archived as http://www.stealthskater.com/Documents/PX_15.doc [.pdf](also …PX_15.pdf) => doc pdf URL-doc URL-pdf

more of the Philadelphia Experiment is at http://www.stealthskater.com/PX.htm

note: because important websites are frequently "here today but gone tomorrow", the following was archived from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment on November 14, 2016. This is NOT an attempt to divert readers from the aforementioned website. Indeed, the reader should only read this back-up copy if the updated original cannot be found at the original author's site.

Wikidipedia's Account of the PhiladelphiaExperiment and the Montauk Project

3 separate essays are included below:

(A) The Philadelphia Experiment(B) Project Rainbow(C) The Montauk Project

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment

The Philadelphia ExperimentThe Philadelphia Experiment is an alleged military experiment that is said to have been carried out

by the U.S. Navy at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania sometime around October 28, 1943. The U.S. Navy destroyer escort USS Eldridge (DE-173) was claimed to have been rendered invisible (or "cloaked") to enemy devices.

The story is widely understood to be a hoax [1][2][3]. The U.S. Navy maintains that no such experiment was ever conducted; that the details of the story contradict well-established facts about the USS Eldridge; and that the alleged claims do not conform to known physical laws [4].

Synopsis

Note: Several different and sometimes contradictory versions of the alleged experiment have circulated over the years. The following synopsis recounts key story points common to most accounts [2].

The experiment was allegedly based on an aspect of some Unified Field Theory, a term coined by Albert Einstein to describe a class of potential theories. Such theories would aim to describe mathematically and physically the interrelated nature of the forces that comprise electromagnetic radiation and gravity. In other words, uniting the fields of ElectroMagnetism and Gravity into a single field.

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According to some accounts, unspecified "researchers" thought that some version of this field would enable using large electrical generators to bend light around an object via refraction so that the object became completely invisible. The Navy regarded this of military value and, by the same accounts, it sponsored the experiment.

Another unattributed version of the story proposes that researchers were preparing magnetic and gravitational measurements of the seafloor to detect anomalies, supposedly based on Einstein's attempts to understand Gravity. In this version, there were also related secret experiments in Nazi Germany to find Anti-Gravity, allegedly led by SS-Obergruppenführer Hans Kammler.

There are no reliable attributable accounts. But in most accounts of the Experiment, the USS Eldridge was fitted with the required equipment at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Testing allegedly began in the summer of 1943 and it was supposedly successful to a limited extent.

One test allegedly resulted in Eldridge being rendered nearly invisible with some witnesses reporting a "greenish fog" appearing in its place. Crew members supposedly complained of severe nausea afterwards. Also, reportedly, when the ship reappeared, some sailors were embedded in the metal structures of the ship including one sailor who ended up on a deck level below that where he began and had his hand embedded in the steel hull of the ship as well as some sailors who went "completely bananas."[5]

At that point, the Experiment was allegedly altered at the request of the Navy with the new objective being solely to render the USS Eldridge invisible to radar. None of these allegations have been independently substantiated.

The conjecture then alleges that the equipment was not properly re-calibrated. But in spite of this, the Experiment was repeated on October 28, 1943. This time, the Eldridge not only became invisible but she also disappeared from the area in a flash of blue light and teleported to Norfolk, Virginia over 200 miles (320 km) away. It is claimed that Eldridge sat for some time in view of men aboard the ship SS Andrew Furuseth whereupon the Eldridge vanished and then reappeared in Philadelphia at the site that it had originally occupied. It was also said that the warship went approximately 10 minutes back in Time.

Many versions of the tale include descriptions of serious side effects for the crew. Some crew members were said to have been physically fused to bulkheads while others suffered from mental disorders. Some re-materialized inside out. Ad still others supposedly vanished. It is also claimed that the ship's crew may have been subjected to brainwashing in order to maintain the secrecy of the Experiment.

Origins of the story

Morris Jessup and Carlos Miguel Allende

In 1955, Morris K. Jessup -- an astronomer and former graduate-level researcher -- published The Case for the UFO. It was a book about unidentified flying objects that contains some theories about the different means of propulsion that flying-saucer-style UFOs might use.

Jessup speculated that antigravity or the manipulation of electromagnetism might be responsible for the observed flight behavior of UFOs. He lamented (both in the book and during the publicity tour that followed) that space flight research was concentrated in the area of rocketry and that little attention had

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been paid to other theoretical means of flight which he felt might ultimately be more fruitful. Jessup emphasized that a breakthrough revision of Albert Einstein's "Unified Field Theory" would be critical in powering a future generation of spacecraft.

On January 13, 1955, Jessup received a letter from a man who identified himself as one "Carlos Allende." In the letter, Allende informed Jessup of the "Philadelphia Experiment" alluding to 2 poorly sourced contemporary newspaper articles as proof.

Allende directly responded to Jessup's call for research on the "Unified Field Theory" which he referred to as "UFT". According to Allende, Einstein had developed the theory but had suppressed it since Mankind was not ready for it (a confession that the scientist allegedly shared with the mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell). [StealthSkater note: more on the alleged "Unified Theory" is at => doc pdf URL ]

Allende also said that he had witnessed the Eldridge appear and disappear while serving aboard the SS Andrew Furuseth, a nearby merchant ship. Allende named other crew members with whom he served aboard the Andrew Furuseth and claimed to know the fate of some of the crew members of the Eldridge after the Experiment including one whom he witnessed disappearing during a chaotic fight in a bar.

Although Allende claimed to have observed the Experiment while on the Andrew Furuseth, he provided no substantiation of his other claims linking the Experiment with the Unified Field Theory; no evidence of Einstein's alleged theory; and no proof of Einstein's alleged private confession to Russell.

Jessup replied to Allende by a postcard asking for further evidence and corroboration. The reply arrived months later with the correspondent identifying himself as "Carl M. Allen". Allen said that he could not provide the details for which Jessup was asking. But he implied that he might be able to recall some by means of hypnosis. Suspecting that Allende/Allen might be an impostor, Jessup discontinued the correspondence.

Office of Naval Research and the Varo annotation

According to a 2002 book by the writers James Moseley and Karl Pflock, in early 1957 Jessup was contacted by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) in Washington, D.C. and was asked to study the contents of a parcel that it had received [6]. Upon his arrival, Jessup was surprised to learn that a paperback copy of The Case for the UFO had been mailed to the ONR in a manila envelope marked "Happy Easter". The book had been extensively annotated in its margins and an ONR officer asked Jessup if he had any idea as to who had done so.

Moseley and Pflock claim that the lengthy annotations were written with 3 different shades of pink ink and they appeared to detail a correspondence among 3 individuals, only one of which is given a name: "Jemi". The ONR labelled the other two "Mr. A." and "Mr. B". The annotators refer to each other as "Gypsies" and discuss 2 different types of "people" living in Outer Space. Their text contained non-standard use of capitalization and punctuation and detailed a lengthy discussion of the merits of various elements of Jessup's assumptions in the book. Their oblique references to the Philadelphia Experiment suggested prior or superior knowledge. (One example is that "Mr. B." reassures his fellow annotators who have highlighted a certain theory which Jessup advanced.)[6]

Based on the handwriting style and subject matter, Jessup identified "Mr. A." as Allende/Allen. Others have suggested that the three annotations are from the same person using 3 pens [7]. The

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annotated book supposedly sparked sufficient interest for the ONR to fund a small printing of the volume by the Texas-based Varo Manufacturing Company [8]. A 2003 transcription of the annotated "Varo edition" is available online complete with 3-color notes [9].

Later, the ONR contacted Jessup claiming that the return address on Allende's letter to Jessup was an abandoned farmhouse. They also informed Jessup that the Varo Corporation (a research firm) was preparing a print copy of the annotated version of The Case for the UFO complete with both letters he had received. About a hundred copies of the Varo Edition were printed and distributed within the Navy. Jessup was also sent three for his own use.

Jessup attempted to make a living writing on the topic. But his follow-up book did not sell well. His publisher rejected several other manuscripts. In 1958, his wife left him and his friends described him as being depressed and somewhat unstable when he traveled to New York. After returning to Florida, he was involved in a serious car accident and was slow to recover which added to his depression. He was found dead on April 20, 1959, and the death was ruled a suicide.

Misunderstanding of documented Naval experiments

While personnel at the Fourth Naval District have suggested that the questions surrounding the alleged event arise from routine research that was performed during World War II at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, it was previously believed that "the foundation for the apocryphal stories arose from degaussing experiments which have the effect of making a ship undetectable or 'invisible' to magnetic mines."[10]

Another possible genesis of the stories about levitation, teleportation, and effects on human crew might be attributed to experiments with the generating plant of the destroyer USS Timmerman (DD-828) whereby a higher-frequency generator produced corona discharges (although none of the crew reported suffering effects from the experiment).[10]

Repetitions of the story

There have been non-fiction and fictional accounts of the legend:

In 1963, Vincent Gaddis published a book of Forteana titled Invisible Horizons: True Mysteries of the Sea. In it he recounted the story of the experiment from the Varo annotation.

George E. Simpson and Neal R. Burger published a 1978 novel titled Thin Air. In this book set in the present day, a Naval Investigative Service officer investigates several threads linking wartime invisibility experiments to a conspiracy involving matter transmission (teleportation) technology.

In 1979, the linguist Charles Berlitz and his co-author ufologist William L. Moore published The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility which purported to be a factual account. Moore's by-line said that he had written the book "in consultation with" Berlitz. Moore makes a claim in the book that Albert Einstein completed and destroyed a Unified Field Theory before his death. This is not supported by historians and scientists familiar with Einstein's work. Moore bases his theory on Carl Allen's letter to Jessup in which Allen refers to a conversation between Einstein and Bertrand Russell acknowledging that the theory had been solved, but that man was not ready for it.[11]

More recently, Simon R. Green included references to "The Philadelphia Experiment" in his novel The Spy Who Haunted Me while Paul Violette's book Secrets of Anti-Gravity Propulsion recounts some

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mysterious involvement of the experimenter and then U.S. Navy technician Thomas Townsend Brown. (Moore and Berlitz devoted one of the last chapters in The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility to "The Force Fields Of Townsend Brown.")

The mystery of the ship was also briefly mentioned in the horror film Devil's Pass near the climax of the film.

Hollywood interpretation and the Bielek testimony

The story was adapted into a 1984 time-travel film called The Philadelphia Experiment directed by Stewart Raffill which was re-made in 2012 as a straight-to-video film. Though only loosely based on the prior accounts of the "Experiment", it served to dramatize the core elements of the original story.

In 1990, Alfred Bielek [12][13], a self-proclaimed former crew-member of the USS Eldridge and an alleged participant in the "Experiment" [14], supported the version as it was portrayed in the film. He added details of his claims through the Internet, some of which were picked up by mainstream outlets [15].

In 2003, a small team of investigators including the American Marshall Barnes, the Canadian Fred Houpt, and the German Gerold Schelm rejected Bielek's story of his participation in The Philadelphia Experiment. Their consensus was that Bielek was nowhere near the ship at the proposed time of the experiment [15]. [StealthSkater note: see => doc pdf URL ]

Evidence and research

Observers have argued that it is inappropriate to grant much credence to an unusual story promoted by one individual in the absence of more conclusive corroborating evidence. Robert Goerman wrote in Fate magazine in 1980 that "Carlos Allende/"Carl Allen" was Carl Meredith Allen of New Kensington, Pennsylvania who had an established history of psychiatric illness and who may have fabricated the primary history of the experiment as a result of his mental illness. Goerman later realized that Allen was a family friend and "a creative and imaginative loner ... sending bizarre writings and claims."[16]

The historian Mike Dash [2] notes that many authors who publicized the "Philadelphia Experiment" story after that of Jessup appeared to have conducted little or no research of their own. Through the late 1970s, for example, Allende/Allen was often described as mysterious and difficult to locate. But Goerman determined Allende/Allen's identity after only a few telephone calls.

Others speculate that much of the key literature emphasizes dramatic embellishment rather than pertinent research. Berlitz's and Moore's account of the story (The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility) claimed to include supposedly factual information such as transcripts of an interview with a scientist involved in the experiment. But their work has also been criticized for plagiarizing key story elements from the novel Thin Air which was published a year earlier.

Timeline inconsistencies

The USS Eldridge was not commissioned until August 27, 1943. Ind it remained in port in New York City until September 1943. The October experiment allegedly took place while the ship was on its first shakedown cruise in The Bahamas although proponents of the story claim that the ship's logs might have been falsified or else still be classified.

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The Office of Naval Research (ONR) stated in September 1996: "ONR has never conducted investigations on radar invisibility, either in 1943 or at any other time." Pointing out that the ONR was not established until 1946, it denounces the accounts of "The Philadelphia Experiment" as complete "science fiction."

A reunion of Navy veterans who had served aboard the USS Eldridge told a Philadelphia newspaper in April 1999 that their ship had never made port in Philadelphia [17]. Further evidence discounting the Philadelphia Experiment timeline comes from the USS Eldridge’s complete World War II action report including the remarks section of the 1943 deck log available on microfilm [4].

Alternative explanations

Researcher Jacques Vallée [18] describes a procedure on board the USS Engstrom (DE-50) which was docked alongside the Eldridge in 1943. The operation involved the generation of a powerful electromagnetic field on board the ship in order to deperm or degauss it with the goal of rendering the ship undetectable or "invisible" to magnetically fused undersea mines and torpedoes.

This system was invented by Canadian Charles F. Goodeve when he held the rank of commander in the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve. The Royal Navy and other navies used it widely during World War II. British ships of the era often included such degaussing systems built into the upper decks (the conduits are still visible on the deck of HMS Belfast (C35) in London, for example).

Degaussing is still used today. However, it has no effect on visible light or radar. Vallée speculates that accounts of the USS Engstrom's degaussing might have been garbled and confabulated in subsequent retellings and that these accounts may have influenced the story of "The Philadelphia Experiment."

According to Vallée who served on board the USS Engstrom, the Eldridge might have travelled from Philadelphia to Norfolk and back again in a single day at a time when merchant ships could not, by use of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and Chesapeake Bay which at the time was open only to naval vessels.[18] Use of that channel was kept quiet. German submarines had ravaged shipping along the East Coast during Operation Drumbeat and thus military ships unable to protect themselves were secretly moved via canals to avoid the threat. [19]

The same veteran claims to be the man that Allende witnessed "disappearing" at a bar. He claims that when the fight broke out, friendly barmaids whisked him out of the bar before the police arrived because he was under age for drinking. They then covered for him by claiming that he had "disappeared" [19].

In popular culture

In addition to the 1984 film that focuses on the experiment, The Philadelphia Experiment, references to the experiment can be found in many other films including 100 Million BC, the horror/action movie Outpost (both 2008), and Devil's Pass (2013).

Television episodes that reference the experiment include the X-Files episode "Død Kalm", Pawn Stars, Warehouse 13, and Sanctuary. It is the central focus of the miniseries The Triangle and the Doctor Who audio drama The Macros.

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The Experiment has also been the subject of several television shows dealing with the paranormal and with conspiracy theories including The Unexplained, History's Mysteries, Vanishings!, Unsolved Mysteries [20], episode 2.12 of Mysteries at the Monument, and Dark Matters: Twisted But True.

Literary works that reference the experiment include the collaborative science-fiction novella Green Fire by Eileen Gunn, Andy Duncan, Pat Murphy, and Michael Swanwick; Clive Cussler's 2013 novel Mirage; and Jeff Smith's 2013 graphic novel RASL [21].

Games that reference the experiment include "Command & Conquer: Red Alert", "Rewrite", "Assassin's Creed" and "Half-Life 2: Episode Two". The tabletop game "Delta Green" ties it to H. P. Lovecraft's short story From Beyond.

Songs that reference the experiment include "Dr. Aden" by B.o.B.

References

1. Carroll, Robert Todd (2007-12-03). "Philadelphia Experiment". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-02-05.

2. Dash, Mike (2000) [1997]. Borderlands. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-0-87951-724-3. OCLC 41932447.

3. Adams, Cecil (1987-10-23). "Did the U.S. Navy teleport ships in the Philadelphia Experiment?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2007-02-20.

4. "The Philadelphia Experiment". Naval Historical Center of the United States Navy. 2000-11-28. Retrieved 2007-02-20.

5. "Invisibility Cloaks". That's Impossible. Season 1. Episode 1. 7 July 2009. History.

6. Moseley, James W. & Karl T. Pflock (2002), Shockingly Close to the Truth!: Confessions of a Grave-Robbing Ufologist. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-991-3.

7. "Morris K. Jessup: Unwitting Pioneer Of The Legend, philadelphiaexperiment.crossingmymind.com

8. Introduction to the Varo edition of M. K. Jessup's Case for the UFO

9. Jessup, M. K. (2003) [1973]. "Varo Edition" — The Case for the Unidentified Flying Object (pdf). The Cassiopaean Experiment.

10. "Information Sheet: Philadelphia Experiment". Naval Historical Center of the United States Navy. 1996-09-08. Retrieved 2012-09-08.

11. The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility, William L. Moore, in consultation with Charles F. Berlitz, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, New York, 1979, pages 18-19.

12. Death of Al Bielek announced on Coast to Coast AM broadcast by George Noory on 13 October 2011

13. Adachi, Ken (October 14, 2011). "Al Bielek Passed Away in Mexico on Oct. 10, 2011 at Age 84". Educate-Yourself.

14. Bielek interview with Art Bell, Coast to Coast AM Radio, Phoenix, AZ, 1993

15. "Al Bielek Debunked". 2008-01-14.

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16. Brian Dunning (2006-12-24). "The Real Philadelphia Experiment: Did a US Navy warship completely disappear in 1943?". Skeptoid: Critical Analysis of Pop Phenomena. Retrieved 2011-12-12.

17. Lewis, Frank (August 19–26, 1999). "The Where Ship? Project: Though long dismissed by the Navy, the legend of The Philadelphia Experiment shows no signs of disappearing". Philadelphia City Paper. Retrieved 2008-02-05.

18. Vallée, Jacques F. (1994) "Anatomy of a Hoax: The Philadelphia Experiment 50 Years Later" Journal of Scientific Exploration Vol 8 No 1 pg 47-71

19. abstract of "Anatomy of a Hoax: The Philadelphia Experiment 50 Years Later" by Jacques F. Vallée, URL accessed February 21, 2007

20. TV.com: Philadelphia Experiment, Unsolved Mysteries aired 1/1/06, Dark Matters aired 8//31/11, 10/31/11

21. Nolen, Weathington, Eric (March 29, 2011). Modern Masters Volume 25: Jeff Smith. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 71. Archived at Google Books. Retrieved August 19, 2016.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Rainbow

Project RainbowProject Rainbow was the name given by the CIA to a research project aimed at reducing the radar

cross-section of the Lockheed U-2 to reduce the chance that it would be detected and tracked by Soviet radars during its overflights of the USSR.

Early flights

The U-2 was developed by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation for the CIA to perform aerial reconnaissance overflights of the Soviet Union. Project director Richard M. Bissell assured President Dwight Eisenhower that the aircraft's high altitude (70,000 feet) would render it invisible to Soviet radars. However, the earliest flights in July 1956 were in fact tracked.

On 5 July, an A-100 "Kama" radar detected Carmine Vito as he flew over Smolensk en route to Moscow. The operators even calculated his altitude as 20 kilometers (65,000 feet) which was later rejected by experts who did not believe that an aircraft could fly that high. SA-1 missiles were not kept at the air defense sites around Moscow and no intercept was attempted.[1]

In mid-August, Bissell assembled a group of advisors to begin work on solving the tracking problem. Among the group were Edwin H. Land, founder of the Polaroid Corporation and head of Project Three the Technological Capabilities Panel [2], Edward Purcell, a Nobel laureate physicist from Harvard; and Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson, head of Lockheed Advanced Development Projects (ADP) -the "Skunk Works".

The group conducted initial discussions. Then Land went to the MIT Lincoln Laboratory to recruit radar specialists for the work. The leader of the Lincoln Lab team was Franklin Rodgers, associate head of the radar division. Working in isolation from the rest of the lab, his group began trying to find ways to reduce the U-2's radar cross section [3]. As their work progressed, they traveled to California to work with Lockheed and to various military bases to perform radar measurements of U-2s in flight.

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Lockheed developed their own expertise in RCS techniques. A small group headed by L. D. MacDonald included chemist Mel George, physicist Edward Lovick, and other scientists and engineers [4].

Anti-Radar techniques

Main article: Stealth technology § Radar cross-section (RCS) reductions

The radar cross-section (RCS) of an object is a measure of how much electromagnetic (EM) energy is reflected by an object expressed as an area (typically square meters). The RCS of an object is a function of the object's size, shape, and materials. It also varies depending upon the frequency of the EM energy. Because long-distance search/acquisition radars use different frequencies than short range fire control radars, a variety of techniques would have to be used to protect the U-2.

All parts of the aircraft created reflections (the fuselage, tail, wings, engine inlets, and exhaust) . The anti-radar techniques investigated fell into 2 categories: either absorbing the radar energy or creating reflections that interfered with the reflections from the aircraft.

Wallpaper

Purcell's first concept was an absorber material to be placed on the U-2's fuselage. Developed by the Lincoln Lab team and Lockheed, it became known as "Wallpaper". It consisted of a conductive pattern printed on a flexible sheet called grid that was then glued to honeycomb that was then applied to the aircraft. It was intended to be effective against the higher frequency radars [5].

Trapeze

To reduce low-frequency (70 MHz) reflections from the leading and trailing edges of the wings, a wire was placed parallel to and ahead of each wing's leading edge and another parallel to and behind each wing's trailing edge. To anchor the outboard end of each wire, a fiberglass pole was attached to each wingtip to give anchor points ahead and behind the wings. Each wire then ran from the front end of each pole to the slipper tank (which projected in front of the wing) and from the slipper tank to the fuselage. Behind each wing, a wire ran from the back end of the fiberglass pole to the fuselage. The horizontal stabilizer was treated in a similar manner.

To protect the engine inlets, another wire ran diagonally from the nose to the slipper tank on each wing [6]. This scheme was called "Trapeze."

Wires

To reduce low-frequency reflections from the fuselage and vertical stabilizer, wires were strung horizontally from the nose of the aircraft to the tail and horizontally from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer. Ferrite beads were placed on the wires to tune them to the expected frequencies. This technique was called simply "Wires" [7].

Cost of Stealth

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The disadvantage of Wallpaper was that it was a thermal insulator and trapped heat in the fuselage. Initially it was applied to the upper and lower surfaces. But after the heating problem was recognized, it was applied only to the lower half of the fuselage.

Nevertheless, the overheating was to prove fatal. On 2 April 1957 pilot Robert Sieker was conducting a test flight with Wallpaper applied to the U-2 prototype Article 341. The heat buildup caused the engine to stall. Without power to maintain cockpit pressurization, the faceplate on Sieker's helmet popped open and he lost consciousness. Uncontrolled, the U-2 went into a flat spin. Sieker recovered and bailed out but at too low an altitude and he was killed [8].

The effect of the Wires and Trapeze installations was increased drag. This cost the U-2 5,000 feet in altitude and 20% in range. The pilots were not enthusiastic about the reduced performance nor in flying an aircraft that one of them likened to being "wired like a guitar" [9].

Operational flights

On 6 May 1957, Bissell reported to the President about the progress being made, saying that in operational missions "the majority of incidents would go undetected" [10]. In July, the first "dirty bird" arrived at an operational detachment. The first mission of a "Covered Wagon" (as they were also known) took place on July 21, 1957. In all, there were 9 flights of the treated aircraft. By May 1958, it had become apparent that the system was not effective and its use ended [11].

Follow-on

By the Fall of 1957 only months after the first deployment of a dirty bird, it had become obvious to Bissell and the scientific team that the treatments would only have a marginal effect on tracking and that a new aircraft would be needed. By designing in anti-radar features from the beginning, it was hoped that the follow-on aircraft would escape detection.

Conclusions

Bissell and his Air Force assistant Col. Jack Gibbs had been in discussions with aircraft and materials manufacturers as well as various laboratories in an effort to understand what materials and designs might succeed. On December 4, 1957, Bissell conducted a meeting at which the various techniques were summed up:[12]

● Engines and other metal structures inside the aircraft would have to be shielded by reflection.

● Some structural members could not be shielded and would have to be made transparent, by using plastic and eliminating metal components inside.

● For protection against S-band and especially X-band radars, the exterior of the aircraft would have to be shaped to reflect the energy away from the radar unit.

● To reduce reflections, exposed edges would have to be "softened" to have a gradual change in the impedance of the structure.

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Project GUSTO

A large number of people had become aware of Project RAINBOW. To reduce the spread of information about the follow-on, the work was moved into a new project. Called "GUSTO," only those with a need-to-know were cleared into it [13].

The end result of GUSTO would be the Lockheed A-12 Oxcart. This was the CIA's version. The Air Force's version would be the SR-71 Blackbird.

[StealthSkater note: I personally worked with a senior computer analyst who said he had been an operations planner for the USAF U-2 flights over Russia. He was absolutely adamant that there was no lapse in intelligence that caused Gary Powers' U-2 to be shot down. He said they knew the capabilities of all existing Soviet SAMs at the time. There were rumors that the military was having a hard time pressuring Congress to fund a new reconnaissance plane to replace the U-2. Congress was satisfied with the latter's performance to date. Some conjectured that Powers' oxygen supply was deliberately sabotaged by the "powers-that-be" to cause him to temporarily lose consciousness allowing his U-2 to fall to a lower altitude whereby it would within range of the SAMs. Thereafter Congress quickly approved funding for the A-12/SR-71. Lockheed called the effort "Project ArchAngel". But Congress objected to the grandiose name and replaced it with "Project Oxcart".

New hydraulic lubricants and all sorts of materials had to be invented for the SR-71 to withstand its Mach-3+ speeds. The pilot wore a spacesuit. His suit's gloves would smoke if he touched the cockpit during flight. The SR-71 was the fastest plane ever built. But it took a long time for it to turn because of its high cruising altitude and speed. Its immense engines would "suck" the plane through the air rather than "push" it like conventional jet engines.

Later missile technologies enabled Mach-6 SAMs. Coupled with advances in radar that could defeat the SAR-71's primitive stealth, it led to the retirement of the Blackbird (also because the plane was incredibly expensive to maintain and service).]

References

1. Pocock, p. 39.2. Pocock, p. 33.3. Suhler, pp. 14 - 164. Pocock, p. 50.5. Suhler, pp. 22 - 256. Suhler, pp. 25 - 287. Suhler, pp. 28 - 308. Pocock, pp. 50 - 519. Pocock, pp. 50–5210. Pedlow & Welzenbach, p. 129.11. Pedlow & Welzenbach, p. 133.12. Bissell13. Suhler, pg. 60

Works cited

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Bissell, Richard M (10 December 1957), Rainbow Phase II Tentative Conclusions, TS-158825/R, Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency.

Lovick, Edward, Jr. Radar Man: A Personal History of Stealth. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4502-4802-0.

Merlin, Peter W. From Archangel to Senior Crown: Design and Development of the Blackbird (Library of Flight Series). Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 2008. ISBN 978-1-56347-933-5.

Miller, Jay. Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works: The Official History (updated edition). Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1995. ISBN 1-85780-037-0.

Pedlow, Gregory W. and Donald E. Welzenbach. The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and Oxcart Programs, 1954–1974. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 1992. ISBN 0-7881-8326-5.

Pocock, Chris. 50 Years of the U-2, Schiffer Military History, 2005. ISBN 0-7643-2346-6.

Suhler, Paul A. From Rainbow to Gusto: Stealth and the Design of the Lockheed Blackbird, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. ISBN 1-60086-712-X.

Sweetman, Bill. Lockheed Stealth, Zenith Press, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1940-5.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Montauk_Project:_Experiments_in_Time

The Montauk Project: Experiments in TimeThe Montauk Project: Experiments in Time doc pdf URL by Preston B. Nichols and Peter Moon is

the first book in a series detailing supposed time-travel experiments at the Montauk Air Force Base at the eastern tip of Long Island as part of the Montauk Project.

The 1992 book and its follow up books are written in a first person style and are widely believed to be science-fiction. The real photographs of the base and crude drawings of the project electronics in the book contributes to the authentic feel prompting the project to assume a cult status whereby websites declare it is true or false.

Using a time-travel theme, the characters alter history with visits to Jesus Christ, altering the outcome of Civil War and World War II battles, and often doing battle over the Scientology characters.

The Philadelphia Experiment

The book's narrative is centered around the Montauk Project which is believed to be an extension or continuation of the Philadelphia Experiment (also known as Project Rainbow) which supposedly took place in 1943.

Sometime in the 1950s, surviving researchers from the original Project Rainbow began to discuss the project with an eye to continuing the research into technical aspects of manipulating the electromagnetic bottle that had been used to make the USS Eldridge (DE-173) invisible and the reasons and possible military applications of the psychological effects of the magnetic field.

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A report was supposedly prepared and presented to the United States Congress and was soundly rejected as far too dangerous. So a proposal was made directly to the United States Department of Defense promising a powerful new weapon that could drive an enemy insane, inducing the symptoms of schizophrenia at the touch of a button. Without Congressional approval, the project would have to be top-secret and secretly funded.

The Department of Defense approved. Funding supposedly came from a cache of USD $10 billion in Nazi gold recovered from a train found by U.S. soldiers in a train tunnel in France. The train was blown up and all the soldiers involved were killed. When those funds ran out, additional funding was secured from ITT and Krupp AG in Germany.

The Experiment comes to Long Island

Work was begun at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York under the name Phoenix Project. But it was soon realized that the project required a large radar dish and installing one at Brookhaven would compromise the security of the project.

Luckily, the U.S. Air Force had a decommissioned base at Montauk, New York not far from Brookhaven which had a complete Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar installation. The site was large and remote (Montauk was not yet a tourist attraction) and (sea)water access would allow equipment to be moved in and out undetected.

Equipment was moved to Camp Hero at the Montauk base in the late 1960s and installed in an underground bunker beneath the base. According to conspiracy theorists, to mask the nature of the project the site was closed in 1969 and donated as a wildlife refuge/park with the provision that everything underground would remain the property of the Air Force (although in reality, the base remained in operation until the 1980s).

Key parts of the original book

Experiments began in earnest in the early 1970s and during this time one, some, or all of the following are claimed to have occurred at the site:

● The Facility was expanded to as many as 12 levels and several hundred workers without anyone in the town noticing the tons of building materials or hundreds of workers required. Some reports have the Facility extending under the town of Montauk itself.

● Homeless people were abducted and subjected to huge amounts of electromagnetic radiation. Few survived.

● People had their psychic abilities enhanced to the point where they could materialize objects out of thin air. Stewart Swerdlow claims to have been involved in the Montauk Project. As a result, he says, his "psionic" faculties were boosted but at the cost of emotional instability, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other issues.

● Experiments were conducted in teleportation.

● A "porthole in time" was created which allowed researchers to travel anywhere in Time or Space. This was developed into a stable "Time Tunnel". [StealthSkater note: Actually this occurs in the scientifically-proved remote-viewing phenomenon doc pdf URL . Gifted RVers

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can supposedly "spy" on any event that ever occurred anywhere in the Universe. The problem frequently occurs when multiple RVers report different things while viewing the same "target". Which leads some to speculate they are viewing possible histories in a Quantum Multiverse. A UK inventor/RVer even suggested his "Star Chamber" would allow for view-ers to interact with view-ees in real time. Could the Montauk Project have been something like this? => doc pdf URL If this could work, who needs spaceships?]

● Contact was made with alien extraterrestrials through the Time Tunnel and technology was exchanged with them which enhanced the Project. This allowed broader access to "hyperspace".

● An alien monster traveled through the time tunnel, destroyed equipment, and devoured researchers. The tunnel was shut down and the creature destroyed. [StealthSkater note: I don't recall researchers being devoured in the book. But maybe I need to reread it again. I think the principals (mainly Nichols) disabled the most important equipment themselves to get rid of what they thought was a "creature".]

● Mind-control experiments were conducted and runaway boys were abducted and brought out to the base where they underwent excruciating periods of both physical and mental torture in order to break their minds. Then their minds were re-programmed. Many were supposedly killed during the process and buried on the site. [StealthSkater note: I tend to put some truth into this. The SAGE radar transmitter might have been tested to either disorient/confuse targeted people or to transmit coded signals to "moles" to perform some preprogrammed activity. doc pdf URL ]

● On or about August 12, 1983, the time travel project at Camp Hero interlocked in hyperspace with the original Rainbow Project back in 1943. The USS Eldridge was drawn into hyperspace and trapped there. [StealthSkater note: The excellent 1984 movie "The Philadelphia Experiment" was based on this except the 1943 Eldridge was interlocked with a modern-day application of the Rainbow Project to defeat incoming ICBMs.]

2 men -- Al Bielek and Duncan Cameron -- both claim to have leaped from the deck of the Eldridge while it was in hyperspace and ended up after a period of severe disorientation at Camp Hero in the year 1983. Here they claim to have met John von Neumann, a famous physicist and mathematician even though he was known to have died in 1957. Von Neumann had supposedly worked on the original Philadelphia Experiment. But the U.S. Navy denies this. [StealthSkater note: the book says the Von Neumann's consciousness and intellect had been somehow transferred to another physical body to let him continue to contribute to Science.]

● Staff from the Camp Hero site traveled to the USS Eldridge and shut down the generators causing the ship to return to Philadelphia naval yard in 1943 and causing the time tunnel to collapse.

● Metahumans and experiments in special serums to create such individuals were tested there.

● After the experiments were completed or the destruction of the Facility (depending on which story you read), the Facility was closed for good; all the staff were brainwashed, shot, or sworn to absolute secrecy; and all records destroyed. According to some stories, research continues at the site to this day with enhanced security. [StealthSkater note: see doc pdf URL ]

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Experiments discussed in the other books of the series[StealthSkater note: The original book was a great reading. It opened up your mind to new

possibilities. But the story mushroomed into lots of really hard-to-believe tales in future books as new authors came out of the woodwork.]

● Filmmakers were brought to the Facility to begin work on a project that would culminate with the Moon landing hoax.

● The military personnel in charge were in fact cultists who built a 50-foot (15-m) ziggurat or step pyramid out of titanium for some esoteric reason.

● Early work on inventing the Internet and its implementation were undertaken there.

● Nazi scientists from Operation Paperclip were involved in some of the experiments there.

● Experimental "flying saucer" aircraft prototypes were created there and shipped to other secret bases for testing.

● Bioengineering projects undertaken there eventually created the Jersey Devil.

● Black helicopters were manufactured and flown there.

● Nikola Tesla, whose death was faked in a conspiracy, was the chief director of operations at the base.

● Mass psychological experiments such as the use of enormous subliminal messages projects and the creation of a "Men in Black" corps to confuse and frighten the public were invented there.

● A hole to the Earth's core is hidden in one of the base's hangars.

● The AIDS virus was created there.

The Montauk Gang cult

The authors have never officially declared their books to be fiction and have encouraged speculation that it is true on their publisher's website. They publish a newsletter (The Pulse) which continues to extend the myth and promises new books. Believers in the project regularly visit Camp Hero.

A March 2006 article in the East Hampton Star noted that a rock with ornate carvings found just below the base had been pushed over a cliff by a neighbor rather than time-traveling.

The site

The massive AN/FPS-35 radar (more than 100 yards [91-m] wide weighing 70 to 90 tons) sitting atop a 80-foot (24 m) high blast-resistant concrete bunker was built in the 1960s as part of a coastal defense for New York City during an era when airplane bombers were considered a primary threat. The early computers of this era were massive in size and housed in the bunker.

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Both the radar and the computers quickly became obsolete. Although the radars were dismantled elsewhere, the Montauk radar was subject to an intense petition drive by boaters on the crowded Long Island Sound who thought it was a more obvious landmark than the nearby Montauk Lighthouse.

The site was also full of massive gun emplacements from World War I and World War II built in blast-resistant concrete bunkers. There is also a modern ghost town of support buildings. All of this was intentionally disguised to hide it from the air.

The site was opened to the public on September 18, 2002 as Camp Hero State Park. The radar tower has been placed on the State and National Register of Historic Places. There are plans for a museum and interpretive center focusing on World War II and Cold War era history.

Despite rumors, no traces of secret underground facilities have been found.

[StealthSkater note: I used to subscribe to Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine. Before I ever heard of Montauk or Camp Hero, I recall reading where the Military was going to decommission and shut down the large SAGE radar station at the tip of Long Island. Early-warning satellites had made it obsolete. But then I read that plans were to keep the radar operational for a little longer. I didn't think anything of it. Maybe they needed to check the satellites' data by corroborating with the radar (running in parallel, so-to-speak).

Years later I came across the first Montauk Project book. Then I did some independent research. The best I could dig up was "another group" took over the decommissioned base. This group was not "mainstream" military either. Reports of strange happenings out there surfaced including teenagers suffering various trauma. Senator Barry Goldwater tried to find out what the group was but he never succeeded. This smells like a CIA-type black project.

Mind-control experiments like the infamous MK-ULTRA are well-documented. I wonder if this Facility could have been used to induce disorientation etc. rather than actual real or psychic time-travel. Some have suggested that Alaska's H.A.A.R.P. project was the successor to the Camp Hero Montauk Project after it was closed for good.

All of this (and more!) are archived at => doc pdf URL ]

if on the Internet, press <BACK> on your browser to return to the previous page (or go to www.stealthskater.com)

else if accessing these files from the CD in a MS-Word session, simply <CLOSE> this file's window-session; the previous window-session should still remain 'active'

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