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“Quality Access in Japanese Higher Education and Its Challenges”

8-9 December 2008OECD/France International Conference

“Higher Education to 2030:What Futures for Quality Access in the Era of Globalisation?”

Paris, France

Professor Tatsuya SAKAMOTOVice-President for International Collaboration and Education

Keio University, Japan

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Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

• Introduction

• Current Status of Japanese HE

• Three Fundamental Challenges : “Universalization” “Globalization” “Underfunding”

• Future Scenarios for Quality Access in Japanese HE

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Keio University : A ProfileKeio University : A Profile Founded in 1858 by Yukichi FUKUZAWA (1835-1901)

　 Cf. U. of Tokyo (1877) Waseda U. (1882)

Legal status as “university” granted in 1890

Oldest higher education in Japan

6 campuses in Japan, 1 in New York 　

10 faculties and 14 graduate schools

President Yuichiro ANZAI 　 (2001-)

　 28,000 undergrad., 4,000 grad. Students

2,000+ teaching and 2,700 administrative staff

Annual budget of 1.3 billion US dollars

Endowment of 3.5 billion US dollars

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10 Undergraduate Faculties Letters Economics Law Business & Commerce School of Medicine Science & Technology Policy Management Environment & Information Studies Nursing & Medical Care Pharmacy

14 Graduate Schools Letters Economics Law Human Relations Business & Commerce Medicine Science & Technology Business Administration (KBS) Media & Governance Law School Health Management System Design & Management Media Design Pharmaceutical Sciences

Keio’s Educational SystemKeio’s Educational System

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Yukichi FUKUZAWA:Yukichi FUKUZAWA: The The Founder Founder （（ 1835-1835-1901)1901) 　　

Fukuzawa’s Intellectual Background Modern Western learning (turning from Dutch to

English studies) on the basis of traditional Chinese (Confucian) learning

Systematic thinking on the origin and nature of Western Civilization

Fukuzawa’s Experience of Western civilization

Grand Tour over 7 major European Countries for 12 months in 1862

Visited USA twice in 1860 and 1867

A committed internationalist, a minority fighting against the

nationalist majority of the time （ 1835-1901)

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Keio as Private U. and the National UniversityKeio as Private U. and the National University

Keio Universityas

Private Institution

National UniversityAs

“Public” Institution

Founder1858

Yukichi Fukuzawa1886~(Decree for Imperial

University) 1947~(School Education Law)

Institutional Mission

“Independence and Self-Respect”

Fostering Leaders of Liberal and

Democratic Society

Organ for Producing National Leaders and Elites

1886~“Rich Country, Strong Military”

1947~“Democracy and Economic

Development”

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Major Reforms in HE Policy after 1945Major Reforms in HE Policy after 1945

• 1947 Law of School Education• 1956 Regulations for the Foundation of University (RFU)• 1984 “120,000 Foreign Students” Initiative by PM Nakasone• 1991 DEREGULATION OF THE RFU• 2004 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CORPORATIZATION• 2006 New Fundamental Law of Education• 2008 “300,000 Foreign Students” Initiative by PM Fukuda

• Problem = Non-Existence of Strategic Grand Plan for HE and Its Nature, Social Significance and Future Scenarios

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National University Semi-Privatization in 2004National University Semi-Privatization in 2004

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Japanese Higher Education (HE)Japanese Higher Education (HE) 　　 at A at A GlanceGlance

• 86 National, 75 Public, 593 Private Universities (as of April 1, 2008)

• 3 million students (more than 50% of school leavers) are enrolled in the universities

• Over 70 % of school leavers go to post-secondary education

• Increase of HE enrolments as a result of deregulation of HE notwithstanding the declining number of 18 yrs olds.

• Over 70% university students enrolled in private universities

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Governmental under-funding for HEGovernmental under-funding for HE

• 1,060 billion yen for National and 300 billion yen for private universities

(= 50 % for national and 10% for private U. budget)

• 1% cut every year of National U. Budget

• Lowest public financing of HE in OECD countries (0.5% of GDP)

• 50 % private U. suffering from under-enrollment of students

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Negative Impacts of the Recent HE ReformsNegative Impacts of the Recent HE Reforms

• Widening Disparities between:

> “Old Imperial University” and Regional National University > National U. and Private U. > Stronger U. in general and Weaker U. in general

• Declining international status of Japanese HE

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Globalization of HE in JapanGlobalization of HE in Japan

• Increase of foreign students: from 15, 000 (1991) to 120,000 (2005)

• Students from China, Korea and Taiwan occupies over 80%

• Students from US, France and Germany shares only 2.3 %

• Major issues: > Low quality and internationally less than competitive university teaching > Linguistic Barrier > Student housing and Scholarship

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Best and Worst Scenarios for Japanese Best and Worst Scenarios for Japanese HEHE

Best Worst

Int’l StudentsHighly motivated with a strong

reason why they study in Japan Poorly motivated with no

particular reason why they come to Japan

Teaching High QualityGlobal standard

National and Regional characterFocused on professional orientation

Low QualityParochial

Low awareness of national and regional culture

Superficially “universal”Globalization English courses sufficiently offered

Open and global system of administration

Heavily JapaneseWay of teaching and

administration

Int’l StatusRise

More quality students recruited from all over the world

DeclineLow quality int’l students covering student under-

enrollment

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Thank you for your attention

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APPENDIX

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Fukuzawa’s ideals applied worldwide in all fieldsKeio strives to foster highly skilled and internationally competent and sympathetic leaders in all significant fields of human activity, including the political, economic, academic and cultural arenas

Focused and balanced partnerships and alliances

Keio collaborates with top universities worldwide without regional bias, while recognizing Asia, North America and Europe as the key strategic regions

Strategic enhancement of international presence+ Proactive use of overseas offices and satellites

+ Public relations with an international focus

Keio’s Global Initiatives: Three Guiding PrinciplesKeio’s Global Initiatives: Three Guiding Principles

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　　University of Cambridge University of Cambridge

Cambridge, UKCambridge, UK

Japan SocietyJapan SocietyNew York, USANew York, USA

Tsinghua UniversityTsinghua UniversityBeijing, ChinaBeijing, China

Keio Keio Academy of Academy of New YorkNew York

Yonsei UniversityYonsei UniversitySeoul, KoreaSeoul, Korea

Seoul OfficeSeoul Office

Stanford UniversityStanford UniversityCalifornia, USACalifornia, USA

San Francisco StudioSan Francisco StudioCalifornia, USACalifornia, USA

Beijing Beijing

OfficeOffice

＝ 6 Keio DMC Global Studios

London OfficeLondon Office

Keio’s overseas offices and satellites: １２　 Bases

Shanghai Shanghai OfficeOffice

OfficeOffice ＝６ Keio Offices

Singapore Singapore KEIO-NUS KEIO-NUS

CUTE CenterCUTE Center

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Keio’s Global Alliances (1) APRU ( Association of Pacific-Rim Universities )

Consortium of 41 Research Universities in the Region Chairman: President Yuichiro ANZAI of Keio University Annual President Meeting and other Various Activities of International Education and Research

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Keio’s Global Alliances (2) T.I.M.E. network

T.I.M.E. is a network of 51 leading engineering schools, faculties and technical universities

•Austria (1)•Belgium (5)•Brazil (1)•Czech Republic (1)•Denmark (1)•Finland (1)•France (8)•Germany (7)•Greece (2)•Hungary (1)•Italy (4)

•Japan (2) -Keio and Tohoku•Norway (1)•Poland (1)•Portugal (1)•Russian Federation (3)•Spain (5)•Sweden (3)•Switzerland (2)•Turkey (1)•United Kingdom (1)

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Keio’s Global Alliances (3) CEMS network

CEMS is a network of 26 world-class academic institutions and more than 50 corporate partners offering international postgraduate students a unique blend of high quality education and professional experience.

CEMS member countries: (each country can be represented by only one institution)

- Austria - Belgium - Czech Republic - Denmark - Finland - France - Germany - Hungary - Ireland

- Australia - Brazil - Canada - China (Beijing) - China (Hong Kong) - Mexico - Russia - Singapore - U.S.A.

- Italy - Norway - Poland - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - The Netherlands - United Kingdom

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Region May2001

January2005

January2006

January2007

March2008 　

Asia 16 27 30 50 70

Middle East 1 1 2 2 2

Africa 0 0 0 0 1

Oceania 5 4 6 7 7

North America 31 38 45 47 54

Latin America 2 3 3 4 4

Europe 31 58 67 73 79

Other 2 3 3 4 4

Total 88 134 156 187 221221+133 partners since 2001

+3

+22

+7

+9

+2

+1

+20

+31

+6

+1

+1

+1

+2

+11

+46

+7

+1

+1

+1

+27

Keio’s International Collaboration: 221 agreements with all parts of the world

+20

+34

+6

+7

+1

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Keio’s International Collaboration: 934 Students from all over the world

Undergraduate studentsUndergraduate students 314

Graduate studentsGraduate students 419

Japanese Language and other Japanese Language and other short term studentsshort term students

201

Total 934934

International student enrollment by affiliation

Country (Area)

Number of Intl students

Percentage

China 276 29.6 ％

Korea 260 27.8%Taiwan 51 5.5 ％U.S.A. 49 5.2 ％France 38 4.1 ％

Thailand 29 3.1 ％Indonesia 28 3.0 ％Germany 18 1.9 ％

International students by Source Country (As of May 1, 2008)

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Encouraging Keio Students’ Outgoing: Study Abroad Expansion

One-year exchange/ scholarship/self-paying)

Short-Term Study Abroad Program)

Double Degree Program

2006 Total

U.S.A. 62 (116) 　 (178)

France 23 (65) (4) (92)

UK 18 (71) 　 (89)

China 12 (53) 　 (65)

Korea 2 (42) 　 (44)

Germany 14 (26) 　 (40)

Syria 　 (20) 　 (20)

Canada 10 - 　 (10)

Australia 7 - 　 (7)

Sweden 7 - 　 (7)

Indonesia 1 (5) 　 (6)

Spain 0 (6) 　 (6)

Mexico 0 (5) 　 (5)

Netherlands 3 (1) 　 (4)

Norway 4 - 　 (4)

Singapore 4 - 　 (4)

Austria 2 (1) 　 (3)

Chinese Taipei 2 (1) 　 (3)

Hong Kong 3 - 　 (3)

Italy 3 - 　 (3)

New Zealand 2 - 　 (2)

Other 2 - 　 (2)

Turkey 2 - 　 (2)

Argentina 1 - 　 (1)

Belgium 1 - 　 (1)

Denmark 1 - 　 (1)

Egypt 1 - 　 (1)

India 1 - 　 (1)

Ireland 1 - 　 (1)

Switzerland 1 - 　 (1)

Thailand 1 - 　 (1)

Total 191 (412) (4) (607)

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250 million+ US dollar fundraising campaign now in progress

Dramatic increase in scholarships & student housing

“Design the Future” Award for International Students

- 5 full scholarships awarded for non-Japanese MA students every year

600 and more rooms made available for int’l

students

Keio’s Initiatives Celebrating the 150th Anniversary:

increasing international students

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Keio’s Initiatives Celebrating the 150th Anniversary: increasing international students

Enhanced quality and service of Japanese language & cultural studies programs

- Single most highly regarded program run by Japanese university since 1960’s

- Introducing new curricula to meet diversified demands of international students

　 Constant expansion of international programs

offered (5 degree & 4 double-degree) -104 undergraduate and 185 graduate courses now delivered in English