MIDDLE AGES

476– Late 1550

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c

The Middle Ages - 476-1550 A.D.

• After the fall of the Roman Empire, stability in the west was threatened.

• Wave after wave of invaders or barbarians destroyed Roman towns and cut off trade routes.

• Many western lands were reclaimed by invaders.• Reading and writing almost disappeared from

Europe because many of the invading groups could do neither.

3

GERMANIC KINGDOMS• After the fall of Rome Western Europe was

divided into many kingdoms– Franks in Gaul; Visigoths in Spain; Vandals North Africa; Ostrogoths Italy; Anglos and Saxons Britian; Lombards in Austria.*King Clovis made the Franks catholic.After death divided to his sons mayors.Charles Martel united all of the mayors =noble rulersThe pope backed Charles Martel711 Muslims from North Africa Conquered Spain732 Charles Martel defeated the Muslims and kept

them from entering France

• Charles Martel’s son Pepin came to the aid of the pope when the Lombards invaded Rome.

• Rome, Italy became known as the Papal States.• Papal states ruled by pope= Theocracy.• After death of Pepin’s son, Charles became king

known as Charlemagne or Charles the Great.• Charlemagne brought back unity and order to many

of the lands that had been part of the former Western Roman Empire.

• Aided pope to defeat the Lombards when they attacked Italy again.

• Regained eastern part of Germany from Saxons.• Converted Saxons to Christianity.• Defeated Muslims for northeastern Spain.

Papal States

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

– Goal was to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom (Christendom)

• 800 A.D. Charlemagne had built a huge empire in western and central Europe.

• 800 A.D. pope crowns Charlemagne new Holy Roman Emperor=Holy Roman Empire

• Capital Aachen in France • Set up courts• Counts ran courts• Inspectors spied on them • Charlemagne believed in education• Latin, music, arithmetic, and literature were taught• Charlemagne died in 814 A.D.• Charlemagne’s sons divided into three empires• Kingdoms were weaken by invaders= Vikings,

Muslims, and Magyars

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Vikings• 700-800 A.D. Vikings from Scandinavia = Norway, Sweden,

and Denmark, raided much of Europe. • Viking are known for robbing villages taking money, animals,

and grain• Access Europe by sea and rivers• Vikings lived fjords= steep sided valleys that are inlets to the

seas• Also known as Norsemen = men from the north• Little farmland= relied on the sea for food and trade. • Good sailors• Great boat makers• Boats known as long boats or long ships• Conquered parts of France = Normandy (Western France)• Main weapon= Long Axe

Muslims

• 800-900 A.D. Muslims from Spain and North Africa raided France and Italy

Magyars

• Magyars from Hungary raided Italy

Invasions of Europe, 700–10001

Holy Roman Empire• Raids by Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings weaken

Frankish kingdoms• 900 A.D. Eastern Frankish kingdom= Germany= New

Holy Roman Empire• Germany divided into many states ruled by counts,

dukes, and other nobles• Nobles try to elect kings to unit German states but the

kings were weak.• Otto I strong king of Germany fought Magyars to

protect pope• Pope declared him Emperor ruled Germany, Northern

Italy, and Holy Roman Empire (962 A.D.)• Otto I allowed Pope to rule Papal States

• 800-1806Germany Except Southern Schleswig • 800-1806 Austria Except Burgenland• 800-1806 Liechtenstein Whole Country• 800-1806 San Marino Whole Country• 800-1806 Italy Northern Italy including Lombardy, Piedmont, Emilia-

Romagna, Tuscany, Trentino & South Tyrol• 800-1806 Poland Western Poland including Silesia, Pomerania &

Neumark• 800-1797 Belgium Whole Country• 800-1797 Luxembourg Whole Country• 800-1792 France Eastern France including Artois, Alsace, Franche-

Comté, Savoy & Lorraine• 800-1648 Switzerland Eastern Switzerland• 800-1581 Netherlands Whole Country• 800-1191 Monaco Whole Country• 890-1806 Czech Republic Bohemia, Moravia & Silesia• 952-1806 Slovenia Except Prekmurje• 1527-1806 Croatia Northern Croatia

Holy Roman Empire over the Years

Holy Roman Empire

Monks and Monasteries

• Monks spread Roman and Greek learning and Christianity to England and Ireland

• Copied books in Monastery • Monastery= home of monks and church clergy• Clergy= Church leaders • Church Clergy were mostly the only people that

could read and write • Monasteries kept education alive by preserving

classical texts or books

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Pope Gregory VII• Stated Holy Roman emperors had no right to appoint

church officials• Holy Roman Emperors did not like the fact that the

pope tried to crown kings• Holy Roman emperor Henry IV refused to obey

Gregory• Henry stated that Gregory is no longer the pope• Pope excommunicated Henry IV = can’t go to heaven• Henry begs for popes forgiveness• Nobles elect a new king • Henry attacks Rome • Pope and his allies drive Henry out of Rome.

• 1122 New pope and German king agree that pope chooses bishops emperor decides whether or not they get government jobs= Concordant of Worms

• Concordant = agreement government and pope

Regional States

• After Charlemagne, his successor Carolingians had no effective means of defending against Magyars, Muslims, Vikings, and other invaders

• In response, European nobles sought to protect their lands and maintain order in their own territories

• Political authority in early medieval Europe thus devolved into competing local and regional jurisdictions with a decentralized political order– “Feudalism”

Viking long ship

Medieval SocietyEarly Middle Ages (450-1050)

• The country was not governed by the king but by individual lords who administered their own estates, dispensed their own justice, minted their own money, levied taxes and tolls, and demanded military service from vassals

• Usually the lords could field greater armies than the king – In theory the king was the chief feudal lord, but in

reality the individual lords were supreme in their own territory

• Many kings were little more than figurehead rulers

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service between lords and vassals

Feudalism• Weak kings or central government = power to nobles• King gives land to nobles to back him with an army• Vassal was a noble who served a lord of higher rank• Land granted to vassal known as fief.• Vassal who fought were known as knights who wore

armor and fought on horseback• Japan’s version of a knight is a samurai• Feudalism = ties of loyalty and duty among nobles

Manorial System

• Manor is the lord’s castle and land

• Peasants worked the land

• Freemen= peasants who paid to work the land

• Freedom to move

• Serfs belong to the land

• Could not leave manor or own property or marry without lord’s approval

• Serfs were not slaves they worked for protection

Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCarcassonne: A Medieval CastleCarcassonne: A Medieval CastleCarcassonne: A Medieval Castle

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

• From the protection of feudalism led to the regrowth of cities and trade

• Nobles repaired roads and bridges• Venice was the trade center for Byzantine goods

( Western Europe)• Flanders in Belgium was the gateway of trade for

Northern Europe• Barter system was main economy.• Later the demand for gold and silver coins would

grow• Guilds are craftmens union set prices of standard

and goods• Master craftsmen had apprentices to learn their craft

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHall

Guild Guild HallHall

v Commercial Monopoly:

§ Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

§ Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

§ Controlled prices

Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopShop

Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopShop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild

English Middle Ages

• Anglo Saxons controlled Britain

• King Alfred united the Anglo-Saxons and drove off Vikings

• His land became known as “Angland” or England

• Later Anglo-Saxons kings stronger than hanes.

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror

• William the king of Normandy descendant of Vikings

• Had cousin Edward of England• Noblemen named Harold Godwinson claimed

England’s throne.• William believes he is the rightful heir to the

throne because he is related to Edward• 1066 Attacks England and defeated Godwinson

at Hastings• William the Conquer started Feudalism in

England

• William the Conqueror has first census since Roman times known as Doomsday Book

• He counted people, manors, and animals

• This acquainted him with England

• Brought Europe Customs to England

• William’s government officials spoke French

• French mixed with Anglo-Saxons spoke own language later known as English

• Normans and Anglo-Saxons marries and this combines culture into new English culture

Henry II 1154-1189

• Henry II use law courts to increase his power

• Traveling circuit judges

• Establishes common law= same law throughout kingdom

• Set up grand juries to determine if a person should be accused of a crime

• Trial jury to determine if innocent or guilty

King John 1199• King Henry II son• Raise taxes in England• Punished enemies without trials• Nobles did not like• Nobles met King John at a meadow in 1215 forced

John Magna Carta or Great Charter• Magna Carta= took power away from kings and

government= limited government power• Great council formed • No new taxes without approval of Great Council• Freemen were allowed trial by peers• Habeas Corpus = can’t be imprisoned indefinitely

without a trial

Edward I 1200

• Developed a parliament to help make laws

• Important because this is the first step toward representative government

• Parliament has two houses

• High ranking officials and church officials known as House of Lords

• Knights and towns people make up the House of Commons

Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadePope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadePope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadePope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Crusades• 1054, Catholic Church splits= Greece and Byzantine

Empire form Eastern Orthodox Church• 1071 Muslim Turks defeated the Byzantines and seize

control of most of their land in Asia Minor• The Byzantine Emperor short of cash asks the help of

the pope to help his Christian empire to get rid of the Muslim invaders

• 1095 Pope Urban II went to Eastern France to call on the lords of Europe to launch a crusade against Muslim Turks

• Crusade= holy war (Christians vs Muslims}• Free Jerusalem from Muslims

Christian Crusades: East and WestChristian Crusades: East and WestChristian Crusades: East and WestChristian Crusades: East and West

First Crusade

Crusades• 1098 Captured Antioch in Syria• 1099 took Jerusalem in bloody battle• 1144 Muslims recapture Antioch in Asia Minor• Call for second crusade to regain lands but failed• 1174 Muslim Saladine from Egypt united Muslims and

recaptures Jerusalem• Third Crusades Kings Frederick of Holy Roman

Empire, King Richard I of England, Phillip II of France• Phillip went home early, Richard secured small

territory secured truce with Saladin for Christians to travel to Jerusalem

• 1200 Pope Innocent III called for a 4th crusade• Rich Venice merchants talked crusaders to sack

Constantinople their trade rivals • This weakens the Byzantines• Six more crusades in sixty years all of them failed or

accomplished little• 1291 Muslims push out all Christians out of territory =

the Holy Land• Effect of Crusades increased trade and weaken

feudalism and help bring Western Europe out of the Dark Ages through trade which ended the isolation.

• Nobles sold land and freed serfs• Reduced noble power making kings and central

governments stronger

Religion Middle Ages• Christianity, The Catholic Church center of

people’s lives• Catholic Church strong politically• Catholic Church very rich; owned a lot of

land • Catholic Church becomes corrupt• Indulgences were sold= forgiveness of

sins• Mass = Catholic worship service• Communion=Lord’s Supper• Saints= icons=example=Mary

Inquisition• Inquisition=persecution of Non-Christians

and Non-Catholics

• Heresy= conflicts or disagreements with Church teachings

• Inquisition trials= people were trialed of heresy

• Tortured until confessed of sins against the church and ask for forgiveness

• Do not confess =executed

• Many Jews were persecuted

Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Stylee Rounded Arches.

e Barrel vaults.

e Thick walls.

e Darker, simplistic interiors.

e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style

eReplaced Romanesque

ePointed arches.

e High, narrow vaults.

e Thinner walls.

e Flying buttresses.

e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

e Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

CathedralAt

Chartres—Romanesque

And Gothic

Cathedral atRheims

Thomas Aquinas

• Thomas Aquinas= friar and priest• Reintroduced Roman and Greek

Philosophy to Europe• Teachings of Aristotle can coexist with

Church teachings• Also taught right to live, to learn, to

worship, and reproduce are human rights (natural law) and should not be interfered with by government laws

Black Plague or Black Death

• Black Plague or bubonic plague

• Bacteria carried by fleas that lived on black rats

• Mongol Empire help spread it trade on Silk Road and Merchant sailors

• First outbreak China 1331 40 to 60 million dead

• 1340’s Arabia and India

• 1346 Europe Caffa attacked by Mongols left infected bodies;Italian Merchants spread it from there further into Europe

• 1347-1351 19 – 38 million Europeans killed by plague 1out of 2 people

• Plague weakened feudal system

• Fewer people higher wages = no more serfs = serfs paid rent

• People begin inventing again to make up for the lack of workers

http://historymedren.about.com/library/atlas/blatmapasiabd.htm

Caffa

Hundred Years' War 1337-1453• France vs. England• English kings starting with William the Conquer held

lands in France=Normandy• French want English out• 1337 King Edward III (English king) declared himself

king of France• Edward invades France with archers and defeated

French Army = gains more land in France• New French King attacks English in France slowly

won back land• 1415 Henry V re-attacks France taking Northern

France • 1453 French defeated English for control of France

•

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc• 1429 peasant girl Joan was brought to see

Charles the prince of Southern France• She told him the saints (God) told her to free

France• She help lead French army in a victory over the

English in Orleans• Later Charles crowned king of France• English later capture her and burned her at the

stake• Charged with wearing men clothes and heresy

Wars of the Roses

• English nobles fight for the right to be king of England

• Lancaster (red rose) vs York (white rose)

• Lancaster win

• Henry Tudor king of England = Henry VII

Spain and Portugal

• 1200’s Christians begin driving out Muslims in Spain and Portugal= Iberian Peninsula

• Three Christian kingdoms established

• West Portugal

• Center Castile

• Mediterranean coast Aragon

• South Granada Muslim

Isabella and Ferdinand• 1469 Princess Isabella of Castile kingdom

marries Prince Ferdinand of Aragon kingdom

• 10 years later become king and queen and join lands to become Spain

• They are Catholic wanted people of Spain to be Catholic

Isabella and Ferdinand

• Spanish Inquisition trial and torture Non-Catholics

• Drove out Jews• Later drove out Muslims in the south in the

kingdom of Granada• 1492 Conquered Granada (Muslim)• Ex kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Granada

form modern day Spain• 1492 Isabella and Ferdinand also sponsored

Christopher Columbus voyage to the Americas

Exploration• 1492 Christopher Columbus discovery of America’s

increased exploration=sailed for Spain• America’s held untapped resources=wealth=gold and

spices• Spain first, then Portugal, English and France• 1519- 1521,Magellan famous explorer= first to sail

around world, Portuguese, Spanish citizenship• 1487 -1488, Bartolomeu Dias = Portugal• The discovery of the passage around Africa to Good

Hope halfway to India• VASCO DA Gama 1497-1499=Portugal• Sailed around Good Hope, Africa to India• Significant cause it cut out the land trips to India; cut

out middlemen traders and faster

Bartolomeu Dias

Magellan

Magellan’s Route

DA Gama

Columbian Exchange

• Corn, tobacco, potatoes, and gold bullion came to the Old World from New World

Columbian Exchange

• Horses, Cattle, Christianity &diseases like smallpox went to the New World from Old World

Triangular Trade

Renaissance 1350-1550 • Renaissance=rebirth of interest in the same subjects the

Greeks and Romans studied• People more secular= interest in worldly things more

than just being religious=not overtly or specifically religious

• Interest in education, literature, and art grew• Humanism = based on values of Greeks and Romans:

study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters= search for scientific explanations not just that is the way God wanted.

• Believed individuals and human society were important • Balance between faith and reason

Major city-states of Renaissance1300’s

• Papal City-States= Italy=Urban setting not rural • Italy had the best ports in Western Europe• Many Italian city-states became rich because of

trade (ships sailing to Middle East and Africa)• Florence where Renaissance began• Venice• Milan• Rome• Artist and writers welcomed and paid good

money

Famous Artists• Leonardo da Vinci = artist and inventor• Works= The Last Supper and Mona Lisa• Michelangelo=artist sculpture • Works = David, Paintings Sistine Chapel

Leonardo

•

Michelangelo

Johannes Gutenberg 1450’s

• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press

• Printing press = print more books= need for education

• Ideas spread quickly

Martin Luther Reformation 1517• Martin Luther challenged the pope and Roman

Catholic Church to reform• Reformation=reform Catholic Church• Wrote 95 thesis= 95 things wrong with Catholic

Church• Believed in self-study of Bible and no icons and fewer

ceremonies • Believed Bible should be printed in other languages

besides Latin • Catholic church too rich and does not help those in

need• Martins reformations led to Protestants religions• Martin questioned the pope’s authority • Break from Catholic church • Protestant= non-Catholic Christians

Galileo 1593-1632

• Galileo = improved telescope, evidence that sun center of universe

• Church charged him with heresy held prisoner in his home

Isaac Newton 1687

• Great scientist

• Physics

• Best know for theories of gravity

William Shakespeare • William Shakespeare = play writer= The

Globe theater= Romeo & Juliet, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Macbeth

Copernicus

• The first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.[2]

• Proved Sun center of universe and not the Earth

Important Time Periods

• Prehistory any time before 3500 B.C.

• Ancient Civilization: 3500 B.C.- 500 B.C.

• Classical Period: 500 B.C.-A.D. 476

• Middle Ages: A.D. 476- A.D. 1550

• Dark Ages: A.D. 476 – A.D. 1000

• Renaissance: A.D. 1350- A.D. 1550