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TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to the Universe
What makes up the Universe
Book page 642 - 644
Objects in the Universe
bull Astrophysics is the science that tries to make
sense of the universe by
- describing the Universe (Astronomy)
- understanding its structure and origin
(Cosmology)
bull Main objects are Galaxies Quasars and
Nebulae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull Fast collection of stars
bull 3 types of galaxies
Quasars
bull Extremely bright
objects
bull Very distant objects
copycgrahamphysicscom
Nebulae
bull Misty pattern in night sky
bull Stellar nurseries
bull Others are debris of
supernovas
bull Made from gas and dust
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars and Galaxies
This table gives some idea of the vast distances
between objects in the universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
1 Light year is about 9 trillion kilometers (or about 6 trillion miles)
Our Galaxy the Milky Way
These two drawings show
what our galaxy would look
like from the outside the
photograph was taken in the
infrared
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Solar System
Definition
bull A planet is a celestial body that
a) orbits around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass to reach
hydrostatic (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit
The Sun and the 8 planets
bull Inner Planets - solid
Mercury Venus Earth and Mars
bull Outer planets ndash gas giants
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
bull Pluto is not a planet It is called
dwarf planet
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Objects in the Universe
bull Astrophysics is the science that tries to make
sense of the universe by
- describing the Universe (Astronomy)
- understanding its structure and origin
(Cosmology)
bull Main objects are Galaxies Quasars and
Nebulae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull Fast collection of stars
bull 3 types of galaxies
Quasars
bull Extremely bright
objects
bull Very distant objects
copycgrahamphysicscom
Nebulae
bull Misty pattern in night sky
bull Stellar nurseries
bull Others are debris of
supernovas
bull Made from gas and dust
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars and Galaxies
This table gives some idea of the vast distances
between objects in the universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
1 Light year is about 9 trillion kilometers (or about 6 trillion miles)
Our Galaxy the Milky Way
These two drawings show
what our galaxy would look
like from the outside the
photograph was taken in the
infrared
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Solar System
Definition
bull A planet is a celestial body that
a) orbits around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass to reach
hydrostatic (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit
The Sun and the 8 planets
bull Inner Planets - solid
Mercury Venus Earth and Mars
bull Outer planets ndash gas giants
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
bull Pluto is not a planet It is called
dwarf planet
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull Fast collection of stars
bull 3 types of galaxies
Quasars
bull Extremely bright
objects
bull Very distant objects
copycgrahamphysicscom
Nebulae
bull Misty pattern in night sky
bull Stellar nurseries
bull Others are debris of
supernovas
bull Made from gas and dust
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars and Galaxies
This table gives some idea of the vast distances
between objects in the universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
1 Light year is about 9 trillion kilometers (or about 6 trillion miles)
Our Galaxy the Milky Way
These two drawings show
what our galaxy would look
like from the outside the
photograph was taken in the
infrared
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Solar System
Definition
bull A planet is a celestial body that
a) orbits around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass to reach
hydrostatic (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit
The Sun and the 8 planets
bull Inner Planets - solid
Mercury Venus Earth and Mars
bull Outer planets ndash gas giants
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
bull Pluto is not a planet It is called
dwarf planet
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Nebulae
bull Misty pattern in night sky
bull Stellar nurseries
bull Others are debris of
supernovas
bull Made from gas and dust
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars and Galaxies
This table gives some idea of the vast distances
between objects in the universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
1 Light year is about 9 trillion kilometers (or about 6 trillion miles)
Our Galaxy the Milky Way
These two drawings show
what our galaxy would look
like from the outside the
photograph was taken in the
infrared
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Solar System
Definition
bull A planet is a celestial body that
a) orbits around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass to reach
hydrostatic (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit
The Sun and the 8 planets
bull Inner Planets - solid
Mercury Venus Earth and Mars
bull Outer planets ndash gas giants
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
bull Pluto is not a planet It is called
dwarf planet
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars and Galaxies
This table gives some idea of the vast distances
between objects in the universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
1 Light year is about 9 trillion kilometers (or about 6 trillion miles)
Our Galaxy the Milky Way
These two drawings show
what our galaxy would look
like from the outside the
photograph was taken in the
infrared
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Solar System
Definition
bull A planet is a celestial body that
a) orbits around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass to reach
hydrostatic (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit
The Sun and the 8 planets
bull Inner Planets - solid
Mercury Venus Earth and Mars
bull Outer planets ndash gas giants
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
bull Pluto is not a planet It is called
dwarf planet
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Galaxy the Milky Way
These two drawings show
what our galaxy would look
like from the outside the
photograph was taken in the
infrared
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Solar System
Definition
bull A planet is a celestial body that
a) orbits around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass to reach
hydrostatic (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit
The Sun and the 8 planets
bull Inner Planets - solid
Mercury Venus Earth and Mars
bull Outer planets ndash gas giants
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
bull Pluto is not a planet It is called
dwarf planet
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Solar System
Definition
bull A planet is a celestial body that
a) orbits around the Sun
b) has sufficient mass to reach
hydrostatic (nearly round) shape
c) has cleared the neighborhood
around its orbit
The Sun and the 8 planets
bull Inner Planets - solid
Mercury Venus Earth and Mars
bull Outer planets ndash gas giants
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
bull Pluto is not a planet It is called
dwarf planet
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
New Horizons
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroid belt
bull Between Mars and Jupiter
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Asteroids
bull Rocky bodies
bull Large up to 300km across
bull Irregular shape
Comets
bull Frozen gas ice and dust
bull Smaller just a few km
across
bull Follow highly elliptical path
bull Tail points away from Sun
bull Found in
- Kuiper belt
- Oort Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Comets are found here
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Planet Facts
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
The Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stellar cluster
bull Stars held together by gravitational
attraction
bull All stars were created about the same
time
bull Many thousands of stars in a cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Constellation bull A group of stars that form
a recognizable pattern as
viewed from Earth
bull Stars are not related
bull They are very bright
bull When moving away from
Earth the pattern is no
longer recognizable
bull Example Big dipper the
Great Bear
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Galaxies
bull The next nearest galaxy Andromeda is some 2 million light-
years away
bull It is estimated that there are about as many galaxies in the
universe as there are stars in our own galaxy ndash 100 billion or
so
bull Many galaxies occur in gravitationally bound clusters some of
which have only a few galaxies and others of which have
thousands
106ly
105ly
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
bull Nearest galactic
object is the
Magellanic Cloud
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Local group of galaxies
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Cluster and Super cluster Cluster - open
bull Group of stars held together by
gravity
bull All formed around same time
from same nebulae
bull Contain younger stars lt 10 billion
years
bull Virgo nearest cluster to our galaxy
Super cluster - globular
bull 100s of thousands of older stars
bull Very little gas and dust
bull Over 11 billion years old
bull Milky Way and Virgo are part
of a super cluster
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stars in galaxies
bull Stars in a galaxy are not uniformly distributed
their separation of average is 1017m
bull The separation of the galaxies in clusters is of the
order of 1017m and the separation of the clusters is
of the order of 1024m
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Our Universe
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Apparent motion of the Stars
bull Stars rise in the East and set in the West
bull Their position appears to be fixed to the giant
celestial sphere ndash they are referred to as fixed
stars
bull Certain celestial
objects do not
move in circles
but wander back
and forth
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Explanation for the observation
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
The nature of Stars bull Lighter elements such as hydrogen fuse to form
helium
bull Main source of energy for stars
bull Very high temperatures and pressure needed in order
to overcome Coulomb repulsion
bull Stars are formed by interstellar dust coming together
through gravitational attraction
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
The birth of a star
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Hydrostatic EQLB
bull The loss in PE can if mass
is high enough produce the
high temperature necessary
for fusion
bull Equilibrium between
radiation pressure outward
and gravitational pressure
inward ndash a stable star bull If initial mass is about 80
of mass of Sun temperature
reached is not high enough
for fusion to take place
bull A hydrogen rich object called
brown dwarf forms
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Different types of stars
Dwarfs
bull White Dwarf
bull Much smaller than the Sun
bull Much higher surface
temperature
bull Sirius B T = 20 000K
bull Do not produce energy just
radiate energy
Brown Dwarfs
bull Just enough mass for fusion
to produce own light but
not enough to sustain fusion
bull Relatively cool about
Jupiterrsquos size
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Red Giants
bull Considerably larger than Sun
bull Much lower SA temperature than Sun
bull Betelgeuse a super red giant has diameter
equal to that of the distance from Jupiter
to the Sun and
T = 3000K
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Neutron Stars
bull Completely made up of neutrons
bull Remnants of a supernova
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Supernovae
bull An enormous shock wave caused by the outer layers of a
star falling rapidly inwards
bull Much of the surface of the star will be torn away in a
massive explosion
bull In 1987 the star SK69202 in the large Magellanic Cloud
went supernova ndash its brilliance was greater than that of the
whole Universe by a factor of 100
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Stephen Hawking Supernovae
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Pulsar bull Rotating neutron stars
bull They emit beams of EM radiation in
range of radio frequencies from
the poles of the star
bull Each time a pole lines up with Earth
a pulse of radiation will be
detected copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Black Holes
bull After gravitational collapse stars reach a density and radius that the
gravitational field at the surface of the star will be strong enough to
prevent EM radiation to escape
bull The star will not emit any light and has become a black hole
bull The Simpsons Black Hole Sucking
bull The singularity and spagettification
bull Interstellar Black hole scene
bull Interstellar - Landing in the Tesser
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
copycgrahamphysicscom
Binary Stars bull Many stars appear to be a single point of light to the naked
eye
bull Viewed through a telescope or by other means they are
actually two stars orbiting each other
bull Sirius the brightest star as seen from Earth consists of
Sirius A and Sirius B
bull Sirius A is a main sequence star and Sirius B is a white
dwarf
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