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TRANSCRIPT
7!D 039 166
AUTHORmITLF
TMSmTTUTIOFSPOmS AGENCY
PPPORT NOPUPP,AU NOPUP DAm72COmTRACmNOmP
EnP9 PFTrED7SCPIPTORS
TDr.NTIFIERS
ARSIrPACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
95 SO 000 022
Gillr Clark C.Contemporary Inter - American 'Por SeniorHigh School American History..Txas Univ. , Austin.Office of Education (DTPW), Washington, D.C. Bureauof PesParch.IU-2PR--11P1FR
OFC-4-g-OF1183-12160p.
EDRS Price MF-$0.90 FC-1'1.10*American History, Cross Cultural Studies,Discussion (Teaching Technique) , Foreign Policy,Foreign Relations, Grade 11, Grade 12, InductiveMethods, *Inquiry Training, Instructional materials,*Latin American Culture, *Political Science,*Secondary Grades, Sequential Approach, SocialStudies Units, Teaching Guides*Latin American Curriculum Project
This two week unit has attempted to alleviate twodeficiencies normally found in instructional materials: superficialtreatment or neglect of developments since World War II; and, theoveremphasis on Conflict. Topics have been selected for in-depthdiscussion, and emphasize the Organization of American States, theAlliance for Progress, and the settlement of the El Chamizal Dispute.The goal achieved is4bP'rter balance between conflict and cooperationin the discussions of united Stated foreign policy specifically, andinter-American relations in general. Content objectives are indicatedfor each topic. The "Suaqested Activities" have attempted to provideopportunities for students to develop critical thinking skillsleading to the formulation of generalizations or hypotheses.Teacher-guided discussion of open-ended questions is used.Supplementary activities are suggested for further exploration of thetopics. Units are designed to be used independently, and flexiblydepending on the classroom situation. A variety of materials arerecommended since most of the topics are of a controversial nature.Readings, sources of materials, and transparency masters are providedin the appendix. Related reports are: ED 036 679, SO 000 019, SO 000020, SO 000 021, SO 000 023. (SPE)
CO
NT
EM
POR
AR
Y I
NT
ER
-AM
ER
ICA
NR
EL
AT
ION
S*
(For
Sen
ior
Hig
h Sc
hool
Am
eric
an H
isto
ry)
lor
S
Inst
ruct
iona
l Uni
t No.
2 (
1968
)
LA
TIN
AM
ER
ICA
N C
UR
RIC
UL
UM
PRO
JEC
T
403
Sutto
n H
all,
The
Uni
vers
ityof
Tex
as, A
ustin
, Tex
as, 7
8712
Cla
rk C
. Gill
, Dir
ecto
r
For
expe
rim
enta
l use
, not
to b
e du
plic
ated
r-il
U.S
. DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
HE
ALT
H, E
DU
CA
TIO
N&
WE
LFA
RE
0%O
FF
ICE
OF
ED
UC
AT
ION
TH
IS D
OC
UM
EN
T H
AS
BE
EN
RE
PR
OD
UC
ED
PriN
EX
AC
TLY
AS
RE
CE
IVE
D F
RO
M T
HE
PE
RS
ON
OR
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
IT P
OIN
TS
OF
VIE
W O
R O
PIN
ION
S S
TA
TE
D D
O N
OT
NIE
CE
S-
CD
SA
RIL
Y R
EP
RE
SE
NT
OF
FIC
IAL
OF
FIC
E O
F E
DU
-C
AT
ION
PO
SIT
ION
OR
PO
LIC
Y
LL
I
CO
NT
EM
POR
AR
Y I
NT
ER
-AM
ER
ICA
NR
EL
AT
ION
S
Not
e:T
he r
esea
rch
repo
rted
her
ein
was
wri
tten
purs
uant
to a
con
trac
t with
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
,E
duca
tion
and
Wel
fare
, Off
ice
of E
duca
tion,
Was
hing
ton,
D. C
.
FOR
EW
OR
D
Exa
min
atio
n of
cur
rent
inst
ruct
iona
l mat
eria
ls o
n in
ter-
Am
eric
anre
latio
ns r
evea
ls tw
ode
fici
enci
es th
at th
is u
nit a
ims
to a
llevi
ate:
(1)
sup
erfi
cial
trea
tmen
t or
negl
ect o
f th
ede
velo
pmen
ts s
ince
Wor
ld W
ar I
I; a
nd (
2) o
vere
mph
asis
on
conf
lict.
By
sele
ctin
g sp
ecif
icto
pics
for
in-d
epth
con
side
ratio
n, a
n at
tem
pt is
mad
e to
avoi
d su
perf
icia
lity.
By
emph
a-si
zing
the
OA
S, th
e A
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess,
and
the
settl
emen
t of
the
El C
ham
izal
dis
pute
,th
e un
it se
eks
to a
chie
ve a
bet
ter
bala
nce
betw
een
conf
lict
and
coop
erat
ion.
Chi
efly
res
pons
ible
teir
the
prep
arat
ion
of th
is u
nit i
s M
rs. C
athe
rine
Cor
nble
th, a
for
mer
teac
her
at M
cCal
lum
Hig
h Sc
hool
in A
ustin
, Tex
as a
nd a
mem
ber
of o
ur p
roje
ct s
taff
.In
196
7 sh
e at
tend
ed a
n ID
EA
Ins
titut
e in
Lat
in A
mer
ican
His
tory
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Tex
as f
or A
mer
ican
His
tory
teac
hers
who
nee
ded
to le
arn
abou
tLat
in A
mer
ica.
CO
NT
EM
POR
AR
Y I
NT
ER
-A
111.
1111
1111
1111
1111
0111
1.11
1111
1111
1111
111m
Min
imm
enm
enom
im.
Ove
rvie
w
ME
RIC
AN
RE
LA
TIO
NS
is a
two-
wee
k un
it fo
r a
seni
or h
igh
scho
olA
mer
ican
his
tory
cou
rse.
Part
Ith
e 20
th c
entu
ry w
ith a
n em
phas
is o
nfo
cus
on th
e pe
riod
sin
ce 1
945
and
exam
ine
Prog
ress
) an
d co
nflic
t (us
ing
Cub
a, P
anam
a, a
l
prov
ides
a g
ener
al o
verv
iew
of
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rela
tions
inS.
for
eign
pol
icy
in L
atin
Am
eric
a. P
art I
Ian
d Pa
rt I
IIbo
th c
oope
ratio
n (t
hrou
gh th
e O
AS
and
Alli
ance
for
d D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
, and
Mex
ico
asex
ampl
es).
Onl
y a
smal
l fra
ctio
n of
the
poss
ible
topi
csan
d av
aila
ble
mat
eria
ls h
ave
been
incl
uded
in a
n ef
fort
to m
ake
the
unit
prac
tical
for
incl
usio
n in
an
Am
eric
an h
isto
ryim
port
ant i
deas
and
rep
rese
ntat
ive
illus
trat
ions
. A v
arie
ty o
f m
aal
mos
t all
the
topi
cs a
re c
ontr
over
sial
.T
his
unit
has
been
des
igne
d to
be u
sed
inde
pend
ently
if d
esir
ed.
Supp
lem
enta
ry a
ctiv
ities
and
mat
eria
ls a
rex
plor
atio
n of
sev
eral
topi
cs.
Add
ition
al s
ourc
es o
f in
form
atio
n ar
e fo
und
in T
eL
atin
Am
eric
a in
the
Seco
ndar
y Sc
hool
Au
Ann
otat
ed G
uide
to I
nstr
uctio
nal_
Res
.our
ce
cour
se a
nd to
sel
ect t
he m
ost
eria
ls is
rec
omm
ende
d as
allo
w s
peci
fic
sect
ions
toe
sugg
este
d fo
r fu
rthe
rac
hing
Abo
uts.
Aus
tin,
Tex
as: L
atin
Am
eric
an C
urri
culu
m P
roje
ct,
1967
.
Con
tent
obj
ectiv
es a
re in
dica
ted
for
each
topi
c as
"Mai
n Id
eas.
" I
tem
s lis
ted
unde
r "M
ater
ials
"ar
e pr
ovid
ed in
the
App
endi
x to
the
unit
or in
the
sepa
rate
boo
k of
rea
ding
s.T
rans
pare
ncie
sha
ve b
een
prep
ared
as
mas
ters
whi
ch c
anbe
use
d w
ith a
n ov
erhe
ad p
roje
ctor
or
be d
uplic
ated
for
stud
ent u
se. T
he "
Sugg
este
dA
ctiv
ities
" at
tem
pt to
pro
vide
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r st
uden
ts to
deve
lop
such
cri
tical
thin
king
ski
lls a
s id
entif
ying
mai
n id
eas
and
tren
ds, c
ompa
ring
poi
nts
ofvi
ew, m
akin
g in
fere
nces
fro
m s
tatis
tical
data
, and
for
mul
atin
g ge
nera
lizat
ions
or
hypo
thes
es.
The
em
phas
is is
on
teac
her-
guid
ed d
iscu
ssio
nof
ope
n-en
ded
ques
tions
. The
com
plex
ityof
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns d
efie
s ea
sy a
nsw
ers.
It is
exp
ecte
d th
at n
ot a
ll th
e su
gges
ted
activ
ities
and
mat
eria
ls w
ill b
e su
itabl
e fo
r ev
ery
grou
pof
stu
dent
s an
d th
at te
ache
rs w
ill f
ind
suff
icie
ntfl
exib
ility
to a
dapt
them
to th
eir
indi
vidu
al s
ituat
ions
.
CO
NT
EM
POR
AR
Y I
NT
ER
-AM
ER
ICA
N R
EL
AT
ION
S
I.In
trod
uctio
n1
A. W
hy s
tudy
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns'?
1
B. C
onfl
ictin
g vi
ews
of U
.S. p
olic
y4
II.
Reg
iona
l coo
pera
tion:
the
Org
aniz
atio
n of
Am
eric
an S
tate
san
d th
e A
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess
8
ITI.
Con
flic
t of
inte
rest
s12
A. C
uba,
Cas
tro,
and
the
U S
12
B. E
l Cha
miz
al: c
onfl
ict r
esol
ved
18C
. Pan
ama
and
the
Pana
ma
Can
al21
D. D
omin
ican
cri
sis
1965
23
App
endi
xT
each
er's
Not
es to
Acc
ompa
ny O
rgan
izat
ion
of A
mer
icas
Sta
tes
Tra
nspa
renc
y29
Tea
cher
's N
otes
to A
ccom
pany
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
s T
rans
pare
ncy
30T
each
er's
Not
es to
Acc
ompa
ny S
tage
s of
the
Cas
tro
Rev
olut
ion
31T
each
er's
Not
es to
Acc
o.aw
any
Tra
nspa
renc
ies
on E
duca
tion
in L
atin
Am
eric
a33
Ref
eren
ces:
The
OA
S an
c th
e A
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess
35R
efer
ence
s: C
uba
37R
efer
ence
s: D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
40T
rans
pare
ncy
Mas
ters
41M
ap o
f W
este
rn H
emis
pher
eO
rgan
izat
ion
of A
mer
ican
Sta
tes
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
sM
ap o
f C
uba
Edu
catio
n: L
itera
cyE
duca
tion:
Ele
men
tary
Edu
catio
n C
ompl
eted
Edu
catio
n: H
ighe
r E
duca
tion
Edu
catio
n: G
over
nmen
t Spe
ndin
g on
Edu
catio
nM
ap o
f C
anal
Zon
e an
d Pa
nam
aM
ap o
f E
l Cha
miz
al (
wila
yove
r)
I. I
ntro
duct
ion
A. W
hy s
tudy
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rela
tions
?
Mai
n Id
ea
Lat
in A
mer
ica
and
the
U.S
. are
impo
rtan
t to
each
oth
erpo
litic
ally
eco
nom
ical
ly,
and
3ultu
rally
.
Mat
eria
ls
Map
of
the
Wes
tern
Hem
isph
ere
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Ask
stu
dent
s fo
r re
ason
sw
hy th
ey s
houl
d be
inte
rest
ed in
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rela
tions
; or,
why
Lat
in A
mer
ica
and
the
U.S
. are
impo
rtan
t to
each
oth
er; o
r,ho
w th
ey a
rem
utua
lly d
epen
dent
.
The
list
mig
ht in
clud
e th
efo
llow
ing
item
s:
Geo
grap
hic
and
cultu
ral:
natu
ral
neig
hbor
s as
Mex
ico,
bor
der
and
imm
igra
-tio
n co
nsid
erat
ions
, tou
rism
,cu
ltura
lex
chan
ges
incl
udin
g H
erni
sfai
r.
Soci
o-ec
onom
ic: U
.S. p
riva
te a
ndpu
blic
inve
stm
ent,
trad
e,A
llian
ce f
orPr
ogre
ss, P
eace
Cor
ps.
Polit
ico-
mili
tary
: int
erna
tiona
lob
ligat
ions
as
0.A
. S. ,
hem
isph
eric
defe
nse,
U. S
. mili
tary
inst
alla
tions
and
aid.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Show
tran
spar
ency
map
of w
este
rn h
emi-
sphe
re to
indi
cate
the
rela
tive
loca
tions
of th
e U
. S. a
nd L
atin
Am
eric
a an
d to
sugg
est a
nsw
ers
to th
ein
trod
ucto
ryqu
estio
ns.
Enc
oura
ge a
var
iety
of
resp
onse
s,an
dlis
t the
m o
n th
e bo
ard.
Ask
stu
dent
s:W
hat s
uppo
rt is
ther
e fo
r yo
urop
inio
n?W
hy d
o yo
u th
ink
this
istr
ue?
Is it
poss
ible
that
con
trad
icto
ryop
inio
ns a
rebo
th tr
ue, w
holly
or
part
ially
(i.
e., v
alid
for
som
e ar
eas
or g
roup
s bu
tno
t for
othe
rs)?
To
guid
e st
uden
ts to
war
dor
gani
zing
info
rmat
ion
in lo
gica
lly r
elat
edca
tego
ries
,as
k if
ther
e ar
e re
latio
nshi
psbe
twee
n or
amon
g th
e re
spon
ses
they
hav
e gi
ven.
Can
they
be
grou
ped
into
cat
egor
ies
such
as
polit
ico-
mili
tary
, soc
io-e
cono
mic
, or
cultu
ral?
Hav
e st
uden
ts n
ote
thei
r re
spon
ses
for
late
rre
fere
nce.
Ass
ign
read
ing,
"Con
flic
ting
Vie
ws
of U
.S.
Polic
y, "
bef
ore
cont
inui
ng.
2
Not
e th
at th
ere
are
area
s of
coop
erat
ion
and
conf
lict o
f in
tere
sts.
A w
all-
size
cha
rt il
lust
ratin
g th
eec
onom
ic in
terd
epen
denc
e of
the
Am
eric
as m
ay b
e fo
und
in: H
ow D
oes
the
GA
S Fa
ce E
cono
mic
Prob
lem
s?W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.:
Pan
Am
eric
anU
nion
.
Supp
lem
enta
ry A
ctiv
ities
Rea
d an
d di
scus
s:
Bla
nkst
en, G
. I.,
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es' R
ole
in L
atin
Am
eric
a. R
iver
For
est,
Illin
ois:
Lai
d la
w, 1
966.
($0.
60)
Cha
pter
1, "
Am
eric
a an
d th
e A
mer
icas
, " p
p. 2
-6, e
xplo
res
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a to
the
U. S
.,m
utua
l dep
ende
nce,
and
div
ersi
ty w
ithin
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Cha
pter
5, "
The
Col
ossu
s of
the
Nor
th, "
pp.
28-
34, r
evie
ws
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns.
Wha
t is
the
basi
s fo
r L
atin
Am
eric
an s
uspi
cion
and
hos
tility
tow
ard
the
U.S
. ? H
ow d
idU
. S. p
olic
y an
d L
atin
Am
eric
an a
ttitu
des
chan
ge in
the
1930
'5?
Wha
t new
pro
blem
s ha
veco
mpl
icat
ed in
ter-
Am
eric
an r
elat
ions
in th
e pe
riod
sin
ce W
orld
War
II?
(Con
side
r th
ew
orld
-w
ide
anti-
colo
nial
mov
emen
t, re
volu
tions
of
risi
ng e
xpec
tatio
ns, t
he c
old
war
and
com
mun
ist c
halle
nges
. )
-4"
B.
Con
flic
ting
Vie
ws
of U
. S, P
olic
y
Mai
n Id
eas
Var
ious
rep
rese
ntat
ive
auth
ors
disa
gree
reg
ardi
ng th
e m
ajor
feat
ures
of
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns in
the
20th
cen
turT
Bot
h U
. S. c
itize
ns a
nd L
atin
Am
eric
ans
have
bee
n cr
itica
l of
U. S
. pol
icy,
and
thei
r cr
itici
sms
ofte
n co
nflic
t.
Mat
eria
ls
Rea
ding
, "C
onfl
ictin
g V
iew
s of
U. S
.Po
licy.
"
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Aft
er r
eadi
ng th
e ex
cerp
ts f
rom
the
wri
tings
of s
ever
al o
bser
vers
of
inte
r-A
mer
ican
re-
latio
ns, a
sk s
tude
nts
to id
entif
y th
em
ain
idea
s of
eac
h.
Com
pare
and
con
tras
t the
aut
hors
' ans
wer
sto
que
stio
ns s
uch
as:
1) W
hat h
as b
een
the
U. S
. pol
icy
tow
ard
Lat
inA
mer
ica
in th
e 20
thce
ntur
y?2)
Wha
t are
som
e cr
itici
sms
ofth
is p
olic
y fr
om U
. S. a
nd L
atin
Am
eric
anpo
ints
of
view
?3)
Wha
t are
the
prob
lem
sor
cha
lleng
es f
orfu
ture
inte
r-A
mer
ican
re-
latio
ns?
Is th
ere
gene
ral a
gree
men
t or
disa
gree
men
tbe
twee
n st
uden
t res
pons
es tr
; the
ques
tion,
"Why
are
the
U. S
. and
Lat
in A
mer
ica
im-
port
ant t
o ea
ch o
ther
?" a
nd th
eat
titud
es o
fth
e au
thor
s of
thes
e ex
cerp
ts?
Dis
cuss
,su
gges
ting
poss
ible
rea
sons
for
sign
ific
ant
disa
gree
men
t. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, h
ave
the
stud
ents
Cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n sh
ould
not
e:1)
U. S
. pol
icy
tow
ard
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Schn
eide
r: F
rom
19t
h ce
ntur
ypa
tern
alis
mto
the
Goo
d N
eigh
bor
polic
yof
the
1930
13w
ith c
oope
ratio
n du
ring
WW
II,
toco
llect
ive
secu
rity
and
the
OA
S es
tabl
ishe
d in
1948
;no
w U
. S. p
olic
y se
ems
inco
nsis
tent
larg
ely
as a
res
ult o
f ou
r co
ncer
nw
ith c
omm
unis
tth
reat
s to
Lat
in A
mer
ica
and
the
U.S
.
Han
ke: F
rom
con
cern
with
com
mun
ism
inth
e im
med
iate
pos
t-w
ar p
erio
d to
coo
pera
-tio
n fo
r so
cio-
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
tan
dre
form
(e.
g.
,In
ter-
Am
eric
an D
evel
opm
ent
Ban
k, A
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess)
whi
chin
dica
tes
U. S
. des
ire
to e
ncou
rage
pro
sper
ous
dem
o-cr
atic
soc
ietie
s; h
owev
er, t
he B
ayof
Pig
san
d th
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
inte
rven
tions
have
rev
ived
long
-sta
ndin
g L
atin
Am
eric
anY
anke
epho
bia.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
relie
d on
ste
reot
ypes
, or
have
they
bee
n in
-O
liver
: U. S
. pol
icy
has
been
aid
ing
com
mun
-fl
uenc
ed b
y et
hnoc
entr
ic a
ttitu
des?
Hav
eis
m in
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
We
have
bee
n bu
lly-
the
auth
ors?
ing
anti-
com
mun
ist f
orce
s.
2) C
ritic
ism
s of
U. S
. pol
icy:
Schn
eide
r: T
he U
. S. h
as n
ot s
uffi
cien
tlyre
cogn
ized
div
ersi
ty w
ithin
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
and
cultu
ral d
iffe
renc
es h
ave
led
to m
utua
lm
isun
ders
tand
ings
.U
. S. d
omin
ance
of
the
Wes
tern
Hem
isph
ere
has
been
res
ente
d an
dfe
ared
.
Han
ke: L
atin
Am
eric
ans
feel
that
the
U. S
.ha
s ne
glec
ted
Lat
in A
mer
ica
(e. g
. Jin
ade-
quat
e pu
blic
inve
stm
ent a
nd tr
ade
agre
e-ce
nts)
or,
obs
esse
d w
ith f
ear
of c
omm
unis
m,
the
U. S
. has
inte
rven
ed u
nnec
essa
rily
inL
atin
Am
eric
an a
ffai
rs o
r ap
prov
ed o
f an
dai
ded
dict
ator
s.L
atin
Am
eric
an h
ostil
ityis
als
o a
resu
lt of
our
inse
nsiti
vity
to th
eir
hist
ory,
cul
ture
, and
des
ires
.
Oliv
er: T
he U
. S.,
at le
ast,
shou
ld e
ncou
rage
and
stre
ngth
en a
nti-
com
mun
ist f
orce
s w
hile
cons
ider
ing
the
poss
ible
nec
essi
ty o
f in
vasi
onan
d oc
cupa
tion
as a
def
ense
aga
inst
com
mun
-is
m.
Tan
nenb
aum
: The
U. S
. sho
uld
afte
mpt
tois
olat
e un
dem
ocra
tic g
over
nmen
ts a
nd a
idde
moc
ratic
one
s.
3) P
robl
ems
or c
halle
nges
for
the
futu
re:
Schn
eide
r: C
old
war
tens
ions
will
incr
ease
the
diff
icul
ties
of in
ter-
Am
eric
an r
elat
ions
.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Han
ke: L
atin
Am
eric
andi
ssat
isfa
ctio
nw
ith th
e ra
te o
f de
velo
pmen
t and
refo
rman
d fe
ar o
f un
wan
ted
invo
lvem
ent i
nco
ldw
ar c
ontr
over
sies
are
the
maj
or c
onsi
d-er
atio
ns.
Will
Lat
in A
mer
ican
s m
ove
tow
ard
revo
lutio
n or
gra
dual
pro
gres
s?
Oliv
er:
The
maj
or p
robl
em is
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a's
bein
g ta
ken
over
by
the
inte
rnat
iona
lco
mm
unis
tco
nspi
racy
.
Tan
nenb
aum
: The
maj
or ta
sk f
or th
e U
. S.
is to
sho
w L
atin
Am
eric
ans
that
we
are
for
dem
ocra
cy.
See
also
: Wol
fe, W
. ,"I
mag
es o
f th
eU
. S. i
n th
e L
atin
Am
eric
an P
ress
."Jo
urna
lism
Qua
rter
ly, X
LV
, 196
4,pp
. 79-
86.
Wha
t con
clus
ions
can
be
reac
hed
atth
ispo
int,
rega
rdin
g in
ter-
Am
eric
anre
latio
ns?
Stud
ents
sho
uld
be a
ble
to d
raw
tent
ativ
eco
nclu
sion
s on
the
basi
s of
the
info
rmat
ion
pres
ente
d in
the
read
ings
.
Ask
stu
dent
s to
sug
gest
que
stio
ns w
hich
shou
ld b
e an
swer
ed in
ord
er to
und
erst
and
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns s
ince
Wor
ld W
arIL
Are
que
stio
ns s
ugge
sted
by
the
dif-
fere
nces
of
opin
ion
in th
e ex
cerp
ts?
Stud
ents
sho
uld
be e
ncou
rage
d to
ask
anal
ytic
al q
uest
ions
, to
deci
de w
hat
info
rmat
ion
they
nee
d be
fore
they
can
rea
chra
tiona
l con
clus
ions
.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
For
exam
ple:
Whe
re, o
ther
than
Cub
a, is
ther
e a
com
-m
unis
t thr
eat t
o L
atin
Am
eric
a or
the
U. S
. ?W
hat i
s th
e fo
rm (
e. g
.,an
org
aniz
ed p
arty
,a
guer
rilla
mov
emen
t) o
f th
e co
mm
unis
tth
reat
? H
ow h
as th
e U
. S. j
ustif
ied
unila
tera
l int
erve
ntio
n in
Cub
a an
d th
eD
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
? W
hat a
re th
e ob
stac
les
to s
ocio
-eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent a
nd r
efor
m?
Wha
t pro
gres
s ha
s be
en m
ade
in th
ese
area
s?H
ow d
oes
Lat
in A
mer
ica
fit i
nto
the
over
all
fram
ewor
k of
U. S
. pol
icy?
An
exce
llent
sou
rce
on c
omm
unis
m in
Lat
in A
mer
ica
is: P
oppe
no, R
. E.,
"The
App
eal o
f C
omm
unis
m in
Lat
inA
mer
ica,
" in
Han
ke, L
.,M
exic
o an
dth
e C
arib
bean
. Pri
ncet
on: D
. Van
Nos
tran
d, 1
967,
pp.
168
-170
,
Stud
ent s
houl
d re
aliz
e th
at o
nly
sele
cted
asp
ects
of
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rela
tions
will
be
cons
ider
ed in
this
uni
t.(F L
ieuw
Am
eric
a.
or a
mor
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
stu
dy, s
ee:
n, E
. , U
. S. P
olic
y in
Lat
inN
ew Y
ork:
Pra
eger
, 196
5_
II.
Reg
iona
l coo
pera
tion:
the
Org
aniz
atio
n of
Am
eric
an S
tate
s an
d th
eA
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess
Mai
n Id
eas
Rel
ativ
e ne
glec
t of
Lat
in A
mer
ica
in o
ver-
all U
. S. f
orei
gn p
olic
yha
s gi
ven
way
to in
crea
s-in
g co
ncer
n w
ith a
nd e
ffor
tsto
alle
viat
e L
atin
Am
eric
a's
soci
o-ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
prob
lem
s as
evi
denc
ed b
yes
tabl
ishm
ent o
f th
e A
llian
ce f
orPr
ogre
ss.
The
wea
lth a
nd p
ower
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es m
ake
regi
onal
coop
erat
ive
effo
rts
extr
emel
yde
licat
e de
spite
ple
dges
of
non-
inte
rven
tion
and
resp
ect f
or th
eso
vere
ignt
y of
the
Am
eric
an n
atio
ns. F
ar f
rom
omni
pote
nt, t
he U
. S. c
anno
t and
shou
ld n
ot tr
y to
dir
ect
inte
r-A
mer
ican
aff
airs
.
Alth
ough
man
y pr
oble
ms
rem
ain
unso
lved
, slo
wly
, pro
gres
s is
bei
ngm
ade
tow
ard
impr
ov-
ing
inte
r-A
mer
ican
coo
pera
tion
and
reac
hing
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
sgo
als.
The
edu
catio
n of
the
peop
lean
d th
e tr
aini
ng o
f co
mpe
tent
lead
ers
is e
ssen
tial t
o L
atin
Am
eric
a's
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
tan
d ef
fort
s to
ach
ieve
soc
ial j
ustic
ean
d ef
fect
ive
repr
esen
tativ
e go
vern
men
ts.
Mat
eria
ls
read
ing,
"B
ackg
roun
d: R
egio
nal
Coo
pera
tion"
tran
spar
ency
, "O
rgan
izat
ion
ofA
mer
ican
Sta
tes,
" w
ith T
each
er's
Not
estr
ansp
aren
cy, "
Alli
ance
for
Prog
ress
, " w
ith T
each
er's
Not
esre
fere
nces
, "T
he O
AS
and
the
Alli
ance
for
Prog
ress
"su
pple
men
tary
rea
ding
,"E
duca
tion
in th
e U
.S. a
nd L
atin
Am
eric
a"tr
ansp
aren
cies
on
educ
atio
n in
Lat
inA
mer
ica,
with
Tea
cher
's N
otes
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Ass
ign
back
grou
nd r
eadi
ng b
efor
eth
e fo
llow
ing
activ
ities
are
plan
ned.
To
supp
lem
ent c
onsi
dera
tion
of p
re-1
961
U. S
. pol
icy,
see
the
lette
r to
Pres
iden
tE
isen
how
er f
rom
Chi
lean
stu
dent
san
dth
e re
spon
se o
f ou
r A
mba
ssad
or,
note
d in
the
Supp
lem
enta
ry A
ctiv
ities
att
he e
nd o
fth
is u
nit.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Ask
stu
dent
s to
iden
tify
the
maj
or, g
ener
algo
als
of r
egio
nal c
oope
rativ
e ef
fort
s an
d th
esp
ecif
ic o
rgan
izat
ions
est
ablis
hed
for
thes
epu
rpos
es.
With
the
aid
of th
e tr
ansp
aren
cies
, dis
cuss
the
goal
s an
d or
gani
zatio
nal f
ram
ewor
k of
the
OA
S an
d A
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess.
The
pro
blem
s of
coo
pera
tion
and
deve
lop-
men
t can
be
illus
trat
ed b
y ex
amin
atio
nof
one
of
the
Alli
ance
for
Prc
gres
s go
als,
the
effo
rts
bein
g m
ade
to r
each
it, a
ndth
e ob
stac
les
whi
ch h
ave
been
enc
ount
ered
.T
he A
llian
ce c
alls
for
the
elim
inat
ion
ofill
itera
cy, a
pri
mar
y ed
ucat
ion
for
ever
yone
,an
d an
incr
ease
in th
e fa
cilit
ies
for
seco
nd-
ary,
tech
nica
l, an
d hi
gher
edu
catio
n.
Why
is e
duca
tion
a m
ajor
con
cern
of
the
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
s? W
hy is
edu
catio
nim
port
ant?
See
also
: "T
he F
eder
atio
n of
Uni
vers
itySt
uden
ts o
f Sa
n M
arco
s in
Lim
a, P
eru,
Dec
lare
s V
ice-
Pres
iden
t Nix
on U
nwel
com
e, "
in H
anke
, L S
outh
Am
eric
a. P
rinc
eton
:D
. Van
Nos
tran
d, 1
967,
pp.
155
-158
.
See
"Tea
cher
's N
otes
" fo
r fu
rthe
r ex
pla-
natio
n.
Add
ition
al b
ackg
roun
d in
form
atio
n an
dev
alua
tions
of
the
Alli
ance
may
be
foun
din
the
refe
renc
es li
sted
in th
e A
ppen
dix.
See
"Tea
cher
's N
otes
" fo
r fu
rthe
r ex
plan
-at
ion.
His
tori
cal b
ackg
roun
d on
edu
catio
n in
the
U. S
. and
Lat
in A
mer
ica
may
be
foun
d in
the
supp
lem
enta
ry r
eadi
ng p
rovi
ded
inth
e A
ppen
dix.
Add
ition
al in
form
atio
n on
edu
catio
nal
cond
ition
s an
d pr
oble
ms
in L
atin
Am
eric
am
ay b
e fo
und
in th
e fo
llow
ing:
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
With
the
aid
of th
e tr
ansp
aren
cies
, con
side
r th
edi
men
sion
s of
the
task
of
impr
ovin
g ed
ucat
ion-
al o
ppor
tuni
ties
in L
atin
Am
eric
a. O
n th
eba
sis
of th
e in
form
atio
n pr
esen
ted,
wha
tar
e L
atin
Am
eric
a's
pres
ent
educ
atio
nal
need
s?
How
doe
s L
atin
Am
eric
a's
rapi
dly
grow
ing
popu
latio
n af
fect
her
edu
catio
nal n
eeds
?
Do
Lat
in A
mer
ican
gov
ernm
ents
hav
e th
ere
sour
ces
and
will
ingn
ess
to m
eet t
heir
peop
le's
edu
catio
nal n
eeds
?
Cha
lleng
es a
nd A
chie
vem
ents
of
Edu
catio
nin
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
Was
hing
ton,
D. C
.:Pa
n A
mer
ican
Uni
on, 1
964.
Ces
pede
s, F
.S.
, "T
he C
onte
mpo
rary
Edu
catio
nal.
Scen
e in
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
" p
p. 4
2-49
;M
oral
es-C
arri
on, A
. " T
he T
en-Y
ear
Edu
catio
n Pl
an U
nder
the
Alli
ance
for
Prog
ress
, " p
p. 6
2-66
.
Han
ke, L
.,So
uth
Am
eric
a. P
rinc
eton
:D
. Van
Nos
tran
d, 1
967.
Silv
ert,
K.
"Soc
ial C
hang
e an
d th
e U
nive
rsity
stu
dent
,pp
. 158
-160
; Ver
a, 0
."T
he E
duca
tiona
lSi
tuat
ion
and
Req
uire
men
ts in
Lat
inA
mer
ica,
" p
p. 1
63 -
185.
Pete
rson
, H. F
., L
atin
Am
eric
a. N
ewY
ork:
Mac
mill
an, 1
966,
pp.
74-
81.
Tan
nenb
aum
, F. T
en K
eys
to L
atin
Am
er-
ica.
New
Yor
k: V
inta
ge, 1
962,
pp.
95-
111.
The
sta
tistic
al in
form
atio
n us
ed in
thes
ech
arts
and
gra
phs
has
been
take
n fr
om a
vari
ety
of s
ourc
es, a
nd f
igur
es h
ave
been
roun
ded
off
in o
rder
to s
impl
ify
the
pre-
sent
atio
n.A
ll th
e st
atis
tics
shou
ld b
eco
nsid
ered
as
appr
oxim
atio
ns u
sefu
l for
com
pari
son
rath
er th
an a
bsol
ute
valu
es.
Con
side
r: f
unds
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
skill
s;op
posi
tion
from
the
Chu
rch
and
uppe
rcl
asse
s; th
e tr
aditi
onal
em
phas
is o
n no
n-te
chni
cal a
nd n
on-s
cien
tific
lear
ning
.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Are
mor
e ph
ysic
al f
acili
ties
and
teac
hers
,as
sum
ing
both
cou
ld b
e pr
ovid
ed, a
suff
icie
nt s
olut
ion
to L
atin
Am
eric
a's
educ
atio
nal n
eeds
?
Is li
tera
cy e
noug
h?
Wha
t can
the
Alli
ance
do?
How
rel
evan
tis
the
U. S
. exp
erie
nce
to L
atin
Am
eric
a's
prob
lem
s? D
o w
e ha
ve a
nsw
ers?
Do
we
have
any
sim
ilar
prob
lem
s? S
tude
nts
mig
ht b
e as
ked
to lo
cate
edu
catio
nal d
ata
for
the
U. S
. or
thei
r co
mm
unity
.
Wha
t rem
ains
to b
e do
ne?
How
wou
ld y
oudo
it?
With
Lat
in A
mer
ica'
s va
st n
eeds
and
limite
d re
sour
ces,
wha
t pri
oriti
es w
ould
you
set?
Why
?
Wha
t, in
you
r op
inio
n, is
the
dire
ctio
n of
regi
onal
coo
pera
tion
at th
is ti
me?
Sugg
est t
he c
ompl
icat
ing
fact
ors
of la
ckof
mot
ivat
ion,
lang
uage
and
cul
tura
ldi
ffer
ence
s.
Poin
t out
the
need
for
peo
ple
with
tech
nica
lsk
ills.
In th
e U
. S. a
hig
h sc
hool
edu
catio
nis
con
side
red
to b
e a
nece
ssar
y m
inim
um.
Bet
wee
n 19
62 a
nd 1
967,
U.S
. aid
ed p
ro-
ject
s un
der
the
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
sbu
ilt a
ppro
xim
atel
y 17
, 000
cla
ssro
oms
and
trai
ned
appr
oxim
atel
y 14
2, 3
00te
ache
rs.
In a
dditi
on, t
here
hav
e be
ennu
mer
ous
conf
eren
ces
and
cons
ider
able
exch
ange
of
info
rmat
ion,
teac
hers
, and
stud
ents
.
Con
flic
t of
Inte
rest
s
A.
Cub
a, C
astr
o, a
nd th
e U
. S.
Mai
n Id
eas
Cas
tro'
s re
volu
tion
shou
ld b
e vi
ewed
aga
inst
the
back
grou
nd o
f C
uba'
s pa
st e
xper
i-en
ces
and
in th
e co
ntex
tof
a w
orld
-wid
e m
ovem
ent t
owar
d gr
eate
r na
tiona
lco
nsci
ous-
ness
and
"rev
olut
ions
of
risi
ng e
xpec
tatio
ns. "
Cas
tro'
s re
volu
tion
has
chan
ged
dire
ctio
n si
nce
its b
egin
ning
in 1
956;
as
an a
ggre
ssiv
eco
mm
unis
t nat
ion,
Cub
a is
a th
reat
to th
e se
curi
tyan
d st
abili
ty o
f th
e W
este
rn H
emi-
sphe
re.
The
U. S
. has
onl
y pa
rtia
lly s
ucce
eded
inac
hiev
ing
its f
orei
gn p
olic
y ob
ject
ives
with
resp
ect t
o C
astr
o's
Cub
a.
Mat
eria
ls
read
ing,
"B
ackg
roun
d to
the
Cas
tro
Rev
olut
ion"
tran
spar
ency
or
hand
out,
"Sta
ges
of th
e C
astr
o R
evol
utio
n, "
with
teac
her's
not
esm
ap o
f C
uba
read
ing,
"C
uba,
" f
rom
the
Stat
e D
epar
tmen
tWhi
te P
aper
bibl
iogr
aphy
, "C
uba:
Ref
eren
ces"
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Ass
ign
the
firs
t rea
ding
,"B
ackg
roun
d to
the
Cas
tro
Rev
olut
ion,
" b
efor
e th
ese
activ
ities
are
plan
ned.
Ask
stu
dent
s to
iden
tify
the
maj
or tr
ends
inC
uba'
s hi
stor
y w
hich
are
sta
ted
or im
plie
din
the
read
ing.
Enc
oura
ge a
var
iety
of
resp
onse
s, a
nd li
stth
em o
n th
e bo
ard.
A li
st o
f m
ajor
tren
ds s
houl
d in
clud
e:fo
reig
n do
min
atio
n, p
oliti
cally
and
eco
nom
i-ca
lly; p
erso
nal r
ule
or d
icta
tors
hip
and
re-
volu
tion;
cor
rupt
ion
and
non-
prog
ress
ive
gove
rnm
ent;
extr
eme
soci
alst
ratif
icat
ion
with
exp
loita
tion
of th
e lo
wer
cla
sses
.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Ask
stu
dent
s to
for
mul
ate
two
or th
ree
gene
raliz
atio
ns f
rom
thei
r re
spon
ses,
re-
gard
ing
Cub
a's
hist
ory
prio
r to
the
Cas
tro
revo
lutio
n.
If s
tude
nts
disa
gree
, ask
them
to p
oint
nut
spec
ific
pas
sage
s in
the
read
ing
to s
uppo
rtth
eir
posi
tion
-- o
r to
ref
er to
oth
er s
ourc
esof
info
rmat
ion.
Usi
ng th
e tr
ansp
aren
cy (
or d
itto
hand
out)
,"S
tage
s of
the
Cas
tro
Rev
olut
ion,
" e
xpla
inth
e m
ajor
eve
nts,
and
ask
stu
dent
s to
not
eth
at b
oth
cont
inui
ty a
nd c
hang
e ch
arac
teri
zere
volu
tion.
Dis
cuss
asp
ects
of
cont
inui
ty a
nd c
hang
eno
ted
by th
e st
uden
ts.
Stud
ents
mig
ht b
e en
-co
urag
ed to
org
aniz
e th
eir
idea
s, c
onsi
deri
ngpo
litic
al, e
cono
mic
, and
soc
ial f
acto
rs o
fco
ntin
uity
and
cha
nge.
For
exam
ple:
Ves
ted
inte
rest
s, b
oth
Cub
anan
d fo
reig
n, a
re li
kely
to o
ppos
e re
form
and
thus
enc
oura
ge r
evol
utio
nary
mov
emen
ts.
Tra
ditio
ns o
f pe
rson
al r
ule
(dic
tato
rsho
p),
desp
ite a
con
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork,
and
gene
rally
con
serv
ativ
e go
vern
men
t are
form
idab
le o
bsta
cles
to th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of a
rep
rese
ntat
ive
gove
rnm
ent a
ble
and
wil-
ling
to u
nder
take
libe
ral r
efor
ms.
Eco
nom
icdo
min
atio
n (o
r ex
ploi
tatio
n) b
y fo
reig
n bu
si-
ness
inte
rest
s an
d a
nativ
eel
ite is
like
ly to
be a
maj
or ta
rget
of
refo
rm o
r re
volu
tiona
rym
ovem
ents
.
See
"Tea
cher
's n
otes
to a
ccom
pany
tran
s-pa
renc
y" f
or f
urth
er e
xpla
natio
n.
It m
ay b
e m
ost e
ffec
tive
to p
repa
re s
tude
ntha
ndou
ts (
on w
hich
add
ition
al in
form
atio
n ca
nbe
not
ed b
y th
e st
uden
ts)
and
use
an id
entic
altr
ansp
aren
cy f
or r
efer
ence
and
cla
rity
.
Con
tinui
ty m
ay b
e se
en in
cont
inua
tion
ofa
dict
ator
ial f
orm
of
gove
rnm
ent.
Bot
h C
astr
oan
d B
atis
ta a
re d
icta
tors
alth
ough
they
use
thei
r po
wer
for
dif
fere
nt p
urpo
ses.
Polit
ical
and
pers
onal
fre
edom
s ar
e st
ill la
ckin
g.C
astr
o's
revo
lutio
n, a
s th
e C
uban
war
for
in-
depe
nden
ce in
the
1890
's, w
as o
rgan
ized
abr
oad,
and
figh
ting
bega
n in
the
Sier
ra. M
aest
ra, e
ven-
tual
ly w
eari
ng d
own
the
prev
ious
gov
ernm
ent.
Eco
nom
ic s
tagn
atio
n al
so c
ontin
ues
as C
uba
re-
mai
ns d
epen
dent
upo
n su
gar,
and
indu
stri
aliz
a-tio
n ef
fort
s ha
ve b
een
rela
tivel
yun
succ
essf
ul.
Lan
d re
form
has
mea
nt s
tate
col
lect
ive
farm
sre
sem
blin
g th
e pr
evio
us e
stat
et, r
athe
r th
anin
divi
dual
hol
ding
s_Fo
reig
n do
min
atio
n
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Usi
ng th
e ha
ndou
t,"C
uba,
" a
sk s
tude
nts
to p
oint
out
the
chan
ges
in th
e di
rect
ion
ofth
e C
uban
rev
olut
ion
and
thei
r im
plic
atio
nsfo
r U
. S. p
olic
y.Id
entif
y th
e of
fici
al U
. S.
posi
tion
on C
astr
o's
Cub
a.
cont
inue
s w
ith C
uba
depe
nden
t upo
nan
d in
-fl
uenc
ed b
y th
e So
viet
Uni
on,
and
to a
less
erex
tent
Red
Chi
na a
nd th
eU
. S.
Cas
tro
can
try
to u
se o
ne a
gain
stth
e ot
hers
in o
rder
toac
t mor
e in
depe
nden
tlyth
an w
as p
ossi
ble
prio
r to
196
1 w
hen
the
U.S
. exe
rcis
ed th
em
ajor
infl
uenc
e on
Cub
a's
polic
ies.
The
pres
ence
of
thre
ein
tere
sted
par
ties
is a
lso
a so
urce
of
conf
lict a
mon
g th
e co
mpe
ting
pow
ers.
Fina
lly, C
uba'
s co
ntin
ued
depe
n-de
nce
on o
utsi
de a
id is
evid
ence
d by
eco
no-
mic
arr
ange
men
ts w
ith th
eSo
viet
Uni
on.
Cha
nges
with
in C
uba
incl
ude
the
natio
nali-
zatio
n of
for
eign
and
dom
estic
pro
pert
ies,
the
leve
ling
of s
ocia
lcl
ass
dist
inct
ions
, (in
part
a r
esul
t of
mas
sem
igra
tion)
, and
the
impr
ovem
ents
in e
duca
tion
and
med
ical
faci
litie
s.C
uba
has
beco
me
a th
reat
to th
eU
. S. a
nd o
ther
Lat
inA
mer
ican
nat
ions
as
the
Sovi
et U
nion
exe
rts
sign
ific
ant i
nflu
ence
,an
d C
astr
o at
tem
pts
to e
xpor
tre
volu
tion.
The
Cas
tro
revo
lutio
nbe
gan
in o
ppos
ition
to (
Bat
ista
's)
tyra
nny
with
pro
mis
es o
fde
moc
racy
and
soc
io-e
cono
mic
refo
rm.
Sinc
e 19
59, i
t has
bec
ome
anag
gres
sive
,co
mm
unis
t dic
tato
rshi
pat
tem
ptin
g to
spr
ead
its id
eolo
gy b
y m
eans
of p
ropa
gand
a an
dgu
erri
lla w
arfa
re.
An
aggr
essi
ve C
uba
is a
thre
at to
the
U. S
.in
tere
sts
and
thus
mor
eat
tent
ion
mus
t be
paid
to C
uba
than
prev
ious
ly.
Incr
ease
dat
tent
ion
mus
t als
o go
toot
her
Lat
in A
mer
ican
natio
ns, e
spec
ially
thos
evu
lner
able
to C
as-
tro'
s br
and
of r
evol
utio
n.A
t the
sam
e tim
e,
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Pres
ent t
he f
ollo
win
g qu
estio
nsto
the
stud
ents
, and
sug
gest
that
they
refe
r to
earl
ier
read
ing
and
note
s in
cons
ider
ing
thei
r an
swer
s.
1.W
hat p
robl
ems
for
U. S
.fo
reig
n po
licy
have
bee
n pr
esen
ted
byC
astr
o's
Cub
a?
2.W
ould
thes
e pr
oble
ms
exis
tif
Cas
tro
had
not a
dopt
ed c
omm
unis
man
d es
tabl
ishe
dtie
s w
ith o
ther
com
mun
ist
natio
ns?
Use
the
tran
spar
ency
map
to in
dica
te C
uba'
slo
catio
n in
rel
atio
n to
oth
erL
atin
Am
eric
anna
tions
and
the
U. S
.
Stud
ents
may
be
give
n tim
e to
wor
k in
cla
ss,
indi
vidu
ally
or
in g
roup
sor
a c
ombi
natio
nof
indi
vidu
al a
nd g
roup
wor
k m
ay b
e de
sira
ble.
Whe
n th
e st
uden
ts o
r gr
oups
have
dev
elop
edth
eir
answ
ers,
the
entir
e cl
ass
shou
ld d
iscu
ssth
em.
Aft
er s
tude
nts
have
iden
tifie
d th
epr
oble
ms
for
Am
eric
an f
orei
gn p
olic
ypr
esen
ted
byC
astr
o's
Cub
a, a
sk th
em to
cons
ider
pos
sibl
e 15
the
U. S
. mus
t rec
ogni
ze L
atin
Am
eric
anat
titud
es to
war
d C
astr
o an
d a
nega
tive,
anti-
com
mun
ist U
. S. p
olic
y.
The
off
icia
l U. S
. pos
ition
is th
atC
astr
o's
Cub
a po
ses
a th
reat
to o
ther
Lat
inA
mer
ican
natio
ns a
nd th
e U
. S. ,
and
this
thre
at m
ust
be is
olat
ed o
r co
ntai
ned.
(The
196
1 at
tem
ptto
ove
rthr
ow C
astr
o w
asun
succ
essf
ul a
nddi
rect
inte
rven
tion
appe
ars
to h
ave
been
aban
done
d.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Geo
rge
Pend
le in
his
His
tory
of L
atin
Am
eric
a, m
oder
nre
volu
tions
inL
atin
Am
eric
a ar
e sy
mpt
oms
of o
r re
actio
nsag
ains
t a b
road
mov
emen
t tow
ard
econ
omic
inde
pend
ence
and
soc
ial j
ustic
e.Fo
reig
now
ners
hip
of p
ublic
util
ities
and
indu
stri
alm
onop
olie
s ha
ve c
ome
to b
e se
en a
sin
dig-
nitie
s, n
ot c
ontr
ibut
ions
toec
onom
ic a
d-va
ncem
ent.
Ant
i-U
. S. s
entim
ent
is n
atur
al,
acco
rdin
g to
Fra
nk T
anne
nbau
m in
Ten
Key
sto
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
and
is in
larg
e m
easu
reje
alou
sy o
f ou
r w
ealth
and
pow
er.
For
som
eL
atin
Am
eric
an in
telle
ctua
ls,
turn
ing
toco
mm
unis
m is
a m
eans
of
defy
ing
the
U. S
.C
astr
o ap
pare
ntly
fel
t it n
eces
sary
toel
im-
inat
e ev
eryt
hing
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
U. S
.as
an
expr
essi
onof
Cub
an n
atio
nalis
m a
nda
met
hod
ofco
nsol
idat
ing
supp
ort.
(How
ever
,he
has
not
bee
n ab
le to
com
plet
ely
eras
e th
eU
. S. p
rese
nce
by h
is e
xpro
pria
tion
polic
ies
or h
is c
olla
bora
tion
with
the
Sovi
et U
nion
and
Chi
na a
s sh
own
in th
e19
62 m
issi
le c
risi
s. )
If th
e U
. S. h
ad f
ollo
wed
apo
sitiv
e po
licy
ofsu
ppor
ting
dem
ocra
cy,
Tan
nenb
aum
con
tin-
ues,
Cas
tro
wou
ld n
ot b
e in
his
pre
sent
posi
tion;
if w
e ha
d op
pose
d B
atis
ta, w
e w
ould
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
U. S
. res
pons
es a
nd th
eir
likel
y co
nseq
uenc
es(e
.g.,
full-
scal
e in
terv
entio
n, n
on-r
ecog
nitio
nan
d is
olat
ion,
acc
epta
nce
and
aid)
.W
hat a
c-tio
ns h
as th
e U
.S. t
aken
? A
t wha
t cos
ts?
With
wha
t res
ults
?
not b
e as
soci
ated
with
tyra
nny.
Ref
er to
dis
cuss
ion
of c
hang
es in
the
dire
ctio
n of
Cas
tro'
s re
volu
tion
and
the
impl
icat
ions
for
U. S
. pol
icy.
The
stu
dent
s sh
ould
rea
lize
that
any
re-
volu
tion
wou
ld h
ave
been
like
ly to
pro
duce
prob
lem
s w
ith r
espe
ct to
rec
ogni
tion
and
natio
naliz
atio
n or
exp
ropr
iatio
n of
for
eign
prop
ertie
s.(R
efer
ence
mig
ht b
e m
ade
toth
e M
exic
an R
evol
utio
n an
d th
e "c
risi
s"ov
er A
mer
ican
oil
prop
ertie
s.)
Ref
eren
ce to
the
intr
oduc
tory
rea
ding
s an
ddi
scus
sion
may
pro
vide
som
e an
swer
s. A
brie
f su
mm
ary
of U
. S. a
ctio
ns f
ollo
ws.
The
U. S
. rec
ogni
zed
Cas
tro'
s go
vern
men
tin
195
9, c
ance
lled
econ
omic
agr
eem
ents
in19
60, b
roke
dip
lom
atic
rel
atio
ns in
Jan
uary
,19
61, u
nsuc
cess
fully
spo
nsor
ed a
n in
vasi
onin
Apr
il 19
61, w
orke
d fo
r C
uba'
s ex
puls
ion
from
the
OA
S in
Jan
uary
, 196
2, w
on th
ere
mov
al o
f So
viet
mis
sile
s in
Oct
ober
, 196
2,bu
t has
bee
n un
succ
essf
ul in
enf
orci
ng a
dipl
omat
ic a
nd e
cono
mic
boy
cott
of C
uba,
elim
inat
ing
Cas
tro'
s in
flue
nce
in o
ther
Lat
in A
mer
ican
nat
ions
, or
enco
urag
ing
Cas
tro
to m
oder
ate
his
posi
tion.
Incr
ease
dai
d ha
s be
en p
rovi
ded
to L
atin
Am
eric
anna
tions
as,
for
exa
mpl
e, th
roug
h A
llian
cefo
r Pr
ogre
ss in
an
atte
mpt
to p
rom
ote
peac
eful
cha
nge.
Fea
r of
com
mun
ist e
x-pa
nsio
n w
as a
maj
or f
acto
r in
U. S
. int
er-
vent
ion
in th
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
in 1
965.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
On
the
basi
s of
our
pas
t exp
erie
nce,
wha
tpo
licie
s do
you
sug
gest
for
fut
ure
U. S
.C
uban
and
U.S
.L
atin
Am
eric
an r
elat
ions
?
Ask
stu
dent
s to
con
side
r th
e na
ture
of th
eth
reat
pos
ed b
y C
astr
o's
Cub
a.Is
it p
oliti
cal,
mili
tary
, eco
nom
ic, i
deol
ogic
al, o
r so
me
com
bina
tion?
Wha
t pol
icie
s w
ould
bes
t mee
tth
ese
thre
ats?
Wha
t mig
ht b
e th
eef
fect
s of
Cas
tro'
s di
sagr
eem
ents
with
Mos
cow
and
Peki
ng o
n hi
s "t
hrea
tpo
tent
ial"
?
Wha
t gen
eral
con
clus
ions
mig
ht b
efo
rmul
ated
with
reg
ard
to in
ter-
Am
eric
anre
latio
ns o
nth
e ba
sis
of U
.S.
Cub
an e
xper
ienc
es?
Ask
for
spec
ific
evi
denc
e to
sup
port
tent
ativ
ege
nera
lizat
ions
. Enc
oura
ge s
tude
nts
toch
alle
nge
each
oth
er's
con
clus
ions
. Em
phas
ize
the
ten-
tativ
e na
ture
of
the
prop
osed
gen
eral
izat
ions
and
hypo
thes
es. N
ote
agre
ed-u
pon
gene
raliz
atio
nsor
hyp
othe
ses
for
furt
her
disc
ussi
on a
t the
end
of th
is u
nit.
For
exam
ple:
The
U. S
. is
very
pow
erfu
lan
d ca
n in
flue
nce
even
ts in
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
but t
he U
. S. i
s no
t om
nipo
tent
and
can
not
dire
ct L
atin
Am
eric
an in
tern
al a
ffai
rs o
rfo
reig
n po
licy.
(We
succ
eede
d in
our
ob-
ject
ives
in th
e 19
62 m
issi
le c
risi
s bu
t not
in th
e 19
61 B
ay o
f Pi
gs in
vasi
on.)
Ant
i-A
mer
ican
sen
timen
t and
nat
iona
lism
are.
eff
ectiv
ely
expl
oite
d by
Lat
in A
mer
ican
left
ists
and
com
mun
ists
to g
ain
supp
ort f
orth
eir
othe
r ob
ject
ives
.(C
astr
o's
expr
opri
-at
ion
of f
orei
gn p
rope
rtie
s bo
th d
efie
d U
. S.
clai
ms
and
brou
ght i
ndus
trie
s an
d la
ndun
der
stat
e co
ntro
l. )
Non
-com
mun
ist d
icta
tors
hips
may
suc
cess
-fu
lly g
ain
U. S
. aid
bec
ause
of
our
preo
ccu-
patio
n w
ith th
e C
old
War
, thu
s pu
tting
the
U. S
. in
the
posi
tion
of o
ppos
ing
refo
rman
din
dire
ctly
enc
oura
ging
rev
olut
ion.
(T
heU
. S. a
ided
Bat
ista
unt
il M
arch
195
8.)
B.
El C
ham
izal
:co
nflic
t res
olve
d
Mai
n Id
eas
Settl
emen
t of
the
Cha
miz
al d
ispu
te in
dica
tes
that
mea
ning
ful a
gree
men
tsbe
twee
n
the
U, S
. and
Lat
inA
mer
ican
nat
ions
can
be
reac
hed,
and
that
fur
ther
impr
ovem
ents
in in
ter-
Am
eric
arre
latio
ns a
2e p
ossi
ble
ifth
e na
tions
invo
lved
sinc
erel
y de
sire
them
.
Mat
eria
ls
map
of
U. S
.M
exic
o bo
rder
, dis
pute
d ar
ea,
and
settl
emen
t
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Usi
ng th
e tr
ansp
aren
cy,
show
the
disp
uted
The
Rio
Gra
nde
has
been
the
boun
dary
be-
area
.tw
een
Tex
as a
ndM
exic
o si
nce
1848
fol
low
ing
the
Mex
ican
War
. In
the
mid
-180
0's
the
rive
r's c
ours
e sh
ifte
dso
uthw
ard
at E
l Pas
opu
tting
600
acr
es o
ffo
rmer
ly M
exic
ante
rrito
ry in
Tex
as.
Mex
ico
clai
med
the
land
but
the
U. S
. sta
ted
that
the
Rio
Gra
nde
was
the
boun
dary
, reg
ardl
ess
of it
s m
ove-
men
t.
Why
do
you
supp
ose
the
disp
ute
cont
inue
d?W
hy d
id b
oth
side
s ap
pear
unw
illin
g to
com
-pr
omis
e? D
o yo
u ag
ree
with
the
opin
ion
that
the
Cha
miz
al d
ispu
te w
as"m
ore
aqu
estio
n of
nat
iona
lpr
ide
than
rea
les
tate
"?W
hy d
o yo
u su
ppos
eag
reem
ent w
as r
each
edin
196
3?
A c
entu
ry o
f"n
egot
iatio
n an
d re
crim
inat
ion"
follo
wed
.In
191
1, th
e di
sput
e w
assu
bmitt
edto
inte
rnat
iona
lar
bitr
atio
n, b
ut th
e U
. S.
reje
cted
the
deci
sion
whi
chfa
vore
d M
exic
o's
clai
m. T
exan
s co
ntin
ued
to b
uild
hom
esan
d bu
sine
sses
in th
e ar
eaw
hile
Mex
ico
crie
d "Y
anqu
i im
peri
alis
m."
El C
ham
izal
, nea
rdo
wnt
own
El P
aso
betw
een
El P
aso
and
Ciu
dad
Juar
ez, i
s an
are
a of
shop
s, r
un-d
own
hous
es,
stoc
kyar
ds, a
ndsm
all f
acto
ries
.A
fter
his
trip
to M
exic
o,Pr
esid
ent K
enne
dy d
ecid
edto
set
tle th
e lo
ngst
andi
ng d
ispu
te.
Thi
s ac
tion
may
be
view
edas
par
t of
his
gene
ral e
ffor
ts to
impr
ove
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Usi
ng th
e ov
erla
y, in
dica
teth
e ne
w U
. S.
Mex
ico
boun
dary
.
Wha
t, in
you
r op
inio
n, is
the
sign
ific
ance
of th
e se
ttlem
ent o
f th
e C
ham
izal
disp
ute?
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns.
Aft
er s
ever
al m
onth
s of
neg
otia
tion,
form
alag
reem
ent w
as r
each
ed in
Aug
ust
1963
.A
ppro
xim
atel
y 60
0 ac
res
wer
e ce
ded
toM
exic
o in
ret
urn
for
193
acre
s of
Cor
dova
Isla
nd, a
larg
ely
unin
habi
ted
Mex
ican
are
aon
the
El P
aso
side
of
the
rive
r.T
he U
.S.
will
rei
mbu
rse
its p
rope
rty
owne
rsan
d re
-lo
cate
the
3, 7
50 r
esid
ents
of
Cha
miz
al.
The
U. S
. and
Mex
ico
will
spl
it th
eco
st o
fa
new
con
cret
ech
anne
l "to
pre
vent
fur
ther
disp
utes
ove
r th
e w
ande
ring
Rio
Gra
nde"
and
six
new
bri
dges
.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Mex
ico'
s le
adin
g ne
wsp
aper
,E
l Exc
elsi
or, C
ham
izal
rep
rese
nts
"the
grea
test
dip
lom
atic
triu
mph
inM
exic
anhi
stor
y."
Salv
ador
Men
doza
, a p
rofe
ssor
at th
e L
aw S
choo
l of
the
Nat
iona
lU
nive
rsity
of M
exic
o, w
ritin
g in
Exc
elsi
or,
conc
lude
s"E
l Cha
miz
al, s
ymbo
l of
frie
ndsh
ip a
ndju
stic
e af
firm
s an
d co
nsol
idat
es th
ere
latio
nsbe
twee
n M
exic
o an
d th
e U
.S. a
nd it
isbe
yond
the
shad
ow o
f a
doub
t the
mos
tou
tsta
ndin
gdi
plom
atic
ges
ture
of
the
cent
ury.
"
For
an a
naly
sis
of th
e di
sput
e an
dse
ttlem
ent
from
a M
exic
an p
oint
of
view
, see
Men
doza
,Sa
lvad
or, "
El M
eto
y la
Ikl
istic
a de
El
Cha
miz
al, "
Exc
elsi
or, M
exic
o, D
. F. ,
May
29,
196
3.(a
vaila
ble
in p
amph
let f
orm
from
Edi
tori
al P
erio
dist
ica
Impr
esor
a de
Mex
ico,
S.A
.,
1963
)
For
furt
her
info
rmat
ion
and
the
text
sof
rele
vant
spe
eche
s an
d do
cum
ents
, see
the
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Dep
artm
ent o
f St
ate
Bul
letin
, Vol
. 49,
Aug
ust 5
, 196
3, p
p. 1
99-2
04; V
ol. 4
9,Se
ptem
ber
23, 1
963,
pp.
480
-484
; Vol
. 50,
Janu
ary
13, 1
964,
pp.
49-
51; V
ol. 5
1,O
ctob
er 1
9, 1
964,
pp.
545
-549
.
Sugg
este
d
Pana
ma
and
the
Pana
ma
Can
al
Mai
n Id
eas
The
foc
us o
f 1J
. S.
Pana
ma
rela
tions
is th
e Pa
nam
a C
anal
; inc
reas
ing
Pana
man
ian
rese
ntm
ent o
f U
.S. s
over
eign
ty o
ver
the
Can
al Z
one
is a
maj
or s
ourc
e of
fri
ctio
nbe
twee
n Pa
nam
a an
d th
e U
. S.
Ant
i - U
. S. s
entim
ents
in P
anam
a an
d po
ssib
le th
reat
s to
the
secu
rity
of
the
Can
alm
ake
G. S
.Pa
nam
a re
latio
ns e
xtre
mel
y de
licat
e an
d of
gre
at in
tere
st to
oth
erL
atin
Am
eric
an n
atio
ns.
Con
side
ratio
n is
bei
ng g
iven
to th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
a n
ew c
anal
, les
s vu
lner
able
toat
tack
, to
hand
le th
e in
crea
sing
vol
ume
of tr
ade
and
larg
er s
hips
.
Mat
eria
ls
map
of
Pana
ma
and
the
Pana
ma
Can
alre
adin
g, "
Bac
kgro
und:
the
U.S
., Pa
nam
a, a
nd th
e C
anal
"re
adin
gs a
nd d
iscu
ssio
n qu
estio
ns, "
Issu
es a
nd O
pini
ons"
Ass
ign
the
"Bac
kgro
und"
rea
ding
bef
ore
disc
ussi
on o
f th
e ot
her
read
ings
and
que
stio
nsis
pla
nned
.
A b
rief
qui
z m
ight
det
erm
ine
how
wel
l pre
-pa
red
stud
ents
are
to c
onsi
der
the
"iss
ues"
pres
ente
d in
the
read
ings
and
dis
cuss
ion
ques
tions
.St
uden
ts s
houl
d be
fam
iliar
with
the
term
s of
the
1903
, 193
6, a
nd 1
955
trea
ties,
the
curr
ent s
tate
of
the
U. S
.Pa
nam
a re
latio
ns, a
nd th
e al
tern
ativ
es f
orm
oder
nizi
ng c
anal
fac
ilitie
s.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Usi
ng th
e tr
ansp
aren
cy m
ap, p
oint
out
the
loca
tion
of th
e C
anal
, the
maj
or c
ities
(Pa
nam
aC
ity a
nd C
olon
), a
nd th
eir
rela
tion
to o
ther
poin
ts in
Lat
in A
mer
ica.
The
map
of
the
We
ster
n H
emis
pher
e (u
sed
in th
e in
trod
ucto
ryse
ctio
n) m
ight
als
o be
val
uabl
e he
re.
Poss
ible
alte
rnat
ive
cana
l rou
tes
mig
ht b
epo
inte
d ou
t.
Dis
cuss
the
read
ings
and
que
stio
ns p
rese
nted
toge
ther
in th
e A
ppen
dix.
The
que
stio
ns a
rein
tend
ed to
iden
tify
mai
n id
eas
and
issu
esin
dica
te c
onfl
ictin
g po
ints
of
view
, and
enab
le s
tude
nts
to r
each
thei
r ow
n co
nclu
sion
saf
ter
cons
ider
ing
the
evid
ence
. Aga
in,
refe
renc
e m
ight
be
mad
e to
the
intr
oduc
tory
read
ings
on
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns in
an
atte
mpt
to p
lace
U. S
.Pa
nam
a re
latio
nsin
a b
road
er f
ram
ewor
k.
Som
e cu
lmin
atin
g ac
tiviti
es a
re: 1
) as
k st
uden
tsto
out
line
a tr
eaty
whi
ch th
ey th
ink
wou
ld s
atis
fy th
ebe
st in
tere
sts
of th
e U
. S. .
and
Pana
ma;
2)
hold
moc
k ne
gotia
tions
bet
wee
n U
. S. a
nd P
anam
ania
nItre
pres
enta
tives
,T
T
and
perh
aps
hold
a "
pres
sco
nfer
ence
" m
idw
ay in
the
nego
tiatio
ns a
nd h
ave
the
repr
esen
tativ
es f
ace
ques
tions
fro
m o
ther
clas
s m
embe
rs; o
r 3)
hol
d a
moc
k co
ngre
ssio
nal
deba
te to
con
side
r on
e of
the
trea
ties
prop
osed
by th
e st
uden
ts.
For
addi
onai
info
rmat
ion,
see
: Ken
t,F.
B. (
Los
Ang
eles
Tim
es)
"Col
ombi
ato
Bui
ld N
ew C
anal
," A
ustin
Sta
tesm
an,
July
4, 1
968.
Dom
inic
an C
risi
s 19
65
Mai
n Id
eas
Alth
ough
the
U. S
repu
diat
ed in
terv
entio
n in
the
1930
's, t
his
natio
n ca
nnot
avo
idin
flue
ncin
g L
atin
Am
eric
an a
ffai
rs e
ither
dir
ectly
or
indi
rect
ly b
y ou
r pr
esen
ceou
r w
ealth
, and
/or
our
wor
ld p
ositi
on.
The
Col
d W
ar, w
ith it
s th
reat
of
com
mun
ist e
xpan
sion
(th
roug
h su
bver
sion
or
aggr
essi
on),
has
com
plic
ated
the
U. S
. pos
ition
with
res
pect
to p
rom
ises
of
non-
inte
rven
tion.
In 1
961
and
1965
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
cted
uni
late
rally
, int
erve
ning
in C
uba
(un-
succ
essf
ully
, to
over
thro
w C
astr
o) a
nd th
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
(to
pre
vent
apo
ssib
le c
omm
unis
t tak
eove
r), a
nd a
s a
resu
lt fa
ced
seri
ous
criti
cism
bot
h at
hom
e an
d ab
road
.
The
Dom
inic
an c
risi
s ill
ustr
ates
the
diff
icul
ty o
f ac
hiev
ing
soci
al r
efor
m, e
cono
mic
deve
lopm
ent,
and
polit
ical
sta
bilit
y in
a c
ount
ry w
ith a
con
serv
ativ
e, a
utho
rita
rian
trad
ition
.
Mat
eria
ls
read
ings
, "B
ackg
roun
d to
Cri
sis,
" "
Stat
e D
epar
tmen
t Sum
mar
y, "
"O
pini
ons
onth
e D
omin
ican
Cri
sis,
" "
Impl
icat
ions
for
Fut
ure
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Rel
atio
ns"
bibl
iogr
aphy
, "D
omin
ican
Cri
sis:
Ref
eren
ces"
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
The
196
5 D
omin
ican
"ci
vil w
ar"
is th
e fo
cus
of th
is s
ectio
n w
hich
is o
rgan
ized
sim
ilarl
y to
the
one
for
Pana
ma
with
a v
arie
ty o
f re
adin
gs a
nddi
scus
sion
que
stio
ns.
Con
side
ratio
n of
eve
nts
in th
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
sin
ce 1
961
and
the
U.S
. rol
e w
ill p
rovi
de o
ppor
tuni
ties
to s
umm
ariz
eex
peri
ence
s an
d al
tern
ativ
es in
con
tem
por-
ary
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rel
atio
ns a
s w
ell a
s to
vie
wan
d ev
alua
te in
terv
entio
n as
an
aspe
ct o
f th
eU
nite
d St
ates
' Lat
in A
mer
ican
pol
icy.
Bec
ause
of th
e re
lativ
e re
cenc
y of
the
Dom
inic
an c
risi
s,
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
its v
ery
cont
rove
rsia
l nat
ure,
and
the
opin
ion
of s
ever
al o
bser
vers
that
the
basi
c cr
isis
has
not y
et b
een
reso
lved
, no
atte
mpt
has
bee
nm
ade
to s
ugge
st d
efin
itive
ans
wer
s to
the
ques
tions
pos
ed. T
he c
ompl
exity
of
the
Dom
i-ni
can
situ
atio
n sh
ould
be
emph
asiz
ed a
lthou
ghon
ly a
few
issu
es m
ight
be
sele
cted
for
cla
ssst
udy.
Ass
ign
"Bac
kgro
und
to C
risi
s" b
efor
e th
efo
llow
ing
activ
ities
are
pla
nned
.
Ask
stu
dent
s to
iden
tify
the
maj
or p
robl
ems
with
whi
ch th
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
has
toco
pe (
e. g
. , a
bsen
ce o
f de
moc
ratic
pol
itica
lex
peri
ence
, eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent,
pola
ri-
zatio
n of
soc
iety
). W
hat r
ole
had
the
U.S
.pl
ayed
in D
omin
ican
aff
airs
pri
or to
196
1?
Indi
cate
the
com
plex
ity o
f th
e 19
65 c
risi
s by
pres
entin
g qu
estio
ns s
uch
as:
1) W
bat w
as th
e na
ture
of
the
1965
cri
sis?
(Was
the
cris
is a
com
mun
ist t
hrea
t, in
tern
alpo
litic
al in
stab
ility
, or
som
ethi
ng e
lse?
)
2) I
s co
mm
unis
m in
Lat
in A
mer
ica
a th
reat
toth
e U
. S. ?
3) W
as u
nila
tera
l U. S
. mili
tary
inte
rven
tion
the
mos
t des
irab
le c
hoic
e of
act
ion?
(A
reth
ere
effe
ctiv
e al
tern
ativ
es to
uni
late
ral U
.S.
inte
rven
tion?
Cou
ld th
e O
AS
or U
N h
ave
take
nth
e "n
eces
sary
" st
eps
to d
eal w
ith th
is c
risi
s?)
4) D
id in
terv
entio
n ac
com
plis
h its
app
aren
tpu
rpos
es s
uch
as s
topp
ing
a co
mm
unis
t tak
e-ov
er, p
rovi
ding
pea
ce a
nd s
tabi
lity,
dem
ocra
tic
A li
st o
f ge
nera
l ref
eren
ces
for
the
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic is
pro
vide
d in
the
App
endi
x.
Con
side
r th
e di
ffer
ence
bet
wee
n a
dire
ctth
reat
to U
. S. s
ecur
ity a
nd th
reat
s to
U. S
.na
tiona
l int
eres
t.
Ref
eren
ce m
ight
be
mad
e to
the
prev
ious
disc
ussi
on o
f C
uba.
For
add
ition
al in
for-
mat
ion,
see
Lie
uwen
, E.,
U. S
. Pol
icy
in L
atin
Am
eric
a. N
ew Y
ork:
Pra
eger
,19
65, p
p. 1
07-1
10.
Con
side
r bo
th s
hort
and
long
-run
eff
ects
.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
gove
rnm
ent a
ndso
cio-
econ
omic
pro
gres
s?
5) D
id th
e U
. S. s
uppo
rtri
ght-
win
g m
ilita
ryle
ader
s ag
ains
t lef
tist
rebe
ls p
rom
isin
gde
moc
racy
and
soc
ial
refo
rm?
(Doe
s th
e U
.S.
tend
to s
uppo
rtdi
ctat
orsh
ip, b
ecau
se w
efe
arco
mm
unis
t exp
ansi
on,
and
thus
hel
p to
mai
n-ta
in a
n un
just
sta
tus
quo?
6) D
id U
. S. a
ctio
n ar
ouse
anti-
Yan
kee
sent
i-m
ent w
hich
cos
tsu
ppor
t for
our
polic
ies
inth
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
and
Lat
in A
mer
ica
and
thus
indi
rect
lyai
d th
e co
mm
unis
ts?
7) W
hat a
re s
ome
ofth
e pr
oble
ms
faci
ngth
e U
.S. i
n i,t
7sde
alin
gs w
ith s
mal
ler,
wea
ker
natio
ns a
nd a
riou
set
hnic
gro
ups?
8) C
an th
e O
AS
be m
ade
mor
eef
fect
ive
inor
der
that
uni
late
ral U
.S. a
ctio
n w
ill n
otbe
con
side
red
in th
efu
ture
?
Ass
ign
read
ing
of th
e"S
tate
Dep
artm
ent S
um-
mar
y,an
d as
k st
uden
ts to
ans
wer
the
intr
o-du
ctor
y qu
estio
ns o
n th
eba
sis
of th
e in
form
a-tio
n gi
ven.
Ass
ign
read
ing
of"O
pini
ons
on th
e D
omin
ican
Cri
sis.
" W
hat m
ajor
dif
fere
nces
are
ther
eam
ong
the
auth
ors
quot
ed?
Bet
wee
n an
yof
the
auth
ors
and
the
Stat
e D
epar
tmen
t? W
hat
bias
es m
ight
be
expe
cted
of th
ese
sour
ces?
Do
the
answ
ers
to th
ein
trod
ucto
ry q
uest
ions
requ
ire
revi
sion
on
the
basi
s of
new
evi
denc
e?
Ref
eren
ce m
ight
be
mad
e to
prev
ious
disc
ussi
on o
f th
e O
AS,
The
dif
ficu
lties
fac
ing
our
fore
ign
polic
ym
aker
s in
ass
imila
ting
som
etim
es c
on-
flic
ting
or im
com
plet
ere
port
s m
ight
be
note
d.
Sugg
este
d A
ctiv
ities
Aft
er c
onsi
dera
tion
of th
ese
vera
l asp
ects
of th
e D
omin
ican
cri
sis,
atte
ntio
n m
ight
focu
s on
inte
rven
tion
as a
feat
ure
of U
.S.
polic
y.R
efer
ence
cou
ld b
e m
ade
toea
rlie
rU
. S. p
olic
y su
ch a
s th
eR
oose
velt
Cor
olla
ryan
d/or
the
curr
ent i
dea
of th
e U
. S. a
s a
wor
ld p
olic
eman
.
Ass
ign
"im
plic
atio
ns f
or F
utur
eIn
ter-
Am
eric
an R
elat
ions
. " N
ote
com
mon
prob
lem
sfa
cing
the
U. S
. and
Lat
inA
mer
ica,
pro
blem
sfa
cing
the
U. S
. in
its r
elat
ions
with
Lat
inA
mer
ican
nat
ions
, and
the
avai
labl
e al
ter-
nativ
es f
or U
.S. p
olic
y._
Rev
iew
the
intr
oduc
tory
read
ings
and
stu
dent
answ
ers
to th
equ
estio
n of
the
inte
rdep
ende
nce
or m
utua
l im
port
ance
of th
e U
.S. a
nd L
atin
Am
eric
a.
Wha
t pro
blem
s or
are
asof
con
flic
t exi
st in
cont
empo
rary
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rela
tions
?W
hat s
teps
hav
e be
en ta
ken
toim
prov
e re
-la
tions
for
mut
ual b
enef
its?
Wha
t rem
ains
to b
e do
ne?
Rea
lizin
g th
atth
ere
are
no s
impl
ean
swer
s to
com
plex
prob
lem
s, w
hat p
ract
ical
sugg
estio
ns m
ight
be
mad
e fo
r m
ore
succ
ess-
ful i
nter
-Am
eric
an r
elat
ions
.C
onsi
der
spec
ific
goa
ls a
nd th
e m
eans
by
whi
ch th
eym
ight
be
achi
eved
.
Supp
lem
enta
ry A
ctiv
ities
For
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n se
e:Sc
hnei
der,
R. M
., L
atin
Am
eric
anPa
no-
ram
a. N
ew Y
ork:
Fore
ign
Polic
y A
ssn.
,19
66, p
p. 3
4-42
.H
anke
, L.,
Sout
h A
mer
ica.
Prin
ceto
n:D
. Van
Nos
tran
d, 1
967,
pp.
132-
138.
For
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n se
e:Q
uigg
, P. W
., "A
dvic
e fo
r th
eU
. S.
,"
in H
anke
, L.,
Mex
ico
and
the
Car
ibbe
an.
Prin
ceto
n: D
. Van
Nos
tran
d,19
67, p
p. 1
47-
150.
"The
U.S
. and
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
" in
Sta
vria
nos,
L. S
. et a
l., R
eadi
ngs
in W
orld
His
tory
. Bos
ton:
Ally
n an
d B
acon
, 196
7, p
p.44
8-45
3.
Supplementar Activities
The letter to President Eisenhower from theChilean students was written before the an-nouncement of the Alliance for Progress inMarch 1961 and the Bay of Pigs invasion inApril 1961 as was the response from theU.S. Ambassador to Chile.
What aspects of U. S. policy toward LatinAmerica are praised by the Chilean students?What aspects of U. S. policy are criticizedby the students?
How does the U.S. Ambassador to Chilerespond to the students' criticism?
Are the students' objections to U. S. policytoward Latin America valid today? Writea letter to the Chilean students in whichyou respond to their praise and criticism,taking into consideration events since 1961.
"Sumner Welles, A Memorandum on Inter-American Relations, 1933, " in Hanke, L. ,
Mexico and the Caribbean. Princeton: D.Van Nostrand, 1967, pp. 140-141.
Consider this advice to President Rooseveltin light of events since 1933 and the presentstate of inter-American relations. Howappropriate are Welles' suggestions today?
27
APPENDIX
28
Tea
cher
's N
otes
to A
cc
ompa
ny O
rgan
izat
ion
of A
mer
ican
Sta
tes
Tra
nspa
renc
y
The
Int
er-A
mer
ican
Con
fere
nce
mee
ts e
very
five
yea
rs (
prop
osed
rev
isio
ns o
f th
e O
AS
char
ter
reco
mm
end
annu
al m
eetin
gs)
to d
eter
min
e O
AS
polic
ies
and
func
tions
of
the
vari
ous
adm
inis
trat
ive
agen
cies
.
The
Cou
ncil
is th
e pe
rman
ent e
xecu
tive
body
of th
e O
AS
whi
ch c
arri
es o
ut p
olic
ies
and
adm
inis
ters
activ
ities
.It
oft
en h
as c
onsi
dera
ble
auth
ority
in e
mer
genc
ysi
tuat
ions
. Eac
h m
embe
r of
the
OA
Sap
poin
ts a
n A
mba
ssad
or to
the
Cou
ncil.
The
Pan
Am
eric
an U
nion
is th
e ge
nera
lse
cret
aria
t of
the
OA
S. A
mon
g its
man
yre
spon
sibi
litie
sis
pub
licat
ion
of O
AS
mat
eria
ls in
clud
ing
the
mon
thly
mag
azin
e, A
mer
icas
.
Mee
tings
of
Con
sulta
tion
of M
inis
ters
of
Fore
ign
Aff
airs
are
cal
led
to d
eal w
ith e
mer
genc
ies,
gene
rally
thre
ats
to h
emis
pher
ic s
ecur
ity.
Spec
ializ
ed C
onfe
renc
es d
eal w
ith s
peci
fic
tech
nica
lm
atte
rs w
hile
the
Spec
ializ
edO
rgan
izat
ions
are
sepa
rate
gov
ernm
enta
lbo
dies
est
ablis
hed
to c
arry
out
spe
cifi
c fu
nctio
nsof
com
mon
inte
rest
such
as
the
Pan
Am
eric
an H
ealth
Org
aniz
atio
n.
Unt
il re
cent
ly th
e In
ter-
Am
eric
anE
cono
mic
and
Soc
ial C
ounc
il re
ceiv
ed m
ajor
em
phas
is a
sco
ncer
n fo
cuse
d on
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t.Si
nce
1967
, how
ever
, add
ition
al e
mph
asis
has
bee
npl
aced
on
educ
atio
n, s
cien
tific
, and
tech
nolo
gica
lad
vanc
es, a
nd r
eorg
aniz
atio
n of
the
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Cul
tura
l Cou
ncil
has
been
pro
pose
d to
refl
ect t
his
grow
ing
conc
ern.
_
As
a re
gion
al o
rgan
izat
ion,
the
OA
S ac
tsin
depe
nden
tly o
f th
e U
N e
xcep
t in
mat
ters
rel
atin
g to
mai
ntai
ning
pea
ce a
nd th
e pe
acef
ul s
ettle
men
t of
disp
utes
. How
ever
, the
re is
clo
se c
oope
ratio
nbe
twee
n th
e tw
o in
are
as s
uch
as p
ublic
hea
lth.
The
eff
ectiv
enes
s of
the
OA
S in
pro
:din
g fo
rhe
mis
pher
ic d
efen
se b
oth
from
sub
vers
ion
and
atta
ck h
as b
een
ques
tione
d.Pr
opos
als
to e
stab
lish
a st
andi
ng m
ilita
ry f
orce
have
bee
n re
ject
ed.
(The
sec
tion
on th
e D
omin
ican
Rep
ublic
will
con
-si
der
the
OA
S in
term
s of
its
role
in h
emis
pher
icde
fens
e. )
Tea
cher
's N
otes
to A
ccom
pany
Alli
ance
for
Prog
ress
Tra
nspa
renc
y
The
Int
er-A
mer
ican
Com
mitt
ee o
n th
eA
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess
(CIA
P) is
the
maj
or a
genc
yof
the
Alli
ance
, res
pons
ible
for
coo
rdin
atin
g an
ddi
rect
ing
polic
y an
d su
bjec
t to
deci
sion
s of
the
(OA
S)
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
Eco
nom
ic a
nd S
ocia
l Cou
ncil
whi
chre
view
s pr
ogre
ss to
war
d A
llian
ce d
evel
op-
men
t goa
ls.
The
(O
AS)
Int
er-A
mer
ican
Cul
tura
l Cou
ncil
will
be
play
ing
a gr
eate
r ro
le in
Alli
ance
effo
rts
in th
e ar
eas
of e
duca
tion,
sci
ence
,te
chno
logy
, and
cul
ture
.
The
Int
er-A
mer
ican
Dev
elop
men
t Ban
k(I
DB
) is
the
maj
or r
egio
nal l
endi
ng a
nd te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
eag
ency
, whi
le th
e U
N E
cono
mic
Com
mis
sion
for
Lat
in A
mer
ica
(EC
LA
) is
pri
mar
ilyco
ncer
ned
with
pro
mot
ing
the
econ
omic
inte
grat
ion
of L
atin
Am
eric
a (i
. e.
esta
blis
hmen
t of
com
mon
mar
kets
such
as
the
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Fre
eT
rade
Ass
ocia
tion
and
the
Cen
tral
Am
eric
anC
omm
on M
arke
t).
The
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
s is
not
mer
ely
a U
.S. f
orei
gn a
id p
rogr
am.
It is
a m
ultil
ater
al, c
o-op
erat
ive
effo
rt w
ith L
atin
Am
eric
an n
atio
nssu
pply
ing
mos
t of
the
fund
s fo
r de
velo
pmen
tpr
ojec
ts.
The
nee
d fo
r ch
ange
is u
rgen
t, bu
t no
quic
k or
eas
y so
lutio
ns to
Lat
in A
mer
ica'
sde
velo
pmen
tpr
oble
ms
are
visi
ble.
The
re is
str
ong
resi
stan
ce to
chan
ge f
rom
ves
ted
inte
rest
gro
ups,
and
no
amou
nt o
f U
. S. a
id c
an s
olve
Lat
inA
mer
ica'
s "c
risi
s. "
The
Alli
ance
is tr
ying
to e
ncou
rage
long
-ra
nge
plan
ning
and
reco
gniti
on o
f th
e in
ter-
rela
tedn
ess
of L
atin
Am
eric
a's
prob
lem
s.
Tea
cher
's N
otes
to A
ccom
pany
Stag
es o
f th
e C
astr
o R
evol
utio
n
1956
-195
9C
astr
o's
mov
emen
t was
not
aty
pica
l com
mun
ist r
evol
utio
n,H
is s
uppo
rter
s ca
me
larg
ely
from
the
non-
com
mun
ist u
rban
mid
dle-
clas
s, s
tude
nts,
and
inte
llect
uals
whi
le th
e pe
asan
try
was
gene
rally
apa
thet
ic a
nd th
e w
orki
ngcl
ass
unin
volv
ed.
Bas
ic r
efor
ms
wer
e pr
omis
edan
d ex
pect
ed;
ther
e w
as li
ttle
evid
ence
that
Cas
tro
was
hea
ding
tow
ard
com
mun
ism
.O
ther
gro
ups
also
act
ivel
yop
pose
d B
atis
ta.
Bat
ista
hel
ped
to d
efea
t him
self
with
a c
ount
er-t
erro
r ca
mpa
ign
whi
ch tr
igge
red
an a
rmy
revo
lt.T
he U
. S. a
ided
Bat
ista
unt
ilM
arch
, 195
8, th
en a
ccep
ted
but w
assu
spic
ious
of
Cas
tro.
Cas
tro
beca
me
a na
tiona
l her
o an
d ga
ined
wid
e po
pula
r su
ppor
t,
1959
Janu
ary-
Febr
uary
. Cas
tro
does
not
begi
n to
ful
fill
his
earl
ier
prom
ises
of p
oliti
cal r
efor
m. A
l-th
ough
man
y A
mer
ican
ssy
mpa
thiz
ed w
ith C
astr
o's
stat
ed a
ims,
U. S
.C
uban
rel
atio
ns d
eter
iora
ted
earl
y un
der
Cas
tro'
s ru
le.
June
. Sta
te c
olle
ctiv
e fa
rms
are
esta
blis
hed.
Cas
tro
feel
s th
at C
uban
fre
edom
requ
ires
eco
nom
icin
depe
nden
ce f
rom
the
U. S
. and
that
Cub
an c
apita
lists
wer
e so
clo
sely
asso
ciat
ed w
ith U
.S. i
nter
ests
that
cap
italis
m m
ust a
lso
be e
limin
ated
.
A la
rge
grou
p, c
ompo
sed
prim
arily
of p
rofe
ssio
nal a
nd m
iddl
e-cl
ass
peop
le, b
egin
s to
leav
e C
uba
as th
e re
volu
tion
mov
esun
der
Sovi
et g
uida
nce.
Thi
s m
ass
emig
ratio
n ch
ange
s th
e st
ruct
ure
of
Cub
an s
ocie
ty a
nd e
limin
ates
muc
hof
Cas
tro'
s op
posi
tion.
Whe
nC
astr
o ad
opte
d co
mm
unis
m is
less
impo
rtan
t tha
n th
e be
lief
of m
ost
of h
is s
uppo
rter
s th
at th
eir
revo
lutio
n w
ould
bri
ng p
oliti
cal,
econ
omic
, and
soc
ial r
efor
ms
toC
uba
with
in a
dem
ocra
tic f
ram
ewor
k.
Tho
se w
ho d
o no
t bel
ieve
that
Cas
tro
was
a c
omm
unis
t fro
m th
ebe
ginn
ing
(at l
east
in 1
956)
fee
lth
at c
onse
rvat
ive
and
mod
erat
eop
posi
tion
to h
is r
efor
ms
and
incr
easi
ng U
. S. h
ostil
ity to
war
d hi
sag
rari
an r
efor
ms
and
natio
naliz
atio
npo
licie
s pu
shed
him
tow
ard
the
left
and
the
Sovi
et U
nion
.D
enie
d U
. S. m
arke
ts, C
astr
o so
ught
trad
e ag
reem
ents
with
the
Sovi
etU
nion
.
1961
Apr
il. M
uch
spec
ulat
ion
and
bitte
rnes
ssu
rrou
nds
the
CIA
dir
ecte
d, u
nsuc
cess
ful,
and
emba
rras
sing
effo
rt to
libe
rate
Cub
a.L
ittle
sup
port
for
our
eff
orts
was
off
ered
by
othe
rL
atin
Am
eric
an n
atio
nsm
any
of w
hich
adm
ired
Cas
tro'
s w
illin
gnes
s to
exp
erim
ent w
ith e
xtre
me
solu
tions
and
his
suc
cess
-fu
l def
ianc
e of
the
U. S
.T
his
earl
y en
thus
iasm
has
larg
ely
fade
d as
Cas
tro'
s de
pend
ence
on
the
Sovi
et U
nion
and
his
spo
nsor
ing
of g
uerr
illa
activ
ities
els
ewhe
re in
Lat
in A
mer
ica
has
beco
me
clea
r, H
owev
er, t
here
is li
ttle
supp
ortf
or a
noth
er U
.S. i
nter
vent
ion
in C
uba.
Ten
sion
betw
een
the
U.S
. and
Cub
a in
crea
ses.
1962
.
Oct
ober
, The
Sov
iet m
ilita
ry b
uild
up in
Cub
a, in
clud
ing
mis
sile
bas
es, t
hrea
tene
d th
ese
curi
ty o
fL
atin
Am
eric
a an
d th
e U
. S.
Of
the
vari
ous
alte
rnat
ives
(e.
g., i
nvas
ion,
atta
ckin
g th
e ba
ses,
inac
tion)
, Pre
side
nt K
enne
dy c
hose
a q
uara
ntin
e an
dde
man
ded
the
rem
oval
of
the
mis
sile
s in
retu
rn f
or a
U. S
. pro
mis
e no
t to
inva
de C
uba.
Und
er f
irm
pre
side
ntia
l lea
ders
hip,
the
U.S
. de-
mon
stra
ted
its d
eter
min
atio
n to
res
ist c
omm
unis
tad
vanc
es. A
t the
sam
e tim
e, w
e in
dica
ted
our
will
ingn
ess
to n
egot
iate
spe
cifi
c di
sput
es a
ndfa
ce c
halle
nges
rea
listic
ally
. Alth
ough
sev
eral
.L
atin
Am
eric
an g
over
nmen
ts(e
. g.
,M
exic
o) v
iew
Cas
tro
as a
nat
iona
list r
evol
utio
nary
rat
her
than
a m
ilita
nt c
omm
unis
t,th
ere
is n
ow g
reat
er L
atin
Am
eric
an s
uppo
rtfo
r th
e U
, S. p
olic
y of
isol
atin
gC
uba.
sinc
e 19
63
Cas
tro
is in
con
trol
of
the
mos
t"s
tate
dir
ecte
d" c
omm
unis
t nat
ion.
The
Cub
an e
cono
my
appe
ars
to b
e st
agna
ting
alth
ough
Cas
tro
prom
ises
gre
at a
dvan
ces
by 1
970.
The
re a
re g
reat
erop
port
uniti
esfo
r th
e lo
wer
cla
sses
, sig
nifi
cant
adv
ance
s ha
vebe
en m
ade
in e
duca
tion
(with
an
ideo
logi
cal
emph
a-si
s), t
he C
hurc
h su
rviv
es, t
he p
ositi
on o
f w
omen
and
non-
whi
tes
has
rise
n, c
orru
ptio
n an
d ga
ngst
er-
ism
are
und
er c
ontr
ol. F
reed
om o
fex
pres
sion
(e.
g., s
peec
h, p
ress
, ass
embl
y,re
ligio
n) is
not
tole
rate
d.D
isco
nten
t or
disi
llusi
onm
ent w
ith C
astr
osim
may
be in
crea
sing
. The
re is
evi
denc
eof
dis
sens
ion
with
the
Cub
an C
omm
unis
t Par
ty a
spr
o-M
osco
w in
divi
dual
s fe
el th
at C
astr
o's
pres
ent
polic
ies
may
be
disa
stro
us. T
he d
ecis
ions
of
the
Lat
in A
mer
ican
Sol
idar
ity O
rgan
izat
ion
(OL
AS)
mee
ting
in H
avan
a, A
ugus
t 196
7, e
mph
asiz
ing
arm
ed s
trug
gle
and
guer
rilla
war
fare
, app
ear
toha
ve lo
st s
uppo
rter
s fo
r C
astr
o.Se
vera
l Lat
in A
mer
ican
Com
mun
ist p
artie
s ha
vepu
blic
ally
stat
ed th
eir
pref
eren
ce f
or th
e M
osco
w r
athe
rth
an th
e H
avan
a po
sitio
n.
Cas
tro
is c
omm
itted
to c
omm
unis
m, a
llied
with
the
Sovi
et U
nion
(hi
s de
nunc
iatio
n of
Chi
na in
Janu
ary
1966
, mea
ns g
reat
er d
epen
denc
e on
the
Sovi
et U
nion
), a
nd a
dvoc
atin
g w
ars
of li
bera
tion
thro
ugho
ut L
atin
Am
eric
a. H
e ap
pear
s un
alte
rabl
yho
stile
to th
e U
, S.
Am
eric
an p
olic
y is
to is
olat
e C
uba
by m
eans
of e
cono
mic
and
dip
lom
atic
san
ctio
ns, e
spec
ially
from
Tea
cher
's N
otes
to A
ccom
pany
Tra
nspa
renc
ies
on E
duca
tion
in L
atin
Am
eric
a
An
educ
ated
pop
ulat
ion
is e
ssen
tial f
or th
e su
cces
sful
ope
ratio
n of
rep
rese
ntat
ive
gove
rnm
ents
and
for
soci
o-ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent.
One
of
the
wid
est g
aps
betw
een
Lat
in A
mer
ican
and
dev
elop
edna
tions
is in
the
area
of
educ
atio
n, a
nd th
is g
ap m
ay b
e in
crea
sing
.In
add
ition
to p
rovi
ding
grea
ter
oppo
rtun
ities
for
edu
catio
n, th
e qu
ality
of
educ
atio
n re
quir
es im
prov
emen
t and
new
em
phas
es.
For
exam
ple,
in 1
965
two-
thir
ds o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a's
71,0
00 u
nive
rsity
gra
duat
es e
arne
d th
eir
degr
ees
in la
w, p
hilo
soph
y, a
nd o
ther
aca
dem
ic r
athe
r th
an te
chni
cal f
ield
s.M
ost s
econ
dary
scho
ols
are
trad
ition
ally
aca
dem
ic, a
nd m
ost h
igh
scho
ol g
radu
ates
are
uns
kille
d, p
repa
red
for
little
oth
er th
an g
over
nmen
t cle
rica
l job
s. S
ome
obse
rver
s fe
el th
at c
hang
ing
the
"fun
dam
enta
lsof
a h
ighl
y in
equi
tabl
e sy
stem
of
educ
atio
n" is
mor
e im
port
ant t
han
expa
ndin
g ph
ysic
al f
acili
ties.
The
"dr
opou
t eff
ect"
tend
s to
mai
ntai
n ur
ban-
rura
l and
soc
io-e
cono
mic
dif
fere
nces
.
At t
he 1
967
Punt
a de
l Est
e m
eetin
g of
the
Am
eric
an C
hief
s of
Sta
te (
OA
S), e
duca
tion
was
giv
enhi
gh p
rior
ity, a
nd r
ecog
nizi
ng th
e im
port
ance
of
educ
atio
n in
the
over
all d
evel
opm
ent o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a, a
196
8 m
eetin
g of
the
(OA
S) I
nter
-Am
eric
an C
ultu
ral C
ounc
il pr
opos
ed r
eorg
aniz
atio
nan
d as
sum
ptio
n of
maj
or r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s fo
r A
llian
ce e
duca
tiona
l pro
gram
s.
1.L
itera
cy.
In a
dditi
on to
the
low
lite
racy
rat
es, s
tude
nts
shou
fd r
ecog
nize
the
grea
t var
iatio
n am
ong
Lat
in A
mer
ican
nat
ions
as
illus
trat
ed b
y th
e ex
trem
e ex
ampl
es o
f A
rgen
tina
and
Hai
ti.T
here
are
also
sig
nifi
cant
dif
fere
nces
am
ong
regi
ons
with
in a
sin
gle
natio
n.Fu
rthe
r, li
tera
cy r
ates
for
youn
ger
pers
ons
(20-
25)
are
high
er th
an th
ose
for
olde
r pe
rson
s (6
0-65
).
2.E
lem
enta
ry E
duca
tion
Com
plet
edSo
me
of th
e di
ffic
ultie
s in
usi
ng s
tatis
tics
mig
ht b
e no
ted
here
. For
exa
mpl
e, b
etw
een
1950
and
196
0, th
e pe
rcen
t of
Hon
dura
s' p
opul
atio
n co
mpl
etin
g el
emen
tary
sch
ool d
oubl
ed, b
utth
e 19
60 f
igur
e is
less
than
two
perc
ent.
Als
o, th
e sm
all p
erce
ntag
e of
the
popu
latio
n co
mpl
etin
gel
emen
tary
edu
catio
n in
mos
t Lat
in A
mer
ican
nat
ions
thro
ws
som
e do
ubt o
n th
e va
lidity
of
the
liter
acy
figu
res
pres
ente
d in
the
firs
t tra
nspa
renc
y.If
the
U. N
. 's
defi
nitio
n of
lite
racy
, the
equi
vale
nt o
f a
4th
or 5
th g
rade
edu
catio
n is
use
d, th
e lit
erac
y ra
te f
or L
atin
Am
eric
a w
ould
prob
ably
be
muc
h lo
wer
.
3.H
ighe
r E
duca
tion
Stud
ents
sho
uld
reco
gniz
e th
e ne
ed f
or m
ore
high
ly tr
aine
d pe
rson
nel:
teac
hers
for
sec
on-
dary
and
pri
mar
y sc
hool
s; q
ualif
ied
lead
ers
and
adm
inis
trat
ors
in g
over
nmen
t and
bus
ines
s.
4.G
over
nmen
t Spe
ndin
g fo
r E
duca
tion
It s
houl
d be
not
ed th
at to
tal e
xpen
ditu
res
are
diff
icul
t to
dete
rmin
e si
nce
publ
ic f
unds
com
efr
om s
ever
al s
ourc
es, e
spec
ially
in th
e U
.S. T
his
may
be
less
true
in L
atin
Am
eric
a w
here
publ
ic e
duca
tion
is c
onsi
dere
d a
natio
nal r
athe
r th
an a
loca
l mat
ter.
Als
o, s
pend
ing
is p
er c
apita
for
the
popu
latio
n as
a w
hole
, not
per
stu
dent
. The
inte
rrel
ated
ness
of
deve
lopm
ent p
robl
ems
shou
ld b
e st
ress
ed h
ere.
Poor
nat
ions
nee
d tr
aine
d le
ader
s bu
t may
not
be
able
to a
ffor
d th
e va
stim
prov
emen
ts in
edu
catio
n ne
cess
ary
for
deve
lopm
ent;
with
out a
n ed
ucat
ed p
opul
atio
n an
d sk
illed
pers
onne
l, th
ey a
re li
kely
to r
emai
n po
or. B
etw
een
1955
and
196
2, p
ublic
spe
ndin
g fo
r ed
ucat
ion
in L
atin
Am
eric
a tr
iple
d. H
owev
er, a
lthou
gh tw
enty
per
cent
of
Mex
ico'
s ce
ntra
l gov
ernm
ent
budg
et g
oes
for
educ
atio
n, th
e ce
ntra
l gov
ernm
ent o
nly
spen
ds $
6 pe
r ca
pita
.
QUOTES FROM THE READINGS ON
PAGES 1-42 OF READINGS BOOKLET
HAVE BEEN DELETED TO ADHERE TO
COPYRIGHT LAWS
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
FOR
READINGS
READINGS # 1
-Conflicting Views of U.S. Policy
R.M. Schneider, Latin American Panorama.
New York:
Foreign
1966, pp. 3, 34-35.
Hanke, L., Mexico and the Caribbean, Modern Latin America, Con
,ani
smon
vo,
Policy Association,
tinent in Ferment.
Princeton:
D. Van Nostrand, 1967, pp. 9-13.
Oliver, R.P., "An introduction to the Contemporary
History of La
''American Opinion, Volume IV, Number 5, May, 1961, pp. 1-2.
READINGS # 2
-Background: Regional Cooperation
Carl T. Rowan, "U.S. and Latin America An Increased Spirit of Cooper
(American Statesman, Austin, Texas, Hall Syndicate, 1968).
tin America,"
READINGS # 3
- Education
in the U.S. and Latin America
Roberto Koch Flores (Professor of Education, University
of San
"Education in the Americas:
A Comparative Historical Review,"
Achievements of Education in Latin America.
Washington, D.C.:
1964.
pp. 32-41.
READINGS # 4
-Stages of the Castro Revolution
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., (The State DepartmentWhite Paper on Cuba), Cuba;
Department of State Publication 7171.
Washington;
Government Printing Office,
ation",
Marcos, L
Challenges
Pan Americ
ima, Peru),
and
an Union,
READINGS # 5
-- Issues and
Opinions
D.M. Dozer and T.G.W. Settle, Vice Admiral,
U.S.N. (Ret.), "MinorityReport," Pan
Canal Issues and Treaty Talks.
Washington, D.C.:
Georgetown University Center fo
Strategic Studies, 1967, pp. 73-78.
J. Biesanz and M. Biesanz, The People
of Panama.
New York:
Columbia University Pre
1955, pp. 178-181, in Hanke, L. Mexico and
the Caribbean.
Princeton:
D. Van Nostran
1967, pp. 186-188.
1961.
ama,
r
ss,
READINGS # 6
-dtate Department Summary
Dominican Republic.
Department'of State Publication 7759.
Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
TABLE OF CONTENTS...
READINGS # 7
-Opinions on the Dominican Crisis
"Conclusions of the Committee, " Center for Strategic Studies.
Dominican Action -- 1965, Intervention or Cooperation?
Washington,
D.C.:
George town University, 1966, pp. vii-ix.
A.A. Berle, Jr., in Thomas, A.J., Jr. and Thomas A.V.W.,
The Dominican Republic Crisis of 1965 (Background Paper and Proceedings
of the Ninth Hammarskjold Forum, Association of the Bar of the City of
New York) .
Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publishers, 1967.
J.W. Fulbright, "The Situation in the Dominican Republic:
Compliance with the Law,"
Speech in the United State Senate, September 15, 1965.
D. Kurzman, Santo Domin:o:
Revolt of the Damned.
New York:
Putnam, 1965.
L.C. Meeker, "The Dominican Situation in the Perspective of InternationalLaw,"
The Department of State Bulletin, July 12, 1965.
T. Szulc, Dominican Diary.
New York:
Delacorte Press, 1965.
READINGS # 8
-Implications for Future Inter-American Relations
William D. Rogers, The Twilight Struggle, the Alliance for Progress and the
Politics of Development in Latin America.
New York:
Random House, 1967, pp. 137-140,
142-144.
The
OA
S an
d th
e A
llian
cefo
r Pr
ogre
ss: R
efer
ence
s
Alb
a, V
.,"T
he A
llian
ce f
or P
rogr
ess
isD
ead.
" T
he R
epor
ter,
Sept
embe
r 5,
196
4, p
p.17
-18.
Aug
elli,
J.,
"Lat
inA
mer
ica
and
the
Alli
ance
for
Prog
ress
: A G
eogr
aphe
r'sA
ppra
isal
, "
Jour
nal o
f G
eogr
aphy
.N
ovem
ber
1967
, pp.
417
-424
.
Com
mitt
men
t for
Pro
gres
s,T
he A
mer
icas
Pla
n fo
r a
Dec
ade
of U
rgen
cy(D
ecla
ratio
n of
the
Pres
iden
ts o
f A
mer
ica,
Punt
a de
l Est
e, U
rugu
ay,
Apr
il, 1
967)
.W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C. :
Dep
artm
ent o
f St
ate
Publ
icat
ion
82'6
'7, I
nter
-Am
eric
an S
erie
s93
, 196
7. (
with
pho
tos
and
a st
atis
tical
app
endi
x on
exon
omic
dev
elop
men
t)
Han
ke, L
., M
exic
oan
d th
e C
arib
bean
.Pr
ince
ton:
D. V
an N
ostr
and,
1967
,Fu
ente
s, C
. "T
heA
rgum
ent o
f L
atin
Am
eric
a,"
pp. 1
42-1
44; B
rigg
s, E
,"T
he G
ood
Nei
ghbo
r Po
licy,
AT
wo-
Way
Str
eet,
" pp
. 144
-147
; Man
ger,
A.
"Doe
s th
e O
AS
Hav
e a
Futu
re;'
pp. 1
63-1
66;
Stok
es, W
, S.
"Som
e L
atin
Am
eric
an L
eade
rsD
on't
Wan
t Tec
hnol
ogic
alC
hang
e, "
pp,
172
-
174;
Vel
iz, C
."O
bsta
cles
to R
efor
m in
Lat
in A
mer
ica,
" pp
. 174
-178
.
How
Doe
s th
e O
AS
Face
Eco
nom
ic P
robl
ems?
Was
hing
ton,
D. C
, : P
an A
mer
ican
Uni
on, 1
963.
Hun
ter,
J. M
."L
atin
Am
eric
an I
nteg
ratio
n an
d th
eA
llian
ce, "
Cur
rent
His
tory
,N
ovem
ber
1967
,
pp,
257-
262.
(a g
ener
al r
evie
w o
f ec
onom
icde
velo
pmen
t)
The
Int
er-A
mer
ican
Syst
em: I
ts E
volu
tion
and
Rol
e T
oday
. Was
hing
ton,
D, C
, : P
an A
mer
ican
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on, 1
963.
Man
ger,
W. (
ed),
The
Tw
oA
mer
icas
, Dia
logu
e on
Prog
ress
and
Pro
blem
s.N
ew Y
ork:
P.J
. Ken
edy
and
Sons
, 196
5.(I
nclu
des
a hi
stor
y of
inte
r-A
mer
ican
rela
tions
by
the
edito
r an
d es
says
by U
. S. a
nd L
atin
Am
eric
an a
utho
rs o
n po
litic
al,
econ
omic
, and
cul
tura
l asp
ects
of in
ter-
Am
eric
an r
elat
ions
. )
Mat
thew
s, H
. L. s
"Let
s St
op T
akin
g L
atin
Am
eric
afo
r G
rant
ed. "
New
Yor
kT
imes
Mag
azin
e,A
pril
26, 1
959.
(int
eres
ting
beca
use
of it
spr
e-A
llian
ce d
ate)
OA
S: T
he P
an A
mer
ican
Stor
y Si
nce
1826
.W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C.:
Pan
Am
eric
an U
nion
, 196
6.(A
bri
ef p
amph
let,
help
ful i
nid
entif
ying
var
ious
org
aniz
atio
ns.)
The
OA
S: W
hat I
t Is
and
How
It W
orks
. Was
hing
ton,
D. C
.Pa
n A
mer
ican
Uni
on, 1
959,
"Opt
imis
m a
nd O
bsta
cles
. " N
ewsw
eek,
Apr
il 24
, 196
7, p
p. 4
2-43
.(o
n th
e Pu
nta
del E
ste
Con
fere
nce,
U. S
. pol
icy,
and
Lat
in A
mer
ican
pro
blem
s)
Pow
elso
n, J
. P "
The
Mea
ning
of
the
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ance
for
Pro
gres
s: C
onfl
icts
of
Opi
nion
, " in
Han
ke, L
.,So
uth
Am
eric
a.Pr
ince
ton:
D. V
an N
ostr
and,
196
7, p
p. 1
86-1
93.
"The
Que
stio
n of
the
Eff
ectiv
enes
s of
the
Alli
ance
for
Pro
gres
s, P
ro a
nd C
on, "
Con
gres
sion
alD
iges
t, X
LI,
196
3, p
p. 6
7-96
.
Stae
tzer
, 0. C
.,T
he O
AS,
An
Intr
oduc
tion.
New
Yor
k: P
raeg
er, 1
965.
A f
ree
cata
logu
e of
Pan
Am
eric
an U
nion
pub
licat
ions
may
be
obta
ined
fro
m: S
ales
and
Pro
mot
ion
Div
isio
n, O
ffic
e of
Pub
licat
ion
Serv
ices
, Pan
Am
eric
an U
nion
., W
ashi
ngto
n, D
. C 2
0006
.
Cub
a: R
efer
ence
s
Muc
h ha
s be
en w
ritte
nab
out C
astr
o an
d hi
s re
volu
tion,
and
man
y au
thor
s ha
veat
tem
pted
to s
ub-
stan
tiate
thei
r pr
econ
ceiv
edno
tions
rat
her
than
pre
sent
aba
lanc
ed a
ccou
nt. P
erha
ps th
esu
bjec
t
is to
o em
otio
nal a
nd to
ocl
ose
for
obje
ctiv
e ap
prai
sal.
A v
arie
ty o
f vi
ewpo
ints
isfo
und
in th
e
book
s ci
ted
here
, and
an
atte
mpt
has
bee
n m
ade
toin
dica
te th
e po
int o
f vi
ew o
f th
eau
thor
s. F
orfu
rthe
r di
scus
sion
of
the
liter
atur
e on
Cub
a, s
ee H
anke
,L
., M
exic
o an
d th
e C
arib
bean
.Pr
ince
-to
n: D
. Van
Nos
tran
d,19
67, p
p. 3
7-40
.M
ost o
f th
ese
book
s ar
e ap
prop
riat
efo
r th
e ab
le s
tude
nt.
Bur
ks, D
.D.,
Cub
a U
nder
Cas
tro.
New
Yor
k: F
orei
gnPo
licy
Ass
ocia
tion,
196
5.(H
eadl
ine
Seri
es #
165,
$. 7
5)
Cas
tro,
F.,
"The
Pur
pose
of th
e R
evol
utio
n in
Cub
a,"
from
Cas
tro'
s 19
60 a
ddre
ss b
efor
eth
e U
N
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y, in
Han
ke,
L.,
Mex
ico
and
the
Car
ibbe
an.
Prin
ceto
n: D
. Van
Nos
tran
d,19
67, p
p. 1
96-1
99.
Cub
a. D
epar
tmen
t of
Stat
ePu
blic
atio
n 71
71. W
ashi
ngto
n:G
over
nmen
t Pri
ntin
g O
ffic
e,19
61.
(Exc
erpt
s fr
om th
is p
ublic
atio
n ar
epr
ovid
ed in
the
App
endi
x. )
The
Cub
an C
risi
s: A
Doc
umen
tary
Rec
ord.
New
Yor
k: F
orei
gn P
olic
yA
ssoc
iatio
n, 1
963.
Dra
per,
T.,
Cas
tro'
s R
evol
utio
n, M
yths
and
Rea
litie
s. N
ew Y
ork:
Prae
ger,
196
2. (
take
s th
evi
ew th
at C
astr
o be
tray
edhi
s lib
eral
, dem
ocra
ticsu
ppor
ters
)
Dra
per,
T.,
Cas
troi
sm,
The
ory
and
Prac
tice.
New
Yor
k: P
raeg
er, 1
965.
(Acc
ordi
ng to
Lew
is
Han
ke, "
The
odor
e D
rape
r'sar
ticle
s an
d bo
oks
have
pro
vide
dca
refu
l ana
lysi
s of
Cas
tro'
sid
eolo
gy a
nd a
ctio
ns b
y a
wri
ter
thor
ough
ly f
amili
ar w
ith th
ehi
stor
y of
com
mun
ism
...")
Fulb
righ
t, J.
W.,
"Old
Myt
hsan
d N
ew R
ealit
ies
of C
uba,
" in
Han
ke, L
.,M
exic
o an
d th
e
Car
ibbe
an.
Prin
ceto
n. D
. Van
Nos
tran
d,19
67, p
p. 2
08-2
10.
Gol
denb
erg,
B.,
The
Cub
an R
evo
lutio
n an
d L
atin
Am
eric
a.N
ew Y
ork:
Pra
eger
,19
65.
John
son,
H.,
The
Bay
of
Pigs
.N
ew Y
ork:
Nor
ton,
196
4.
Mac
Gaf
fey,
W. a
nd B
arne
tt,C
. R.,
Tw
entie
th-C
entu
ry C
uba,
The
Bac
kgro
und
of th
e C
astr
oR
evol
utio
n. G
arde
n C
ity:
Dou
bled
ay, 1
965.
'r7
May
, E, R
.,T
he A
mer
ican
For
eign
Polic
y. N
ew Y
ork:
Bra
zil l
er,
1963
,
Mill
s, C
. W,
,L
iste
n Y
anke
e, N
ewY
ork:
Bal
lant
ine,
196
1.(A
ccor
ding
to L
ewis
Han
ke, a
"str
iden
t atta
ck o
n U
. S. p
olic
y .
.,
by th
e U
.S. s
ocio
logi
st .
.")
Seer
s, D
.,et
al,
Cub
a: T
heR
evol
utio
n W
ithin
,C
hape
l Hill
: Uni
vers
ity o
f N
orth
Car
olin
a Pr
ess,
196
4.
Smith
, R. F
. , C
uba
Bef
ore
Cas
tro,
New
Yor
k: K
nopf
,19
66,
Smith
, R. F
. , T
he U
. S.
and
Cub
a B
usin
ess
and
Dip
lom
acy,
191
7-19
60, N
ewH
aven
: Col
lege
and
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
,19
60.
Smith
, R. F
.,W
hat H
appe
ned
in C
uba.
New
Yor
k: T
way
ne, 1
963,
(doc
umen
ts a
nd c
omm
ents
)
Szuk
, T. a
nd M
eyer
, IC
E. ,
The
Cub
an I
nvas
ion,
The
Chr
onic
le o
f a
Dis
aste
r.ir
\rew
Yor
k:
Bal
lant
ine,
196
2.
Tho
mas
, H.,
"The
Ori
gin
of th
e C
uban
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olut
ion,
" in
Han
ke, L
.,M
exic
o an
d th
e C
arib
bean
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ince
ton,
D. V
an N
ostr
and,
1967
, pp.
200
-208
.
U. S
. Pol
icy
Tow
ard
Cub
a. D
epar
tmen
t of
Stat
ePu
blic
atio
n 76
90,
Was
hing
ton:
Gov
ernm
ent
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ting
Off
ice,
196
4.
Wal
do, F
., C
uba,
Pro
phet
icIs
land
. New
Yor
k: M
arza
nian
d M
unse
ll Pu
blis
hers
,19
61,
(Acc
ordi
ng to
Lew
is H
anke
,"C
astr
o is
rep
orte
d to
hav
e su
bsid
ized
the
Am
eric
anW
aldo
Fra
nk to
wri
te C
uba,
Prop
hetic
Isl
and.
..")
Will
iam
s, W
.A.,
The
U.S
,,
Cub
a, a
nd C
astr
o. A
n E
ssay
on
the
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amic
s of
Rev
olut
ion
and
the
Dis
solu
tion
of E
mpi
re.
New
Yor
k: M
onth
ly R
evie
wPr
ess,
196
2,
Peri
odic
als
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ount
er, J
uly
1963
and
Aug
ust 1
964.
(pub
lishe
d in
Lon
don,
con
tain
sco
ntro
vers
ial a
rtic
les
and
repl
ies)
Gil,
F.G
.,"A
ntec
eden
ts o
f th
e C
uban
Rev
olut
icn,
" T
he C
ente
nnia
l Rev
iew
, VI,
1962
,
Mat
hew
s, T
.,T
he C
arib
bean
Kal
eido
scop
e,"
Cur
rent
His
tory
, Jan
uary
196
5.
38
Polit
ica,
Jun
e 19
60,
(pub
lishe
d in
Car
acas
, Ven
ezue
la)
Schn
eide
r, R
,M,,
"Fiv
e Y
ears
of
the
Cub
an R
evol
utio
n) "
Cur
rent
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tory
, Jan
uary
1964
,
Whi
trid
ge, A
. "C
uba'
s R
ole
inA
mer
ican
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tory
, " H
isto
ry T
oday
, Jun
e 19
61,
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic: R
efer
ence
s
Bos
ch, J
.,T
he U
nfin
ishe
d E
xper
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t: D
emoc
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e D
omin
ican
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aege
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ter
for
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tegi
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udie
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omin
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ion
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erve
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eorg
etow
n U
nive
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Com
mitt
ee o
n Fo
reig
n R
elat
ions
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. Sen
ate,
Bac
kgro
und
Info
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atin
g to
the
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inic
an R
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lic.
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ton,
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nmen
t Pri
ntin
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ffic
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uly
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gres
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ecor
dSe
nate
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5 (V
ol. I
II, N
o. 1
98-P
art 2
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p. 1
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lude
s th
e co
mm
ents
of
Fulb
righ
t and
oth
ers
as w
ell a
s a
vari
ety
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ewsp
aper
art
icle
s)
Fagg
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.,C
uba,
Hai
ti, a
nd th
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omin
ican
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ublic
. Eng
lew
ood
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. J.:
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,"B
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uert
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ovem
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09. (
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Kur
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omin
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ackg
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e N
inth
Ham
mar
skjo
ld F
orum
, Ass
ocia
tion
of th
e B
ar o
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ew Y
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.: O
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.,T
he S
ham
eful
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inic
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efea
ts I
tsel
f. N
ew Y
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mitt
eeon
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eric
an P
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y, 1
965.
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iz, C
. (ed
), L
atiL
x A
mer
ica
and
the
Car
ibbe
an, A
Han
dboo
k. N
ew Y
ork:
Pra
eger
, 196
8,pp
. 257
-269
.
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