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The Middle Ages

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The years between the fall of Rome and A.D. 1500 are now called the Middle Ages.

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THE Middle Ages

Also Known As Medieval ( Latin for Middle) because in the middle of ancient and modern times- or Dark Ages- b/c light of civ. had gone out

End of Western Roman Empire ( 500 AD)

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Geography of Europe

Smallest continent on it’s own- BUT combined with Asia- known as Eurasia- creates world’s largest landmass

Shaped like a big peninsula, has many peninsulas and islands

Surrounded by Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea and Baltic Sea

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CLIMATE- temperate- but there are extreme temps along Asia border and Alps

Many mines have helped sustain Europe’s economy over time: coal, iron, oil, bauxite, copper, lead ,zinc, gold and silver

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2000 years ago Europe was heavily forested Deforested the area and set up farms N. European Plain- most fertile area Fishing very important (close to so many

seas) Rivers very useful to get around Europe

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FEUDALISM

A new form of governing and organization Definition- a society based on land ownership

AND service Manor-large estate owned by wealthy nobles

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The feudalism was a kind of government. It was also a way of life.

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King: gave land to the nobles under him.

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Nobles: promised to help fight the king’s enemies.

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Nobles were called vassals of the king. The vassals (nobles) who fought for their king or for other nobles were called knights.

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Lady (women)

Lady: Lord’s wife was in charge of castle, especially when the lord was away on a Crusade or fighting a war for the king.

Women had fewer rights

Eleanor of Aquitaine -c.1200 AD- ran an area in S. France as a vassal, because queen of France, married Louis VII, divorced him became Queen of England by marrying King Henry II, had many kids- 2 sons became Kings of England

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Knights

Knight- warrior on horseback Different Stages:

Page (7)-left home (son of a noble) Lived with a knight Learned ettiquite Cared for horses

Squire (15-20) Rode into battle with a knight Blessed by a preist Given a sword and a belt

Knight- protected lord and manor Must have 3 horses, armor, and a squire Got extra $ by jousting!

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Serf: someone who farmed the land. Serfs had to pay rent and taxes to the nobles.

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What’s up SERF-er Dude?

Serfs Given land to farm Had to work lord’s land too Pay rent/taxes Ask permission on lord to get married One room house with family and animals Usually died young Church bells signaled breaks in day

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Craftworkers

Craftworkers- free people Made/built saddles, shoes, etc. Family owned business Father was expert/master

Levels: Age 14- apprentice- live with a master 17-28 journeyman- could join a guild Master- makes a “master piece” to show capability

GUILD- groups of workers, set prices and rules about quality

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Most people in the early Middle ages lived on a manor.

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-Christianity in Middle Ages-Majority of people were Christian but

there were also Muslims and Jews

Christian belief grew so strong Middle Ages became known as the Age of Faith

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A small church was an important part of each manor.

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The church saved education from completely disappearing after the fall of Rome.

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Christian priests learned to read an write. All books were handwritten.

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The church helped keep the knowledge of Greece and Rome from being forgotten. This would be very important during the Renaissance.

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The power of the church

By the middle/late Middle Ages power fell into the hands of the spiritual leader (Pope) and political leader (king).

Pope seen as God’s rep. on Earth- got power from God and people

If people disagreed with the Pope he would EXCOMMUNICATE them!

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The Pope steps in

Pope Leo IX believed all religious officials should answer to the Pope. All officials did answer to the first pope ( St. Peter) so all should answer to every Pope

1054 AD Constantinople's bishop refused to do this so Leo excommunicated him. This started the Eastern Orthodox Church

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Breaking up is hard to do!

1054: Christian church split – Constantine’s church: Eastern

Orthodox and Rome: Roman Catholic

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Christians made a long, difficult journey to visit Jerusalem which was a Holy Land not only for Christians but Muslins and Jews.

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Around A.D. 1000, Muslims in Jerusalem no longer welcomed Christians visitors. The Christians went on several journeys to try to capture Jerusalem. These journeys were called the Crusades.

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Crusades

1045 Pope Urban II called for a Christian Pilgrimage (1st Crusade) to Jerusalem to capture it back from Muslim Turks

1291- last crusade Crusade- Latin for marked with a cross

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#1

1st Crusade 1096- 5000 Crusaders left Europe for the Holy Land - the peasant crusaders attacked Jews in Germany- blamed them for Jesus’ death- most of the peasant crusaders were killed before they reached Jerusalem

Nobles reached Jerusalem and took it over- set up 4 small towns and traded with Europe

BUT.. Within 50 years Muslims began taking land back thus the second Crusade began

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#2 and # 3

1147- French and Germans set out to retake the Holy Land – again

Poor planning and heavy “troop” loss led to a disaster

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Crusaders who returned brought treasures home with them.

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#3

1189- Muslims had recaptured all of the HL- The French, German, English, and HRE led armies in- But the German king died, French King and HRE left- so that left King Richard I( the Lionhearted) to battle with Saladin ( Muslim leader)

Both were respected but overall, Saladin kept Jerusalem for the Muslims

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#4

1201- French Knights set out this time- from Venice.

Instead of going to Jerusalem- they got sidetracked and ransacked Constantinople ( another Christian city) and never made it to Jerusalem

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Many more and then finally

By 1291 the Muslims had recaptured ALL of the holy land and the Crusades were DONE ( unsuccessful for Christians)

Why, you may ask? Had to travel far from home on FOOT- many died Weren’t prepared to battle in the desert Outnumbered by well prepared and well led armies Christians fought amongst themselves and were

unorganized

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Crusades: Created more tensions between Jews,

Christians and Muslims increased trade increased towns increased disease…..

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As towns in Europe grew- eventually desire for education did as well.

1st university was in Bologna, Italy. France (Sorbonne) and England also had universities

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Art/Architecture

Medieval art and architecture was mostly about religion. The church was one of the few groups that had money to build large structures and commission paintings.

The church built huge churches called Cathedrals (ex. Notre Dame)

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Notre Dame

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1215 : Kings / Lords in England became irritated with King John’s “idea’s” Their reaction was to limit his power with a legal document *called the Magna Carta.

Created a Parliament- law making body that still governs England today!

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Hundred Years’ War

1328- the French king died- he had no heirs so England and France battled for his throne- France won- but England did not relent- thus began the war!

For 100 years the English fought well- then Joan of Arc ( French GIRL) rallied the French to stand against them- the English killed her- but the French succeeded!

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Effects

England Parliament's power

grew King now needed

permission King lost power

France King’s power grew Nobles supported their

king!

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Charlemagne was one of the greatest kings of the Middle ages.

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BLACK DEATH

1348- Black Plague starts in Sienna, Italy Infected fleas traveled on infected rats on

ships Spread disease- wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s

entire population Spread as far as Africa and Baghdad Black Flags were flown to warn visitors of

plague in the town Lasted for 130 years