t ilitry's tt-mt of list wo s oly rli t il stts oftos rl o millio wo wos sbs r soldirs ry s oritio mlt for t ry if" Dos t

wom mrr r sb or t rm) wic bst rticltst cotrst ltog o sric's crr ws r byis wf, y b r or l by t socil skills oftir wis, tir flxibilit, tir loylty towrd t y its cstos s ry wif, r forgt tt yo rt ilt br of t t, bt ky ' wif sotry to r sb fro flig bittr bot t syst If sfls t syst is't too b 'll robbly gr Yo olsc of lif rols ro or sb, yor cil,

y o Ctr r is t tsio btw t iitry'sgi c o its militr wis its siltosil of t wis xistc it of tir sbs ,for istc list 's wif sts ot of li, t wossb is rim b is coig officr fct, twif is forlly otsi t jrisictio of ilitry lw Frtr-or t cotribtio of t silt br of t t" is r-wrd, ot i t for of wgs to t wo, bt s d-t's llowc ttc to t sb's ycck

T og workig wo wo sttl wit tir sbs i ttilr rks stcco rtmts of sttsi bs tows fc togr orl t ost omilitry wis Ts wo x-ric iorc lcoolis, strss t rts fr bo ttiol rg it ost of tir sbs workig irrglrsifts loggig fifty or sixt ors wk, or or oft work t o flls to t by flt o wos sbdsr sisttio to rcko wit sixot ciss tir sbs r o s t wklog s trils i-rglr oft ry log ty sifts w tir sbs sis

r i rt f wo's sb is ssig to orss bs,t ilitr will l r o cor t oig xssol if r sb's rk is srgt E) or f ot, s cco log oly if s c ffr t o o r ow ski-ig of t cosrti biwkly wos slt to tRMY TMES rls or trils tribltios t roo to lit r tir iss o r o of t fstst

2


29/84

grog crms mlr commty borom s rms src clbs olr work for R Cross

s clbs ow o co w wiig sow crim. so wc 970's, rocs s qly of lf sss o wom's ol ifco w r sb is job s skg for robl. t ls r rs milir's fo l of it o commo s t followg ltrfrom orfolk Vrgi wom wos sb ws i y fr s f goo mrrg s bo ol bfit lsl r g rig r srggl o g b. U o is r w fficly o cc w igs r fc

sysm will lwys r my lf for m. rll o' tk 's slfis to s ' lk som corol ovr so or orfolk wom scrb t 6hor ys s wks of moslog clrwr riigrogrm ricl rss o silors itl T EsyLssos o st sy. " (ow yor workg im isrig yo crzy, it's im to go om d fc rsol roblms cs b xr y. ) J

lst wo rct nsncs tis sm s b rns-lt ito collcti co. S Dgo, list m trwis orgz gro to cost t y's llgl oymof rlsm bouss. (S My/J 976 ss of RADCALMRCA.) or lmost two yrs t gro VRB/OUT mng g s or vrbl rlistm boss or lt s out fog y i t cors n in rs T lisd m t gro oug wr of s lvig blk of t rssbiliy for orgnizton wt ir wom. T womnlfl t bss l lgl srg nd ckd rcriigsos cos wic tris vy 's blic img nr rcrig. Tir blc stms wr confid o issubt off rcord wom xli t mc mor ws sk loss of svrltosddollr bons forcd sixmo srios, ooriosly dqut onbs mdicl cr,flms fg of fmily srvics.

lm Clfor, womn wos usbns wr crwmo rcrf crrr USS Corl S blicly crgd si'sc (t wllndd rss cofrc) wit log lis ofldsftrgultion violtios. T tiiod ogrssrqsg t si b u i drydoc for orl, n ob llowd o sl o sixmont Wsr Pcific crs. Woringg y y circuld tir tiio o bs uil y wrb by scriy lc, d t movd o t soig crs rtmts wr t nlisd m d tir wivs coul bfo. T wom gtrd 1500 sigurs, fon t io of r ol ty roc sig. Tir min osiio ws from grou of offcrs' wivs wos mmbrs rg s ws ll dcti muvr o k tir m om,

2


30/84

n unp ut on N dition R n i o dict conontion t N odgd won cg In p t cdid t won wi ing w intndd

u igt iinod. At uic coic cnup tip cpin cod c nw cw oug t o odn nd citic pt o ip And wn won id on t pi orning o t o S' dpu w gn nd cu cotd o W woud Ngin cing nion o goup o nitd nwi wo dd o cng t N judgn o ip ' wotin nd wo ud o u ni d wo ndonin cuoi pcd o duiu N wi

ONLUSON

Hing dcid i nw nd owd ow cn nu n inpion o ou own nd i ciiuo in ini nd pcii iw ou won in tii. W n inpion diicu ow i ton coincidnc o int wn oun ii ini dnd o uiid o nd won '

on dnd o u cc to nd u ig wiinpuic nd pi iniuion. i congnc nt t o in ii d o u ig nd cc owon w id op witou uc giion o dic cion won in n ow cng o wic ii pondd oo pc o o p ouid ii i. On cnno ip gu n oin ii w coopi u dignd o do ouing in n o ni ow concion uzd o w ucc oug dnic o c ugg Li u o oionccu dci wo p o uc o cop oi.

So dic pci wiin niipii nd pcii nd dcid cn inu o g nu owon ino d oc nd i ingtion ino occooding nd upod iniuion ign o iiizion o won Ui gu no on n o won oud ui o o oun o poion o odiing.In o un i iic cii i gd owd dicou

ging won o niing o wic iit i o ci o poni cui cn on o dic o diicut o iz. In c o ju o o dd i. dic o wo id w to oi cpii wsto diud pop o woin o wo wod w conidd ougoiiid nd o wic ipod o o o


31/84

o oed ee condeed op cum c could onl mete utmte evoluton ct moe emote. Dung tme o evoluton upuge te m ve commnded ome ollong But

n tme o eltve tlt te cn do lttle moe tn opoxto unnteeted pe. Ou digeement t tee dclopoxe tod not tt e ould encouge oung ongcl omen to jon up ut tt t toug te jonng tt tetlt o te llvoluntee peetme mlt mgt e unde-mned. e pct pepectve moe uted to tme ntmlt o t olde nd doe not gpple t te po lte o te peent peod. Futemoe te conde te mlt omenelted eom ttcll xed n te peent

cope nd om nd gnoe te oppotunt to dve tee eomeond te ntended lmt.At note exteme te Ntonl Ognzton o Women (NOW)

poe exul eult n olute pncple c detemnete eltonp to te mlt. onde tee em o PtLeepe lot o NOW nd coodnto o te ommtteeo Women n te Mlt oeed to te Deptment o te Amn te t mont o 1 976 Sould omen go nto comt o ute ueton completel elevnt. We onl need to now tt

tee e cple omen wo wnt o." He ecommendtonncluded celetd ent pogm nd etvene tnngo women ltng uot c lmt te nume o omen e

29 Photo by Sue Meiel


32/84

crts a te se of scal (ot geer) staars for eerjob. f NOW ols a ostio criical of te mlar's mssot is ot aaret from Pat Leeers olc aer

NOW a te Peagos more racal crtics certail aecoflictig cocers. NOW's avocates are ceerig o te waesof female recris wo aear to em to be sccessfll assaltg oe of te last great bastios of male wer : solerg Ate racals wo fear e immiet miltarizatio of wome owat e ca to ea it off Bt eter gro s ersecte focses o wome i e raks. Or balace seet raw aftera reeear accotig of e allolteer eaceime force exerimet fis e ew sitatio sometg o be welcome otreae.

A least i te area of wome's rgts a sexal eqaltte miliar as bee comelle to get i ste wi te rest of societ is goes irectl agast te gra of traitoal milartkig wc isiss o te sitio's searateess from terest of socet. e oltme mlitar mogls arge at searatecorts laws isos ostals scools a coes of coct areme ecessar b te mltar mssio. e jstf istict socal elaios wi e sto o te same gros : laws

agaist fraerizao betwee eliste me a wome; searateqarters iig alls a baroos for offcers saltg aes sr g; groomig a aearace reglaios ; a elistme agreemet bewee te G a e goermet tat saleste soler wt e oblgatios of a etre serat a giesim or er oof e rotectos of a cotractal agreemetEve rg wartme tese abts rles a reglatos areqesioable. Bt rg eacetme te seem ee less jsfableto te elste me a wome wo are egrae b tese cstomsal. So we te was of te cvla worl beg to tre ote militar's erswle searate socie t s ofte to te aatage of te solier i te raks a rarel to te aatage of tecomma. If oe isictio betwee te clia a miltarworls ca be sese wt w ot te rest ? (Ts s as tre e area of solers' irs Ameet rigts as it s i te areaof sex iscrimato) e mltars recet ostio to formalsex scrmaio oweer limite is oe ste awa from aarm of rofessioal legioaires a oe se towar a arm ofciizesoliers. If tere are to be a soliers at all better tat

te marc se wt te esitatg scoaio of lar msic ta te goosesteg forfor time of Jo Pll sa2 ese refom i te mltar ma ae a rle effect e

coragg smlar reforms i istittos otse te mltart's still too earl o t to a roof bt tere s a strog storcal receet Te mlitars esegregato rogram afterWorl War a its sistece sce 1967 o oeoccac


33/84

og grmt rom l llr otrbt tttck o grgto om o rgo ttto mtrtt to cg T mltr t tm b ot t lcto o ocl mmt bt lo tr mo

3 og wom rrt r ll t o t work oolr tr cocto tr w blt ol mro. oll tr g or t ocl rtrto o t lomt o tr blt tll t twll qckr to llg to rtrto t tm tcotr tm ot mtk tm or trl o. tot m for ql rgt o t o t tm ltog b o m roltor o t t tm

lc.

4 log t wom cot to qto t rmgotcl to qlt t rorm wc tll org trqtog ca tblzg ct crtg w to w rolg ol o. rt oc t tm o mlqlty ofll ttk rl t w rtrt trtg of wom t mltr 6% or 0 tgo plnr o ? W olt wom 50% rrtto ?

Sco f ql rgt ml ql olgto ol't wom ag to t ombt clt t mt t ycl rqrt ? Mltr lr r ot o to t rcp t o t mlmtto o t gro tt t otrn't ry for t t. Tr t tttolzto o l trfor org lt wom ol m ttt cbl t or. ct rct rtcl RMY TIMES l roor Ect Srg o mmy Src W mmrz t g o Mll Collg

oologt Dr Ly Dobrofk w rt tt mltr wwll om rclz t rlz tt t tt orntty otr t tr b. Elt m' w lry ow g o c tw gt cmg t momt to to lom o t ttck crrr USS CorlS or lt t zr ombrDmbr 974 t arlrlmt t wll robl cotn to tor t tgo .

A ALBA and ST RS have ace the e'd ve' mDvemen in C d the Pac

Ntht. The arcle, "The Movt T: The VolteArm Foe and Movement the R, apd the-Jun sue o m


34/84

2 h by Gl Le f


35/84

Dyim Tlvision:

You' Never Want to ave Home

l L

t i lae Augut. Today bought a habuhel o omatoe andanned omato aue. A iend ame ino the oom to ath ahieHe od me that the o aun in Tenneee ho eaed him pendalmot al o evey Augut anning. He aid a hey o they din

up o oee and ath dayime teeviion. Fo him, tha i Augut anning, the pot o oee, and daytime TV.n a olege hee taught tudent hedued hei ae and

othe ativiie aound the daytime eial. They al had thei avoite and oud uh home o ath them They taed about heeia ith eah ohe a i he peope in them ee ommoniend. When a iend had been aay ahile he o he a boughup to date on he long, ompliated plo.

A oman no ho had a eond hild in he late hitie

opped ahing the daytime eial hoy ae it bith. Sheaid hey made he too depeed. She ould be eeping all atenoon aey able to ae o eithe o he hiden. A yea agohe onveted o a penteota e. No he athe the gameho in he moning hih he beieve ae oen eduaional,and tie o get heel out o the houe a muh a ible in theatenoon. Muh o he emoiona lie i aen up ith paye.

G ohoo yi 6


36/84

It is diiut to tak aout dati tvision hos ho kno itar rts ho annot surrisd n its o inorationand on nod ith a knoing ook at an insight or anasis On thothr sid ar th o ho hav nvr turnd on th tvisionor th si ook ns or ho on sith hanns raidin disgust hn sarhing or thir hidrns dati rogras.

or th dati tvision is a ord o sraing on andMCs or urk ai sns hat is a th ant to knoDati tvision onsists o tak shos od ovis od

srias runs hidrns artoons and duationa rograsga shos and soa oras (aso ad dati srias Butth to kinds o rogras that ar oth ost haratristi odati and ost otn athd on ar th ga shosand th soas hr ar ovr a dozn ga shos and nar asan srias or soa oras on tvision tn nin in th

morning and iv in th atrnoon. Most o th ga shos ar onor noon hi a ut on o th dati srias aar atrtv ok

h ton and orat o th ga shos and srias it th dairhth o th housi h nois o th ga shos shriks andaughtr injts th ho ith th ndd adrnain or gtting uin th orning and doing th hav hors h hartrak onfsion rstraind assion and roan o aiis in th soasrovids th ansthsia to i out th hoos o ong atrnoons

whn hidrn ar naing and thr is ironing or nothing at a


37/84

to b don T monng s gad o ngy and ad wok att sam tm ong womn las toug t antasy o ssbl TV aaanc and wasdys automobl andvacatons n Hawa t atnoon mnds us tat t al advntu and omanc tak lac nsd ou amls And al t waytoug t day tm s dottd by ntcmnts o ood laundy

soas clans tolts and samoos T syntss o advntu lov and scuty nsd t amly s to b ad tougclanng ts wt ang glstnng oods and stayngyoung and lovly wt tockngs maku and amoo

m o t gam sows a val dcad old On l TPc I gt I mmb om my own cldood wn I ntot summ atnoons n t daknd lvng oom wt t ladynxt doo bcaus w ad no TV Qun o a Day wa ou avot gam sow dung tat od o t aly ts omn w

con to b qun o a day bcau o t atbang tos Wn ty w gvn t lttl tm tat ty tmlvsad akd o to lgtn t load ty woond camd andcd ut tat wa always only t bgnnng bcau tn camt tuckload o lag and small gt tat w at o vydayl on t ogam k Ms Amca t womn w alwaysntd longstm o and w dd n a vlvt ob at tnd o t ogam. Qun o a Day" s o t a now It maudln sto o dlgnc and nd obably ad too muc o a Poo

ttl atc Gl qualty o todas antwok tc


38/84

T conmporary gam sows ary in ir format rom acasno o a quz sow to a combnaon bgosoppig mart. mear gard o e wer wo wans adure and escap orsto a mor famlal mod Wl of Foru ad Hig Rollrs wer ery dciso is a gambl ad ry mo can b youras ") brig iwr sopscad aura of a s gas gam-bng abl. Aloug es ar midmorng sows t womwo asss M.C s wi e wel of forue or at ol ablar always drssd formal nigclub gows Hollywood Squars"combins coutrs w traime clebrs ad rbalgags bfor ry qustion makig e sow mor comdy aquz. Tr are mnut bu real facts o be leard o Jact "Musical Cars " and Spl cond " (Jackpot : Ys or no for$20, accordng o MDNGHT magazi color yllow is sup-osd o rl arburn. Sp Scod Wic of s wom-n Mary Tylr Moor Kari Hpbur or Kal a r appard in a sow w ls Prsy ? ) Te Prc sRg sows womn wiig przs by dmostraig tir sop-pr s snse of corrc prc of ms ad icdally prodscommrcial msags for es products rougou sowPassword and Te Nwlywed Gam us misundrsandngsad foolsnss of youg coupls as a basis for setig up compe-on among pairs for prizs. s Mae a Dal " mos pop-ular sow in 7475 season grounds islf in ppl bigwllng o drss kooy ac cofusd ad slly and n reurn for amodicum of lucky gussing be gin przs and wads of moy ouof M.C.s c.

Bu all sows war r scrp combn rains aduc and mos pu luck in drirs sa. On mos sows consan s ulmaly o i corol of er (somims is) ownfae Se is a poweress receier ad sometmes oser of ewondrful world of money ad commodts a e sow ca b-sow. Som programs lk Cocnraton combine brans andluck in complicad ways Concntraion" is a sralsag gamei wic e consans us luc mmory ad capacty toguss a roglyp as ty work for e commods sow be-d numbrs o a numbr board plus ors awatng em bnda curain.

Coupl gams suc as T Nwlywd Gam prsn m-sls as f ir n was o gaug coupls ' kowldge ofeac or bu luck not muual undrsandng or nmacy g-rally nabl couples o guss ac ors aswrs T empa-ss on ging a laug from M.C. ad audnc disors tkids of igs e contesans say at te same ime as i redrsm augable T M.C may ask usbad about s wfWa s e las tig a s dd a pros ss o a libr-ad woman ? T usband workig for a laug rers at s

wf pics up s socks i morng But we e wif s asked

36


39/84

ow hr sb wo swr th qstio sh rss withsfmockry tt sh wit for him with ir ti 8 30 stiht this cs, th co os ot bcs thy o ot ro th kis of this tht r ibrt hmiiti to wom bt bcs thy h com with iffrt is bothow bst to t h

Lts Mk D sts t th r ck of th sctrm Th costm costts mry choos bt th cshth MC offrs thm otriht th s oois bhi cos crti mtims thy hiy i sr hrors for for hot wtr botts Boy is sh i hot wtr hsth MC mtims thy ci o $500 oi room f of

tmbow fritr Bt mor oft, fw bis r i for motor bot ctric r, tomobi Oft, too octh crti os mor mor oos strt ri Wh thic scrms t th cotstt who is choosi btw oy oos Tk it ! Tk it ! " or Crti ! " thy, too h obsis for choic r oy offri th rssiss of mobrctio Thr is o ski to th ssi, bcs thr is oiformtio from hich to choos mtims o is cky sotims o ist

Th st sts scrios of th m shos mhsiz thtimt owrssss of th cotstts Th m shos thtcombi mbi with oi qizzs or othr forms of tski rthss tk c i bort torks of oths,cs stirwys, sts fi cort by

fshiiht systms Th biki ihts i th r of csios,bt thy so cct th rrow imits of th booths i hichth cotstts r cofi Wh th cr s bck for oshot of th tir st th srtio isotio of th

cotstts i ths shows k th ook ik c rbbits th shows tht ro thir scrio i co bhvior orshoi, th sti is ss fshy isoti, bt so oriftiizi Hr, th MC hs th r of his ic Sotis h mos bot th ic or th cotstts oki if thy r om tochi th Cotstt cos sit tothr,or sr cotstts y i sibysi fi th MCKooky costmi, oks, sfmockry bic mbrrsstsi ths shows thir h" qity Bt thy so forc th

chiik stt of th cotsttssofr s th cotstts r om thir rtioshi to thivitb m MC hs cr ymic Th C is thsxy, rich c th wom rosct Loits t is orhr o is sho throh oy oy bys ov Ot s Mk D, " th MC rts two yo om ith $50bi ic *Ho o yo f ? h sks stffi th oy i thirhs Grt, sys o Btty ho o yo f ? " h sks thothr xcit ! " Ah h ! Sy th to irs r th bst of


40/84

frnds augs rrang s daly nsg a mony adswomn by nos n wn consan s w r usband M ods spca prlgs w r. T man mus rass wf o spca aracons of rc unc Wnr andwar s wns MC s kssd and uggd. T womn ump up and down srk and rub up agans m H olds m offbu no bfor as gon s plasur n You know owwomn ar ! Snc womn 's succss clary s no rsulof skl r luck s asy conrd no grafulnss for sgnrosy And wn curan ras mor and mor goods of cours MC bnfs fro womn s ncrasd sxua nusasm. ()

T gam sows prsn a word n wc dos no mara mos ngs ar byond on's conro bcaus s a word ofbounfunss Afr al wn on s bng gn ryng onwans raly muc mor an on wans ! of wa consquncs on s own powr or w o coos ? s a world wr payso b c and cds bcaus r s aways a rc unc oprod o n wr n grd s orawd s a worldwr sfrspc and dgny of an auonomous adul s aclar drrn. s a word wr luck s mosly good uck ngra uck and skl or ngnc ony a small componn ofwnnng

Y on knd of sk (or an knowldg of mnua) s drcly rwardd on gam sows s s skl of coosngcommods and prcng r au Wn sows ncud sop

Phto by Ga Bof38


41/84

ing or ricing womn ar irc rwar for bing smar "an ck on brings h xcs, abo an bon h irc rwr Swak" has wo ars o h show : in h firs ar

h conan gamb r sning mon hrogh wor gamin h con r h sho" wih hir winnings A conanwho ha won a, $1, ma n i a h as among hario ric im ra whn h crain is rawn onOn Th Pric I igh ski as a shor is h r basis forh show A wing machin or acm wr is rsn osra womn a of whom ms r o gs is xac rairic. Th woman whos anwr com co o h ag rai ric win h im

In Th Pric Is igh " h bon a h n of h show ofwaff iron, coor TV ingng ab an aomobi ak hconan winning bon hir conro. Th iniia rwar isi ba irc on corrc ricing B in boh Th Pric Isigh" an Swsak, h ainc ri o scram i assisanc a h womn mak hir choic I i hoing an ricingami mob corcion an n h womn hms aar o infnc ach ohr ciion Thr i rar a bi ha i mcho of h gnra rang an h im ha ar chon ar on so

ami cram roming b h ainc. Iniia choic, anh ra conro, i si on a isan osibiiTh gam how rcra an ranform womn's gnra co

nomc wrn a w a hir ro as consmrs oncom from h ma wor ning owr com from mn B

Pto y Gail Bo9


42/84

t s wons rol to acqur th coodts whthr as ts,przs or purchass To th xtnt that thy ha th wr odcsonan t s th wr o a consur That s, thy can

choos (ad nlunc and corcon) whthr thy shall spndthr crdts on an outdoor barbcu or an autoatc ccraar thy can dcd how uch a stro st or an ar condtonrs worth For th prls o ths wr howr thy ustalways b ratul And as n all our hstory th ost coonway o shown thr ratulnss s throuh a chldl sxualty

n cas th lsson on wons and ns rspct rols s notwll nouh put orward n th structur o th a shows thntractons nsd th shows otn a th pont stll urthr

On day, n Lt s Ma a Dal " two won wr told to choosbtwn a washrdryr and arba dsposal and so unnownts hnd th curtan, whch thy wr told would b or thrhusbands Both won ad t clar that thy wantd th washr-dryr and arba dsposal, ts that would b or thsls "but thn both chos to ta a chanc on what was bhnd th curtanWhn th curtan opnd, a pool tabl and panln or a rcratonroo wr rald what surprsnly snc th ts wror n, th won squald wth plasur Thn thy wr told

that thy would also t th washrdryr and arba dsposalWhy ? Trat your husband rht and t all cos bac " sad thM On Th Nwlywds, a woan copland that hr husandwas a spndthrt and a as an xapl that h ownd throtorcycls and stll wantd to wn anothr on th show Whn thcoupl won two Hondas, th husand sld, but th woan updup and down hystrcally as th Hondas wr xactly what shalways wantd

Thr ar two ssas n ths nds o ntractons On s

hat won lo nw thns Thy ar xctd by acqustons prs th spccs o th ts ar only o scondary portancTh scond s that whatr s ood or th oos s ood or thandr" Whn husbands ar ad happy, won ar rwardd(psycholocally n ral l; wth or acqustons on th show)Thus th coodty that plass th husband s ood or th wand ultatly ood or th unty o th aly Whl at on llthr s a coplntarty btwn ns ony and wonscapacty to acqur, at anothr ll both won and n ar con-

surs Whthr as ts, przs, or purchass, acqurn s auncton that holds th aly tothrBut th aly as t appars on th a show s a aly o

nantlzd adults Husband, w; othr, athr both ar aschldl on th show as thr chldrn ar outsd t Th ralowr th ral athr n th aly, s th uncl who can prodth coodts For t s th coodts that hold th alytothr and or t ts scap

Th ornn o tlson has co to an nd Th sound o th


43/84

elevisi has bee lud, decibels luder tha i the aftern. Theshrieks f the wmen, the urget vice f the M.C, ca ring utver he vacuum cleaer r call the wma in frm her scrubbig

the next rm. O days whe have tried sit hrugh mringtelevis gt a slitting headache. is t meat t be sat wih

The bits are shrt and neat, s hat e can grasp what is gign as ne asses thrugh the rm Bu while the televisi blaresfrm clse u, it fills i the emy saces f the mrig as eges aut e s chres t remids ne that there is rtectias well as escae thrugh a wrld f acquisitis ad ffers suggestis, small ad large fr afer shig.

The daytime serials start ff with Lve f Life " at :3 in the

mrig and cntinue thrugh the aftern util early fiveclck Wme can stay with the game shws mst f the afer-, r they ca switch back and frth bewee game shws andsas, r sed the aftern with a series f sap eras Oe fthe remarable things abut he daytime serials t a ew vieweris their similariy f te ad the lack f real demarcatin betweethem. Unil gt t knw the sries, the afer fel like elg cmlicaed saga f family tragedy ad rmance, punctuaedf curse y frequent and repetiive advertisements.

The sas are ne f the few genres ha have carried ver frmradi, ad there is still ne serial, The Guidig Light, whsesries and characers stem frm the 93s radi shw While thedaytme serials rarely reflect secific curre evets, their c-tet is a gd idicatr f scial changes that are affecing Amer-ica family life the last few years Chris Brs, n The Yugad the Restless, was raed, and brugh (but lst) her case be-fre he curt Cathy C raig, n Oe Life t Live became a drugaddict and was rehailiated at Odyssey Huse. A cuple living utf wedlc and the questin f aortin were part f Somerset sstry. There are female dctrs and lawyers n he new serial,Ryans Hpe As searatin and divrce have increased amngAmerica families, s t they have ecme mre prevalen in hesap peras, and are insigated y wmen f all ages as well asmen

Yet fr all the sas apparen realism in reflecting chages isuch areas as drugs sexuality, and sex rles, they are cnsisent

and mythmaing in their presentain f bth the hme and thewrday wrld The sap peras, whatever their specific stries,celerate tw f he s imrtant and pular f Americanmyhs; w myths ha are als internalized as the dreams f mstAmericans The firs is the idea f America as the land f ppor-tuniy a cuntry where almst everyne is iddle class andcertainly anye wh ries hard can mve int the lap f cmfrt.The secnd is the idea hat he family can e, and is, the slerepsiry f lve, understanding, cmpassin, respec, ad sexu-

aliy. ove lasts frever when it is with he rih pers. f it is

1


44/84

hoo l L o

i ong on, popl may chang i mat. Bu h uctu of family mai inviolat.

T ayim ia potay h ializ liv of amili conomically a y pofional mn lay, oco aci-ct. o pogam conain ih octo o lay on o, an om contain oh A an aly tuy of oap apoint ou pofional may play a iam" funcion, uqually impoan phyician an la a inipnal in

oul ich a caactic of th plot." (2) T aa moicum of lloo uinmn an om aganuc a a lic liutnan on All y Ciln. " Bu afw uly poo o okingcla chaac In Ryan Hop, "t a mn o ok fo h mo ut hi ol h omancof h unol an no h ain of h agan common pligt of Amican mn an omn in al lif (3)

ot omn in t oap opa a houiv owv omn o ok o o out of pofional commitmn, not out of

nciy. Thy a oco an lay in h nw oap, annu mo ofn in t ol on. Whn ty a no pofon-al hy an mony in gntl ay, uch a moling o unninga outiqu (All y Chiln) o ing a i o conc pia-nit (Th Young an th Rtl) o oning a ookhop (A hWol Tun ") But av thi ignat occupaion, hya aly on oing ok. n on uy of 29 fmal oap opahaac t 44 o pic a fulltim hi collaok iff in nith pc , appaanc no

42


45/84

havr frm husewives r lwerlevel emlyed erss Oly emergecy stuatis cetral t the lt were they shw erfrmg actual wrk" (3)

ve whe te female characters are husewives, they are rarelyshw dg aythg mre eertig r tedus tha servg drksThe e scee I saw f a wma dig husewrk i several mthsf vewg was The Gudig ght e Fletcher, a rse,was makig a bed But her s, hs way ff t cam, s came t say gdbye. eggy gt him t hel wth ullg u a cver,but the bedmakig was suseded as the tw talked Husewves,as well as wrkig wme a me, always dr whatever theyre

dig fr a ersal cversatid yet the sas skirt ttal fatasy by rvidig characters whseem t have r ad wrkigclass rts I ve Is a MaySledred Thig " (w f the air), a mther ad father werelish immigrats, but bth their s ad daughter became dctrs. The famus r family amg sa lvers 975 was theFsters f The Yug a the Restless. The lde Fsters lklike classic 930s rtraits f wrkig le Mr. Fster iscarse, ad Mrs Fster always aears wr ad tire i her

lse but eat dresses There was a time i the rehistry f theless tha threeyearld sa whe Mr. Fster eserted hs wife,ad she wet t wrk i a factry t surt their childre. But fthe Fsters tree childre, e s is a ctr, ather a lawyer,a their ly aughter set the srig ad summer f 975 tryigt secure the iheritace t a rich ma t whm she was brieflymarred (literally a few miutes befre he died ). I ther wrd,the ecetial r r wrkig family the daytime serialsrves the merica myth that beig wrkigclass is at mst a

rblem f e geeati. By the the ss (a daughters) willhave becme rfessials, r the aughters will have bee ablet marry it wealth.

t least as mythic as their deicti f the wrk ves f theircharacters, are the sas rtrayals f family lfe It has beeited ut that i The Guidig ight " tragedes ad lve etaglemets are always reseted withi the ctet f ubreakable family ties (4) Deste ew seual freems, the accessibilty f divrce, ad s , the same may be said f the sas igeeral The family f rigi hlds slid whe the childres marriages break Whe truble arises betwee arets, the chldre

gather tgether breaku i a mrriage s ever defitive r

43


46/84

permanent. Sisters and brothers in-law and exmate, are con

tinually involved in each other's live. Tie of kinship and affiniy

are the determining structure.

me he sreh ksh emaae rm he ecese des cy a sa era There ca ly be a lm

ed mber characers, he sa hld eher dramacally er me Characers wh wrk r marry smeesde he rmary ewrk wld eher be ls he sry rwld creae a eer creas add ew characers Whea ew characer des eer he sa, s e as a rmary characer s e rmace ward, r mae Ths he sa era as aere s based he les w r hree amle Ther member erac, cec ad rm ew amle, ad break ad back her amles r Isde he sas here

way be sde a amlyTycal he sas amly clseess ad rmy TheGd h brs wh eal arac ad le beweelaws b als creae barrers aas he lllme hsle ad arac Oe he ma sry le rece yearsha bee he rs rale w brhers, Ed ad Mchael,ad ele Mchael, wh wa secrely le wh esle ryears, had bee marred we bere marry her, whle Ed whwas he rs marry ele ha sce had w aar Fr years

marrae bewee Mchael ad ele remaed msble eherhe r she wld be led wh smee else Ee whe Mchaelwa ally drced rm hs secd we ad was ree marry,he lle eles aher held her marrae r mhs seral me

The Y ad he esles dee s shr hsry alscldes seeral relashs cmlcaed by amly cecsThere has bee a cme bewee he w Brks sser ere ma as well a he leme a hrd ser wh he w

Fser brhers Mre dramac, ll Fser was brely marredrs Brck Chadler, alhh he marrae wa eer cmmaed, ad he hs aher, Phl Chadler

The clees amle ad he ercecs bewee hemmake he heme symblc ce a cmm e meme he dahers le r her aher, whch make her abe ac-ce, ad acally ry dery her aher's marrae AherWrld Oher me he heme draw he where wele wh are relaed hae se wh each her I he smmer

44


47/84

975, n The Yung and the ete, M Bk, wh had ustet he hand wa having an aai with Bue Henden a anshe had ne et with twentyive yea eaie duing a eakin he aiage Meanwhie, he daughte e wa tying t heBue sn Mak Henden with a e itene ausedy the death his wie a a Le) n thei wedding night sixyea eaie neknwn t Mak and e, e wa the uit he the' ne night with Mak athe That i, the tw aehathe and ite

In a wd in whih eveyne i ehw eated the thee inet i a gia neuene the int view theeenwite wking with a iited nue haate inet yi and ea ust see at inevitae But inestis nt eay a e iited nues It is a the eeti-ity that hd the aiy in suended euiiiu It i the wathetween athe and daughte etween the and sn etween ite and the and etween siing thei esetive sueIt i at ne the tenin the aiy and the utin t eve having t eave it

Anthe neuene the itane aiy in the wd the a is that ee annt e invved with eah the unethey ae ehw eated Aetin iendhi, naity wk ae iy inuiient t e the asi a eatinhiWhen an etina nnetin exit etween tw ee, a aiiaeatinhi i ue t w i the haates and the eatinhiae tustwthy Tw exae The Seet St n nge n the ai) eve t ake the int Ay wa aied t KevinKinaid and Kevin e iend D Bian Neeve wa eetyin ve with he Ay and Kevin wee eeting a hid when Kevnhad an aident and eae a aaegi Ony then did Ay di-ve that he wasn't egnant Sine Kevin wa teiy deesedand iving the ith the hid Ay inay went t BianNeeve and nvined hi t give he atiiia inseinatin n-knwn t he hweve, eaue he was in ve with he Bian uedhi wn e Whie Ay' hid wud ay e Kein Bian eatinhi t Ay wud nw e e than iendshi they wud e eated thugh the hid The eatiity aea tie ake a thi auie)

Siiay ee eent, anthe haate n The SeetSt " tk n a yung wad, anna Min The gi e in

4


48/84

loe with a mysterious man obert ndero who had ome totown When Belles own husband was in jai Belle aso had an

affair with obert Most intereting howeer was the fat thatafter many months obert turned out to be Belle husbands ille-gitimate son hus not only were a symboi mother and daughterrelating to the same man but the man turned out to be a symbolison for Belle and a symboli brother for oanna Moreoer sinethe trianguar afair inoed a ne harater brought into the plotthe ymboli inest as early not aued by a imited number ofharaters but rather by the arger goal of erotiizing the family

If sexual interet is the sitie fore that holds haraters inside the famly fear and the ibilitie of detrution are thenegatie ones or outside the faily one annot know or trustanyone just as inide the famiy eeryone is ultimatey knowabeand trustwothy een if there may be serets for a time or ex-ampe in he Edge of Night aurie wanting to lie aone lefthome to go to olege Whie at olege aurie fell in oe witha man who turned out to be a psyhopathi kier After the manmurdered her roommae and tried to kil her dying in the proesaurie finaly moed bak home

he story of auries experiene in her own apartment exposesanother omponent of what make ife outside the family so dangerous Not only as aurie s judgment of human personalityfauty enough to fall in loe with a psyhopathi kier but the anturned out to be the mising youngest son of Senator Whitneythat is a harater known inside the soap and only disguised bya beard It is the setting not the peron that makes for the ssibility or imssibility of trust Inside the famiy a person isknon through her or his familia aspet Peronaity or haraterin the oaps is o pasti that people annot hae a sense of eahother In a sense al haraters ithin a ontext are interhange-able none hae a real indiidual sef utide the famiy with onlythe surfae preentation aailabe no one an be known

he family aserts its importane in a word where no one anleae the famiy or be aone ong enough t deeop a real self andthus hae a personaity that an be known he struture as wellas the moral of the plots is antithetial to oitude A iious ylehas been reated _ whih athough one would hae to eae thefamily in order to beome a sef and thu be knowabe one annotleae it beause no one is knowable on the outside he meage islear Stay within the enlosed word of the famiy It may offeronflit and heartbreak But it an ao offer sexuality oe andproteton Most imrtant it wil neer thrust you out into a wordwhere you are defenseles It wil neer leae you aone

Inside the family romane and affairs whih proide muh ofthe struture of the daytime serias the ontents of the daily showsoney the details of what family life and the relationships betweenwomen and men an be

4


49/84

Ms mra, me he sa eras s very slw. greeg a he dr wll ake as lg as des acualy. lk be-wee w ele s draw u he ed f s rmac re. Thsexas f me has severa fus Frs, eables hevewe mss sequeces fr a day eve a week a a me adsll kee uch wh he sry le. Wh e halfhu hurshw, a he call, a cryg baby, a vs frm he elecrca, cabe ake care f whu desryg he cuy.

Bu he drawg u f me als has mra fucs fr heserals hemseves. I cras me he game shws r he eveg serals, whch s seeded u cllase he du m-mes f everyday fe, me he sa eras s exaded lelse s eal rchess. veryday fe, whch fe ducesbredm ad esessess whe ake s w me, becmesfled wh gacy whe he mme ca be agushed u. Thedrawg u f me whe characers are akg each heralws hem (ad he vewer gras fully he meags ad u

aces f wha s beg sad ad sad lhugh alkg ad ex-ressg eself s dffcu fr sa era characers, hey aegve he me hey eed ry ge all u, as well as he meecessary fr he vewer see wha s dffcul ad ferre uwha s lef usad.

The dayme seals ese a wd where eveye juswme has me dea wh he esa ad emal b-ems f hse wh are dear hem. Whe e characer cas ahe, wheher a hme r a he sh r ffce, here s awaysme ak ge hgs sagh I have eve see a sa erachaace s she r he was busy alk. Sayg smehg keha wd mea ha he chaacer was afrad f he cversa,ad he fea wud have be dea wh a ha level.

The exes ad eededess f me he sas ges sdeby sde wh he came f sace. Ms f he dayme seasake ace smal ws sububa aeas, ad eve hse hae urba damas rese her characers as beg wh csexmy f e aher Drg a fed, relave, r vers aways ssbe jus as s ams aways mssbe eafe.

The exas f me ad cac f sace he sas aws f he wd f ersa cmmuca bm al s

fuess. Isde he sas s a wd where husbads ad wves

47


50/84

sll talk to each ote ate yeas o aae whee bothescae o sstes ad whee chlde coce theselves wth thelves o te paets The a coce o peoples lves whethe they ae woe o e s the elatoshps wththose who ae dea to the

Ths s ot to say that deep hoesty ad opeess s always easyo soap opea chaactes I act a pay colct o the seals s te teso betwee opeess ad sececy Chaactes keepsecets o each othe o oths out o ea o because theybeleve t s soeoe elses best teet But the ed osecet s let ucoveed

The te betwee the oset o a secet ad the tell o t po-vdes the space sde the aly o be sepaate o aloeChaactes becoe sepaate o each othe o a te thouheta the secets but such a state s ethe possble odeable ove the lo u It s ot ust tat te soaps healdhoesy ove ote os o cocato o ocoucatoRathe they peet a wold whch thee s ltately o easoto be aloe It s a atle wold a wold beoe the chld hasleaed that she doest have to blut out eveyt It s a wold whch the dvdal ltately beleves that eveyth ca adshold be sad

Wth the teso o sececy/hoesty ad sepaateess/ethe specc cotet o elatoshps s hhly talzed accodto whethe the chaactes ae copls eds o aly veso exaple talk about the love o each othe o the dcltythey ae hav they talk abot the elatoshp Maed coplesay also dscuss the elatoshps but they do so less oteOce a couple ae stable the hsbad ad we ae uch oelkely to sped the te talk about the happess o toubleso the chlde o aothe couple

Two woe o two e aely wok o the elatoshp wtheac othe (A teet excepto ae two sstes o Love sa May Spledoed Th) They eve talk abot how close theyhave becoe ad tey eve dscss the expectatos o eachote o wok ot tesos Whe two people o the sae sex talkabot the elatoshp at all t s sally dectly ts oa thd peso o who they ae bot ht Woe do thsoe aely tha e Most ote whe woe ae love wththe sae a they ty to avod each othe o ay dscsso o the


51/84

sbct M somtims cofrot c otr, bt it is it clicsc s f ctc yo r gi m go kick yo ot "

O t otr , bot om m commisrt it cotr or lp c otr ot i tims of strss. t my itimt tlks it somo of t sm sx t o mc tycr for lor or ss Ts scs r prticlrly stirrig to m r ig sc tlk. Sc tlks occrr, for xmpl, srl tims o mrst" i t smmr of '5 to m os ivs lft tm tlk t o ty bro o mc ty miss tir om lfillig tiss of most fml irs, t m my iscss o mc

ty lov tir is, or o mc ty miss tm if tyr go.A fmily is r o os i tims of trobl iti t coplrltiosip Bt o os ot spill o s trobls to o sfmily til t copl rltiosip s lost its forc Sr strds of privcy p om m, from rlly tlki bott is oi o iti t rltiosips W tl occrs, it isily strdiz i trms of riki problms ffirs, illitimt cilr or. W itimt iscssios occr bot copl rltiosip it is most oft bt to sistrs, bro

tr sitr or motr gtr. (W Holly o TGii Ligt cil by Rogr il mrri to Ed, it sr brotr o k d o cosol r s s tri to jstto t by Bt it s ot so mc tt tr s xplicittlk bot t problm of t cil, s tt t brotr , is koi s spporti ) formtio it lks from copl, stys i t fmily. f t copl brks p, its mmbrsrtr to tir rpctiv fmilis.

Wil t sops o ot sivr or tr y t t i of i_

cst ty t rd li o y forms of commictio ttmit brk o t primcy of trosxl copl lo tfmily. Rl trst protctio gos o oly i t copl rltiosip or t fmily t is most complt bt copl, gitt tr is tr lov t is sco bst bt brotrs sistrs istrs tmsls or ftrs gtrs (or, lss oft,motrs sos) To t ir t om, t mss ritrtst closi ssiiliy of tritiol fmily morlity T fmily,tr it is o's fmily of mrri, or os fmily of origi

is t oly plc r o ill b drstoo trst r o c try to rst trst.T sops, li t m sos, r bro by frqt

rptd commrcils. Somtims t commrcils sm to disppr i t fc of t fmily rms of t dytim srils.Yt t too v tir o rms of discor lo, romcrvitlizd isi t mrrig fmily ppiss. t mss of t sop oprs is tt t most imrtt tis i torld r t itimt rltiosips of copls t fmily, t

commrcils r it tis vi, bt sit t commoitis ty

49


52/84

dvetse s ecessary r heful matag these tmatetes

he game shws the seras, ad the cmmercals tht terut them, ertcze the famy d everydy lfe at the sae tmes they ftze famy members, tkg away ther caacty tbe seate d t chse F the game shws, the fcus f bthhe etcsm d the fatzt s the M, wth hs wer tbestw gds I a wrld whch ca grat mre (cmmdtes) thae culd ever wat, the esse f chdke sexua exctemet she sgl tht the ctestts wgly gve u ther autmy,slt, d tetal we, fr the rvlege f beg take caref he ss, the ther had, ertcze ad fatze wth thetevet f cmmdtes t y backgrud eve Fmy fetht hlds the ssbtes f sexualty eaves tte reas frtyg t bek ut he wrld reseted by the sas ffers thetmcy, rtect, ad ck f seaateess that mst f usmssed s chldre wth the added um f als strrg u admeetg sexul dese. Whle the sa eas ae cey eledby dults, the charctes d t ave t suffe the slt dleess that s rt f the dut state as we kw t But theys t g the wer ad autmy tha are ts rewardsFally, the cmmercas std mdwy betwee the game shwsd the sers Here the matc dams ae yed ut but theslut t the seul fmll lt s thugh etg he suggests f fd sa f the vce ver " ke the M , theve ve tus the chactes t chdre But the vceve " s less uce th fther fr t s acualy telg themwht t d.

Wht s yed dw bth the game shws ad the serals(d, ceasgy, the cmmercls t) s the beg asectf the wer ht me hd ver wme. As uce, the M cgve gfts a extract hs sexul lesure, but he des t ly dwect behvr r chstse fr crrect acts He des thve the severe wer f a fathe, r eve a husbad. Me thess ls have the cacty t ast rtect, ad gve wthutetg the we t dmate that mst me tetay haveve mst wme. N s e father s a dscara husbad wfebeter Deste dffereces career traectres,wme d me the sa eras are rbaby mre equa tha y ther frm f rt dram r ay area f rea fe.

By layg dw me's dmat ver wme (ad chdre)thrugh ther rles f father ad husbd, the sas d the gameshws make the famly alatable. O daytme TV, a famly s t herhy, strtg wth the father d edg wth the yugestgrl, but tmate gru f ee, cected t ech thereqully thugh tes f ve d ksh The teevs famymy t lw y f ts membes t becme rea adults, but t


53/84

lo o ot lt o mmbr omt otr t w wc w bcom mot wr.

tm tlo crt t rotc fml or tromc t olto to t lf or. t rom tt tml c b rtg f ol o wllg to t tor t wom cof to r o m tlo fll ott mt cs of t log w om lo cl ft towr lo fml rm rom rtt t lf c flfll r s. t t os ot cll tor ttto r los olto t os ot ggt r tt t s rcl r solt tt s t

blt for gg slf.

NOS

1 Ast 1975 iss f GUIE rrd at, au a w haden d fr M. C sin n a shw, aut re )ars" cry wud rey fr a fee MC Obiusy, a fee MC dcey ar e sexua t wer damic een e MC ensts, giving it a s-schisc esbi t Pes e cry wi

"rey fr at in ree ars , r rhs er kind f dac c intuc Ceiny wn ay pay e f seing cmities ar us vise er wn e adveints

R eim, 'e Wrd f e Dai ria, in MA COUCATIONS , Wibur Schramm (Ua, I : University f Iiis, 949, p394.

3 Midr i, Heis f e Dai ri JOUAL OF COMMUNICATIONS 4 (ri 1974 133

4 R Guaia, WOEUL WORLD OF &AP OPER (NewYrk Bati oks, 1974 p 41

I wud ike Irena Ken, whe inits were invabe in ping dep f the idea is par, d ished wi elesfm er re ensie era wching

This aice first pead in FENIS UDS 417 Riveri Drive NewYrk, New Y 1005

OL LOPA TE i a an dfemnt who liv in York She

h topped watchg telen and now wring ct


54/84

Dorothea Lnge, Migrant Moer; Nipomo, Califoia, 1936.


55/84

Donty Photogphy :

T iicl sis

f A F

Sam Wker

ran poorapc mas ar commonly sd as docmns

as rcords of obc raly of parclar ms and placsPc p any llsrad wor on Am rcan sory a xboo orscolarly monorap and on wll fnd many of sam mas Prorss Era llsrad by pooraps of acob s andws Hn ra dprsson llsrad by arm ScryAdmnsraon pooraps of Doroa an Walr Eans andors Snc 9 s wor of s pooraprs as bnrmd docmnary

docmnary radon far from bn an obc rcord

rprsns a spcfc polcal nrpraon of modrn Amrcansory bond p w radon of lbral rform rpads of s mas n sorcal wors as ad an normos m-pac on polcal conscosnss of nraons of sor sdns As a rsl lbral polcal radon as rcd asbl b powrfl aldaon

procss by wc poorapc mas r prodcd anddssmnad and conomc arranmns ndrlyn aprocss xr a powrfl nflnc or yp of mas aar mad aalabl o pblc poorapr conscosly

53


56/84

slcs gi sc of soci o oogr Wrirs iors ublisrs slc cri works issmi m i riculr mr ill isoris l officil sm

of rol w cofirm i cri imgs iroi ocumio of gi im lc i isor csg i rocss mig of img is suli bos iol i roucio issmiio

PHOTOGRPHY THE PROGRESSIVE ER

T oogrs of Jcob Rs Lwis Hi ofr cosirblisig io oliicl mig of ocumr oogr i

mor mric T work of s wo oogrrs is wililbl Rs' 1890 book HOW THE OTHER HL LIVES sb rri iumrbl ims wil sr mric isor xbooks of us Rs Hi imgs o ocumcrs o Progrssi Er I for grios of su-s s imgs roi isul sor for roblms ofimmigrio urbizio ur r cil lbor i mric rou ur of cur L us cosir imliciliicl mssg coi i s imgs

T crr of Jcob Rs s socil rformr illusrs irc cocio bw ocumr oogr librl liicl rform Bor i Dmrk Rs cm o Ui Ss i180 S rs lr bcm lic rrr for wYork TRIBUE i cci gi iim kowlg of coiios o lowr s si of w York Ci Rssoo bcm rformr mi1880's l o cr Tm Hous Commissio i w York I l 880 bg o ogr slums fw of is rl imgs

wr ublis i w York SU T i 890 ublisHOW THE OHER HL LIVES book wo im iolruio ull bcm mric clssic (2)

Rs i o m o rs wllrou iw of li iw York Ci i l 880 Rr offrs glims of or lf b wic m forigbor immigrso lowr s si Imlici i is roc is rcogiioof scific uic for imgs Rs i m for mil urmil clsss lrgl Pros i

borT imgs co wrful imrssio of l wo r

icims of circumsc Rs ws riculrl cocr bou squli m ouss orcrowig bsc of icis of milclss lif coiios of work i sw rs Rs rrs l wo siml ur wioucomli wiou ros T imgs o o co ss of ili of workigclss icgrou culur orwis uiform iwr woul r ss r ws p-


57/84

liticl ctiviy mong t working clss or r ws n orgnic cltr tt migt ssin sc ctivit. Mos milclssviwrs of ts imgs wr n r ninform. T oogrs provi t only informion bo workingclss lif ns sc prsn n xtrml onsi viw.

is sogt to ros t conscinc of os wo l liticlpowr. Poogrpic imgs of plling coniions in slmswr bliv mns to tt n Onc gin t titl of isfmos work tlls s gr l. Politicl cion wol b iitit by tt lf of socity wic coms is inc. Hcll pon bsinss o t rsponsibl lrsip. T or wrsn not s prt of t systm bt rtr s victims of irrsnsibl inivil lnlors n tnic politicins. is ws closlconnc trogot is lif wit fforts of bsinss lis towrst powr rom nigboroo wr politicins n rog rform to cntrli it in tir own ns. His imgs spr isnoion t socil cng mst b initit from bov T orwr ssm to b incpbl of politicl ction; or wors migb ngros if ty i try to cng tir sittion tmslvs

n is sir to rtr mmbrs of working clss s vic

tims is lft crtin tings ot of is oogrs H i nocoos for mpl to ign t sns of injstic b jxposing imgs of t or wi imgs of t wlty. Sc n proc migt ris istrbing tions bo t conomic rrngmnts tt llow som opl to bnfit so grnly wilotrs sffr. n is rspct is lp to sblis on of cntrl motifs of t ocmntry trition t focs of tnionrmins soliy fix on t victims. (Mc t sm criicism cnb lvl t socilscinc rsrc wit its srorion

mpsis on sc tms s t blck fmil n workingclsstotrinism t t xpns of strcrl conitions of Amricn conomy)

is coic of sbjcts rflct is own nrstning of politicl conom of ocmnr potogr. H nrsoo is imgs n is book wr rocts to b consm b milclss wit t mony n lisr tim o rmit sc consmionTis oo rrsnts on f t bsic lmnts of ocmntrrition t potogrp s borgois consmr im. T imgs

r no rss to t mmbrs of t working clss.As consmr roct ocmntr imgs v rinforc ssivit of consmrs tmslvs. A crin lmn ofvorism s bn mjor ingrin in t ocmnr riion iis ' imgs llow t wlloo to look in on livs oft oor witot ving to nr t nplsnnss of oing iin rson. T imgs f n n rinforc milclss srots of immigrnts ir strng rnc forign rssn nblivbl working n living coniions.


58/84

h omntary sty vlo by is as arr orarin th arly yars o th tntith ntry by Ls W Hn.Hin ha an vn mor roon imat on th or o hoto

rahy than is. as o th rimtv thnoloy o th tims,th 189 iton o HOW THE HE HAL LVE ontain onya imas, rro in a ashon that robb thm o mh othir imat. Th ality o iis hotorahi or n at, asnot ariat nti on atr hs ath hn his natvs rrrnt y th tim Hn nist in th rsa aainst hillabor thnooy ma ssibl hihaly rrotion in boosan maazns (3)

Althoh th immirant amils an orrs n Hs hoto-

rahs hav mor strnth an nty than thos rtray bys thy also sm rmot rom artiiatn in any strl onthr on bhal vn thoh this as a tim o nrasn or-inlass militan.

Hins hotorahs onvy th sam olita mssa as has imas His sbjts, rnally orin hirn rrsnt as vitims n this as th athos as nras byHlns layn to th sntimntal ma o th hi bn in no rottion a int o v that animat th ntr habor

rorm movmnt) h ations to th hotorahs lav littto th visal imaination : Lo 48 inhs hih, 8 yars o, s bobbins at nts a ay or, i Gaahr or toyars in brar, rsh btn ars" Anothr ro oHin hotorahs r o rnt immirants arryin orth smhas on thr ornnss

h hotorahs o s an Hin r mor arat as omnts o a ltial movmnt (or movmnts than as omntso soial rality As it vo n th tntth ntry, th so-

al omntary traton bam inxtraby assoat ithlibral rorm risn an allin n martabity aorn to thortns o libralism hs omntary hotorahy s sai tohav orish in th rorssiv Era, nary vanish n th2s xrin a ramat rsrn in th 9s th thN al lost its sns o irtion in th 19s an thn raar aain n th 160S. H EW A

h arm rity Aminstraton hotorahy rojt in th193's larly monstrats th intimat rlationsh btn -

ltial lbralism an omntary hotorahy h .A ro-t is jstly amos in th history o hotorahy. ta mmbrsinl om o th most istinish Amrian hotorahrs,ho ro som o th most mmorabl mas in al o Amr-ian hotorahy. hs mas hav also bn xtnsvy sas omnts o th rat rssion. or sbsnt nratons

6


59/84

f Aerian, Drthea Lange Mgrant Wan an Arhrhein D Str erve a nvenent val rhanreferene the 30 ) Bt in pie f ther wer, theephgraph f he FSA. pre preent a paa view f the e-prein a hey ephaize rral jet

he F.SA. pret, ver the re f extene fr 193t 4, a refete he hangng rren f era refrhgh he eary an t fa age preente etitefarer harerpper, an igran ke" a paive tih apprah wa nient wih he ann f he entarraitin etaihe y Ri an ine, an prte he piti

f ew Deal refr. y he ate 30 a qie iferen ne egant reep int the age ne f nervave naina Thren i partilarly evien n the phtgraph f Arthr Rth-ein an rin t Wltt. Rhten iage are f gipe f healhy happy an prive Wlt ageeanwhle nvey a ene f reverene fr he eay f theAeran anape. he ene f han ffering an f the rapef the a rng n earlier FSA. iage, wa efnteyte 6 hi hf refee a hanging pia The ew

eal tef aanne eti refr y the ate 930' an egant nentrate n freign affar The par rnt, eanwe,a egan tre nainal niy an he trength f Aeranntittn at he epene f raial ia ri.

In nra t he wr f the FSA. phgrapher are the -age ae y a ynger generan f ran phtgrapher whwere nnete t the ht eage n ew Yr Fre in 1928y fi aker an ti phgrapher, i eer gh rer te lfe f the ity an ent ia event nt fn

in he eral pre hey phtgraphe trike entran, an ie nfrnan Mh f heir wrk wa i-ine y ar nn e eage were te preaingphgraphi kil, an thrgh a h hey ran fr any year,agh ver 500 peple Shlarhip were avaae fr hewh nt affr t pay an the eage eer hare -nal arr pae an exhiiin r

he hfing pal nern f he e are refee n thewr f the ht Leage eer in he lae 30 an hrgh

the 0. The eage le n 1951 after fferng fr theaninit hyteria in he Marhy year wa repeaelyaae fr he aege plitia eief f it eer an waevenaly pae n the nri Attrney General' i f -verive rganan (7)

he wr f the Leage ignifian ang her hing e-ae i ar he fr appearane f ak erian a ajrjet in he hiry f entary phgraphy eage ph-grapher t f the ranrn, epaize the variety an

eiteen f ran fe ainly n ew Yr City T a grea ex

57


60/84

ten te vin wa a bade tan te naw pbe-iened appac R and Hne Black appeaed in e pt-gap League ebe py a ne acet e ban cene

e lack dance a e Savy Ball ae a c a pat cy e a e we ciden playng calk gae in e teet

PST WR WAR

In te Wld Wa I yea te dcenay adin pnt a nube dieent cap, epeenting diinc calnt vew

n e ne and, te inceaingy cnevaive tlk eta-

ient eal und it ignicant pgapic expen n te au aily Man exibit awing n i-age any dieen cuntie, te e epaied an ab-tac view ankind Teacaly te ex wa ganzedand e lie cyce bi, cildd, wk, aiage, and deaTee wa n n wateve te litica and ecnc ea-tie ta dngied ne ciety ane Te veal tnewa deintely upbeat te ay an wa a appy aily. Teband and nvealc utlk e exibit undbedly cntib-

td ppuaiy and t e en ae te k ve-in 8A dake view ciey n te 90' appea n te pt-

gap an eegng undegund veen et epeened yte w Re Fank Pubcatn Fank TH AMR-CAS in 959 wa geeed by extee tiiy e cicand pund apaty te public ank eeed ave vi-ae e cann te dcenay adiin. H gty iage te Aecan cene w te epa n te gi en

dd, and alway jyle une daly lie dentiied n ciapbe and peented n victi Beant ewall, te vice te ptgapc eaben acced Fank lacking tecpan" e F.SA ptgape. 9

anying ank eeed e indicting an entie way eHi atiude wa cyncal and detaced ae tan paan andcited Ti ptue aed e tility e etalientcitic t wn a lya llwing ang a ynge geneanH ptgap it appea in iteay agane at al

pulied e Beat pet and Jack Keac we te intdctint TH AMRCAS Fank atentin t te ca ceciay Aeican e and i genle cking icia it ecued lwing ang anieabent gup

By e 960, Rbe Fank ad ee

radical america vol 11 no 1 - 1977 - january february

Documents