Put the sun at the center of the universe instead of the Earth.

3 Major Events Pushed Europe to Think Globally.

The Renaissance

The Protestant Reformation

The Scientific Revolution

The Renaissance(1300-1500)

“Rebirth” of European interests in learning and culture at the end of the Middle Ages.

Increased interest in…LearningCreative ThinkingNew TechnologyImportance of TradeSpirit of Curiosity and Adventure

Trade is KeyResumption of trade at the end of the Middle

Ages meant a resumption of cultural diffusion.

The flow of ideas and goods in return fueled Europeans’ curiosity about the world they lived in.

Spirit of curiosity and adventure would push European explorers to test the limits of the unknown world.

The Protestant Reformation(1517)

CausesRenaissance ideas caused people to question the

world around them, including the Catholic Church.Church Abuses

Leaders fighting for political power.Popes leading lavish life styles.Sale of Indulgences

Church told people they could purchase salvation.

You could even buy salvation for your dead relatives.

These sales financed the Popes’ lavish life styles and building projects.

Martin LutherGerman monk and professor of theology.Upset by church corruption and worldliness.Final straw

Priest in Luther’s hometown (Wittenberg, Germany) offered indulgences to anyone who gave money to help rebuild St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome.

Luther felt this basically meant that poor peasants couldn’t enter heaven, according to the Catholic Church at least.

Luther’s 95 Theses (1517)Wrote 95 Theses (arguments) against

indulgences.For example he felt there was no biblical

basis/support for indulgences, also said the Pope had no authority to decide the fate of souls.

Posted his 95 Theses on the church door for all to read.

ConflictThanks to Guttenberg’s printing press,

Luther’s 95 Theses spread quickly across Europe.

A debate over the Catholic Church’s authority arose.

The Church demanded that Luther recant his views.

This causes Luther to press even harder, eventually causing the Church to label him an outlaw.

ProtestantsName given to those following Luther’s

example and “Protesting” against the Pope’s authority.

Stressed that people needed to be able to read the bible for themselves and interpret it themselves.

Used the printing press to get the bible into the hands of as many people as possible.Luther had begun translating it from Latin into

German.

The Counter ReformationAlso called the Catholic Reformation.Attempt by the Catholic Church to end

corruption and worldliness of church leaders.Hoped to curb the Protestant movement.

The Reformation’s EffectsQuestions over long standing Catholic

Church doctrines led to more questions about truth and the world around us.

Divisions and fighting during the Reformation led to a lot of persecution. Many people began seeking new places to live where they could freely exercise their faith.

The Scientific RevolutionThe Renaissance and Reformation led to

shifts in the way people viewed the world around them.

This included scientific theory and investigation.

People now wanted to prove things true, rather than assuming or taking someone else’s word for it.

The Heliocentric TheoryProposed by Copernicus.Proposed that the sun, and not the earth, was

the center of the universe.Previously, Ptolemy’s theory that the earth

was the center, had been the accepted theory. (Hellenistic/Alexandria Ptolemy)

Many felt that if Ptolemy’s theory was wrong, then all current human knowledge could be questioned.And it would be.

GalileoItalian scientistBuilt, and used, a telescope to observe the

movement of the celestial bodies.Discoveries caused Galileo to be labeled a

heretic by the church and threatened with death unless he retracted his theories.

Contradicted church teaching that the heavens were fixed in position to earth (unmoving).

The Scientific MethodStep-by-step process used to test new

theories to prove or disprove them.Used to test both old and new ideas to see if

they held true.

Medical AdvancesRenaissance spirit pushed physicians to look

for explanations for sicknesses, how the body works, and to develop new methods of treatment.Studied human anatomy, performing autopsies.Developed new surgical techniques.Used artificial limbs for the first time.Developed new medical instruments.Described how the circulatory system works.Improved the microscope, and then used it to

view cells and microorganisms.

Isaac Newton and GravityNewton theorized that a force, which he

called gravity, was the explanation for how planets were held in orbit around the sun.

He had observed a falling apple and posed that the same force that pulled the apple, must pull the planets.

Proposed that nature was governed by uniform and measureable laws.

Effects of the Scientific RevolutionPeople began to seek natural explanations for

nature and other things around them.Scientists and explorers disproved many

beliefs that had been supported by traditions.Caused people to push the boundaries of

accepted knowledge and truths.

Map maker.

To travel around the world.

Disease caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet.

Reasons for ExplorationHigh demand for trade goods in Renaissance

Europe.Muslim and Italian merchants controlled trade

between Asia and Europe, resulting in high costs.

Goods had to change hands many times on the overland trade routes, increasing the cost of goods.

The Renaissance brought a Spirit of adventure and curiosity to many.

Spices

Most valued trade item to Europeans.Used to preserve food, flavor meat, make

medicines and perfumes.Main source of spices = the Moluccas (a.k.a,

the Spice Islands).Europeans knew if they could find a direct

route to India and the Spice Islands, they could make enormous profits when they returned to Europe.(cut out the middle men)

Prince Henry the NavigatorEncouraged exploration for Portugal.Pushed Portuguese explorers to explore Africa.

Believed an easier route to Asia could be found by sailing around Africa.

Assembled a group of scientists, cartographers, and other experts to prepare for and accomplish this goal.

Though Prince Henry never explored himself, his efforts led to the success of the Portuguese explorers.

New Navigation Tools Aid Exploration.

More accurate maps. New Caravel ships.

Lighter and faster, able to hug the coastline, could travel farther.

Magnetic compass.

Bartholomeu Dias1488

Rounded the southern tip of Africa and then returned to Portugal.

Named the southern tip of Africa the “Cape of Good Hope” due to potentially having found a new route to Asia.

Vasco Da Gama1497

Sailed around the “Cape of Good Hope, continued on to Calicut, India.Loaded up with spices.Despite loosing ½ their ships and many men to

hunger, thirst, and scurvy, Da Gama returned to Portugal and sold his cargo for an enormous profit.

Da Gama returned to Calicut, forced its leader into a trade treaty, and left Portuguese merchants there. These merchants would buy spices when the price was

low and store them in warehouses for returning Portuguese trade ships.

Portugal’s success encouraged others to seek new routes to Asia.

Christopher Columbus1492

Italian explorerBelieved that by sailing west across the

Atlantic ocean, he could reach the East Indies (Spice Islands) in a few weeks.

Finally found a sponsor for his expedition. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.They hoped that Columbus would help bring

new wealth to Spain.

Set sail in August, reached the Caribbean in October.Believing he reached the East Indies, he named the

natives Indians.Columbus continued to believe he had reached the

Indies for the rest of his life (despite multiple return trips).

Other Europeans soon realized that Columbus had discovered a new land. This began interactions between the “Old World” and

the “New World”.

Europe Stakes Claims

Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their claims to their newly discovered territories.

Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain), appealed to the Pope to support their claims to the “New World”.

The “Line of Demarcation”

Set by the Pope.Longitudinal line dividing the newly

discovered lands into two zones.Spain had the rights to the lands west of the

line, Portugal to the east of it.Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – Spain and

Portugal agreed to the Pope’s “Line of Demarcation”.

Other European nations realized they needed to build their own empires NOW!!!

Amerigo Vespucci1507

Italian sea captain.Wrote a description of his journey to Brazil.German cartographer used this description to

make a new map. Labeled the “New World” America, after the

man who’s descriptions helped with his map.

Ferdinand Magellan1519

Sailed southwest from Spain, seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean. (Another Spaniard named Balboa had hacked his way through the jungle of Panama and discovered the great ocean)

Discovered the Strait of Magellan at the tip of South America and sailed into the Pacific.

Pressed on to the East Indies (spent 4 months on the Pacific).

Magellan was killed by natives on the Philippine islands.

1522 – Three years after leaving, 18 survivors on the last remaining ship (out of 5) returned to Spain.

Though he died, Magellan receives credit for being the first to circumnavigate the globe.

Having full independent powers. (make laws, build armies, wage war, negotiate treaties, govern territory).

PortugalWanted to build a trading empire to bypass

Muslim and Venetian middlemen.After the success of Dias and Da Gama,

Portuguese began building small forts along the African coast to supply and repair their ships travelling to India and the East Indies.

These forts were not colonies, they only contained enough men and firepower to defend the fort.

These forts also acted as trade posts for African gold, ivory, hides, and slaves.

(This marked the beginning of the Africa -> Europe slave trade)

Portuguese Foothold in AsiaIndia

Southern India was not controlled by the Mughal Empire.

Portuguese were able to win over the southern princes, promising to support them against other Europeans.

Began to attack and defeat Muslim controlled coastal cities on the east side of Africa and around the ring of the Arabian sea.

With their new trading empire, Portugal controlled the Spice trade for most of the 1500’s.

Despite their head start on exploration and sea trade, the Portuguese lacked the resources to maintain control of the Spice trade.

The Dutch (Netherlands), English, and French would soon take their place.

The Dutch1581 – Netherlands gained independence

from the Holy Roman Empire after becoming Protestant during the Reformation.

Quickly began pursuing its own overseas trade interests.

Successful trips to Asia brought back valuable spices directly to the Netherlands.

Dutch warships and trade vessels soon made the Dutch a powerful leader in European trade.

The Dutch East India Company (1602)

Formed by a group of wealthy Dutch merchants.

Chartered Company.Granted full sovereign powers by the

government.Could build armies, wage war, negotiate

treaties, and govern foreign territory.Allowed the Dutch to seize power throughout

Asia, using their military to enforce their monopoly over the Spice Islands.

Cape TownEst. 1652

Located in modern day South Africa, on the tip of Africa.

First permanent European settlement in Africa.

Established by the Dutch as a resupply stop for ships heading to the East Indies.

Provided fresh fruits and vegetables to ships, helping to prevent scurvy among the crews.

The Boers

Dutch farmers.Settled in Cape Town.Killed or enslaved many of the native Africans

around Cape Town.This would set up a system of racist control

which would not end until the early 1990’s.

“Apartness”, South African policies of racial segregation.

Separation of races.

Trade and/or financial restrictions or penalties applied by one or more countries on another country.

“Conquerors”. Spanish soldier/explorers.

The Spanish Inhabit America

1492- Columbus, sailing for Spain, discovered the Caribbean islands, sparking a wave of explorers to the Americas.

Columbus’ first encounters with natives set a pattern for future expeditions by the Conquistadors.Took native prisoners back as a present for the

Spanish King.Claimed the natives’ land for Spain.

ConquistadorsSpanish soldier/explorers.Followed after Columbus.Settled first on Caribbean islands.

(Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico)Began seizing Native American gold and

forcing natives to work mines for more gold and silver.

Forced Natives to convert to Christianity.Guns, Germs, and Steel allowed the

Conquistadors to dominate the Natives.

Hernan Cortés

Spanish landowner turned Conquistador from Cuba.

1519 - Led an army of 600 men, 16 horses, and a few canons into Mexico.

Determined to conquer the Aztecs.Enlisted the help of a young Indian woman

who spoke Mayan, Aztec, and Spanish. (Malinche)

MalincheThis young native woman worked as Cortés's

interpreter.Told him that the Aztecs had many enemies

among the other natives.Aztecs had sacrificed thousands of captives

from conquered peoples to their gods. (Possibly 20,000 a year)

Cortes, aided by Malinche, set up alliances with the Aztec’s enemies.

MoctezumaAztec EmperorFeared Cortes was a pale skinned Aztec god

who had vowed to return long ago from the east.

Sent Cortes gifts, along with warnings for him not to continue on to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.

However, Cortes had already seen samples of Aztec gold. There was not stopping now.

The Aztecs FallCortes fought and negotiated his way to

Tenochtitlan.Upon his arrival, Moctezuma welcomed Cortes

into the capital.Conflict soon led to violence.The Spanish worked to convert the Aztecs to

Christianity.Aztec gold led the Spaniards to imprison

Moctezuma so they could control the Aztecs and their gold.(Moctezuma is forced to sign over his lands)

More Spanish arrived and challenged Cortés's claims.

Soon everyone was fighting (Spanish vs. Spanish, Spanish vs. Aztecs)

This fighting resulted in ½ the Spanish and also Moctezuma being killed.

1521 – Cortes regrouped, returned with native allies, and destroyed Tenochtitlan. Modern day Mexico City is built on these ruins.

SmallpoxThis hidden weapon had spread ahead of Cortes,

dramatically reducing the Aztec population.

Pizarro and the Inca (1532)Francisco Pizarro

Inspired by Cortés's success.Invaded the Incan empire in Peru.Attempted to force Incans to convert to

Christianity.When their leader, Atahualpa, refused to

convert and serve, he was captured and thousands of Incans were slaughtered.

A ransom was demanded for Atahualpa, which was paid, but he was killed anyways.

The Incan Empire FallsPizarro continued on, conquering all of the

Incan empire and adding much of South America to the Spanish empire.

As with Cortes and the Aztecs, Pizarro’s guns, germs, and steel allowed him to conquer the mighty Incan empire.

Pizarro was later killed by rival Conquistadors.

Legacy of the ConquistadorsNative American populations are decimated

by European diseases, especially smallpox.Spaniards forced natives to work in silver

mines in Mexico and Peru, adding great wealth to the Spanish empire.

The conquest of the Americas now connected a global trade network which would dramatically increase cultural diffusion.

Overarching Question???What were the Conquistador’s two main

goals for their conquests in the Americas?Add the wealth of the New World (gold and

silver) to their empire.Convert natives to Christianity.

The Encomienda SystemSpanish monarchs granted the Conquistadors

“encomiendas”.The right to demand labor and tribute

payments from Native Americans.Natives were forced to work in brutal

conditions.Those who resisted were killed.Working in horrible conditions, Native

Americans died to bring gold and silver into Spain’s treasury.

The Spanish MainBehind the Conquistadors came Spanish

Priests and settlers to “civilize” the newly added parts of their empire.

Natives who resisted were met with force.Spain now claimed the land from California

to South America.The area ringing the Caribbean sea was

referred to as the Spanish Main.

Society and Government in the Spanish Main.

Spain divided their colonial holdings in America into four provinces, each ruled by a representative of the King called a Viceroy.

The “Council of the Indies” was established to make laws for the Spanish colonies in America.

A Multi-Leveled SocietyColonial hierarchy

Upper ClassPeninsulares (Referring to the Iberian Peninsula)

– Colonists born in Spain. Held most government and church positions.

Creoles – Spanish descendants born in America.Lower Class

Mestizos – Mixed Spanish and Native American.Mulattoes – Mixed Spanish and African.

Lowest ClassAfrican slavesNative Americans

Religious MotivationsSpain had made it an important goal to convert

natives to Christianity.King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain had

pushed the Muslims out of Spain and also forced Jewish people to convert to Catholicism or suffer torture and death in the Spanish Inquisition.

Because of this, Ferdinand and Isabella saw themselves as the keepers of the Catholic Church.

Using the Mission system, the Spanish worked to convert the American continents.

Missions were built all across the Spanish lands in America.

Franciscan Monks, Jesuit Priests, and other missionaries worked hard to baptize natives and expose them to European culture.Spanish Language (which still dominates these

regions today).European clothing.Natives were taught European crafts and

skills.

MestizosNative AmericansPeninsularesCreolesAfricanMulattoes

Period in European history when an increase in available money led to high prices (Inflation).

Economic system in which businesses are privately owned.

People who take a financial risk in order to make a profit.

Economic theory which states that in order to build its wealth, a nation must export more than it imports.

Territory settled and ruled by a foreign country.

A pirate who operates with the consent of a government.

The New World Brings WealthSilver and gold (mostly silver) made its way

either to Spain or the Spanish Philippines in large quantities.

This influx of precious metals led to high inflation in Europe.

This period is known as the “Price Revolution”.

The Rise of CapitalismAs wealth poured into Europe from the

Americas, a new business class arose in Europe.

Individuals began accumulating wealth.Entrepreneurs sought to put their money to

work for them by starting businesses and investing in overseas ventures.

These Entrepreneurs hired workers, bought raw materials, and paid for transportation and other production costs.

European monarchs also sought to increase their wealth.Competed for colonies overseas.Monarchs who believed in the new

mercantilists philosophy, sought to exploit their colonies to benefit the parent country.

Claiming North America

“I should like to see Adam’s will, wherein he divided Earth between Spain and Portugal”King Francis I of France

France and England envied Spain and Portugal’s success, pushing them to seek their own colonies and riches in the New World.

New FranceJacques Cartier

1534 – Explored the eastern coast of Canada looking for gold and a Northwest passage to Asian spices.

Discovered the St. Lawrence River.Travelled deep into Canada, claiming most of

its eastern regions for France.As with the Spanish, missionaries followed

seeking to convert the natives of Canada.

Fur is KingSettlers in New France found the climate to

be poor for farming.Many turned to fur trapping instead.Though the gold and spices had been their

original goal, fur soon proved to be almost equally valuable.

During the 1600’s European demand for fur and felt soared due to a mini ice age.

Beaver, Otter, Deer, Buffalo, Muskrat, Mink, etc.

Courier Du Bois“Runners of the woods”French trappers/fur traders who lived in the

North American wilderness among the natives.

Brought large quantities of fur to the French.

The EnglishAlso began looking for a Northwest passage

to Asia through America.After many attempts failed, England began to

focus on establishing colonies in the eastern part of North America.

13 English colonies are established.

Jamestown Virginia - 16071st Chartered English Colony.Meant to bring wealth to England.Due to starvation and disease, Jamestown

was almost wiped out.Thanks to help from natives, they survived.This colony finally became profitable thanks to

the native tobacco plant.

The Pilgrims - 1620Sought freedom from religious persecution.Granted a charter from the king of England to

settle in America.Blown off course on their journey over the

Atlantic, did not land in their designated colony.

Created the “Mayflower Compact” to establish rules for governing their colony.All colonists had to sign before getting off the

boat.

Economics of the 13 ColoniesEngland’s goal for colonizing was profit.It soon was obvious that there was no gold to

be had.However, England soon found other ways to

make profits from its colonies.Fur, tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar, etc.

The French and Indian War (1754-1763)

As England and France competed for lands and trade with Indians in North America, it was inevitable that conflict would arise.

1754- conflict ignites into war.Pitted the French and their Indian allies against the

English and their Indian allies.England emerged victorious resulting in the “Treaty of

Paris” This war had turned into a global war with French and

English forces clashing in North America, India, Africa, and Europe.

Known as the 7 years war.France gave up its lands in Canada, and East of the

Mississippi River.

Slavery in the New World

First African slaves were brought to Portugal around 1441 as gifts for Prince Henry the Navigator.

As the European powers established colonies in the New World, the slave trade became a very profitable enterprise.

New World colonies desired slaves to work their plantations.Sugar, Coffee, Rice, Indigo, Tobacco, Cotton.

Slave CastlesDue to the profits to be made through the

slave trade, many Europeans converted the already established forts along the west African coast into slave castles.

From the Interior to the CoastSlaves would be captured from the interior of

Africa by rival African leaders as well as African middlemen seeking profit from the sale of slaves.

They would then be chained together and hiked to the coast to be sold.

Once at the coast, slaves would be held in the slave castles until they could be sold to a slave ship captain.

The “Middle Passage”Once sold, slaves would be packed onto “slavers”

as the slave ships were called, also called floating coffins because of the high death rate for slaves.

Slaves would be left chained and stacked tightly for months as they made the trip across the Atlantic to the New World.

This trip is known as the “Middle Passage”, a horrific journey to the Americas.

Many slaves chose to commit suicide rather than endure the suffering.

The New WorldMost new slaves were shipped to the

Caribbean sugar plantations or Brazil, but some also went to North America.

Slaves who had been “seasoned” on the Caribbean plantations sold for higher amounts then fresh slaves in North America.

Once they reached the New World, they were sold to the highest bidder, often being pulled apart from their families.

On the plantations, slaves endured harsh working conditions and torture.

PotatoesNew World to Old World

CattleOld World to New World

WheatOld World to New World

TomatoesNew World to Old World

TurkeysNew World to Old World

Small PoxOld World to New World

Maize (Corn)New World to Old World