Chapter 13Chapter 13

The Middle Ages (400s-1500s A.D.)

The Middle Ages (400s-1500s A.D.)

The FranksThe Franks

Clovis (481)Merovingians

Took over Gaul (modern France)Kingdom divided upon deathPepin II reunited Frankish

kingdoms

Clovis (481)Merovingians

Took over Gaul (modern France)Kingdom divided upon deathPepin II reunited Frankish

kingdoms

Frankish RulersFrankish Rulers

Charles Martel “the hammer” Son of Pepin II Defeated the Moors

(732) Pepin III

“the short” Anointed king of the

Franks with the pope’s blessing

Defeated Lombards and donated land as Papal States

Charles Martel “the hammer” Son of Pepin II Defeated the Moors

(732) Pepin III

“the short” Anointed king of the

Franks with the pope’s blessing

Defeated Lombards and donated land as Papal States

CharlemagneCharlemagne

Son of Pepin III Wanted to create a

“new Rome” Spread Christianity

Drove Moors back into Spain

Lombards (Italy), Saxons (Germany), Avars (central Europe)

Son of Pepin III Wanted to create a

“new Rome” Spread Christianity

Drove Moors back into Spain

Lombards (Italy), Saxons (Germany), Avars (central Europe)

Charlemagne’s KingdomCharlemagne’s Kingdom

Supported EducationStarted school for noble children at the

palaceGrammar, rhetoric, logic, math, music,

astronomy

Gov’t divided into regions, each with a Count (took oath of fidelity)

Missi dominici - king’s messengers

Supported EducationStarted school for noble children at the

palaceGrammar, rhetoric, logic, math, music,

astronomy

Gov’t divided into regions, each with a Count (took oath of fidelity)

Missi dominici - king’s messengers

The Fall of the FranksThe Fall of the Franks

Louis the Pious = very weak rulerTreaty of Verdun

Divides kingdom between sons (Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German)

Fighting amongst themselvesInvasions from Muslims, Slavs,

Magyars, and Vikings

Louis the Pious = very weak rulerTreaty of Verdun

Divides kingdom between sons (Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German)

Fighting amongst themselvesInvasions from Muslims, Slavs,

Magyars, and Vikings

The VikingsThe Vikings

“Norsemen” or men from the North

Sweden, Denmark, and Norway

Traveled to Iceland, Greenland, N. America, England, Ireland, and France

“Norsemen” or men from the North

Sweden, Denmark, and Norway

Traveled to Iceland, Greenland, N. America, England, Ireland, and France

Viking SocietyViking Society

Centered on pagan godsRuled by kings and nobles

Democratic - assemblies of landowners made laws

Farmed, gathered, fished, huntedRaided and looted settlements

Axes and large dogs = fear

Centered on pagan godsRuled by kings and nobles

Democratic - assemblies of landowners made laws

Farmed, gathered, fished, huntedRaided and looted settlements

Axes and large dogs = fear

Feudalism and Manorialism

Feudalism and Manorialism

Lord - person who grants a fiefVassal - receives a fiefFief - grant of landPrimogeniture - passing fief to

oldest sonSerf - peasantManor - large estate

Lord - person who grants a fiefVassal - receives a fiefFief - grant of landPrimogeniture - passing fief to

oldest sonSerf - peasantManor - large estate

Feudal JusticeFeudal Justice

1) Trial by BattleDuel between two parties

2) Trial by Oath TakingUse of witnesses to prove point

3) Trial by OrdealPut to some sort of physical test to

prove guilt/innocence

1) Trial by BattleDuel between two parties

2) Trial by Oath TakingUse of witnesses to prove point

3) Trial by OrdealPut to some sort of physical test to

prove guilt/innocence

King of the Castle

• Nobles often lived in Castles– Central building of enforcement on a

manor– Thick walls and small windows

• Keep = main building in center of castle

Living by the Code

• Chivalry (late 1100s) - honest, loyal, brave, fair, courteous– Only applied to people in your same class

• To become a knight, boys had to be nobles and pass 2 levels of training– Page = 7 yrs old

• Learn manners and care of weapons– Squire = teen

• Take care of horse, armor, weapons for knight• Prove yourself in battle

Guess Who?

• Because of their extensive armor, it was near impossible to tell who a knight was

• Used Coat of Arms as identification– Symbols

representing your family

The Church Hierarchy

Secular Clergy Regular Clergy Chain of command

and influence within the church

Secular Clergy

Parish Priest = lowest– Attend to his parish– Perform 5/7 sacraments (no confirmation

or Holy Orders) Bishop

– Head of group of parishes– Cathedral = bishop’s church– Often selected by nobles or the king

Secular Clergy (cont’d)

Archbishop– Ruled a group of diocese (called an archdiocese)

Pope = supreme authority– Bishop of Rome– Curia = highest ranks of clergy who acted as

advisors to the Pope– Cardinals = the most important members of the

curia• They elect the Pope

Regular Clergy

Monasticism = the way of life in convents and monasteries– Withdrawn from

society (fasting, prayer, self-denial)

St. Benedict

Benedictine Rule Begins in Monte Cassino EVERYTHING belonged

to the community/monastery

More about monastic life

abbot = the elected head of the monastery abbess = the elected head of the convent St. Patrick --> credited with leaving

monastery and bringing Christianity to Ireland in 432

St. Augustine --> credited with bringing Christianity to England

Church Politics

Cannon law = church’s rules– Excommunication = no sacraments– Interdict = shut down churches in region– Heretic = denying principles/beliefs

Everyone had to pay a tithe– Tax that was 10% of your income, paid to

the church

Problems and Corruption

simony = buying positions in hierarchy– Also led to clergy charging for different

religious services St. Francis and St. Dominic started

orders attempting to end this– Franciscans and Dominicans– Lived among the people - friars

The Inquisition The Church asked the Dominicans to

help search out heretics and force them to confess

People who did not confess/convert were often executed