Psychoanalytic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”

(1856-1939)

University of Vienna 1873Voracious Reader

Medical School Graduate

Specialized in NervousDisorders

Some patients’ disordersSome patients’ disordershad no physical cause!had no physical cause!

Psychoanalytic Perspective“first comprehensive theory of personality”

Q: What caused neurologicalsymptoms in patients with no

neurological problems?

UnconsciousHypnosis

FreeAssociation

“Psychoanalysis”

The Unconscious“the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”“the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”

Conscious Awarenesssmall part above surface

(Preconscious)

Unconsciousbelow the surface

(thoughts, feelings,wishes, memories)

Repressionbanishing unacceptablethoughts & passions to

unconsciousDreams & Slips

Freud & Personality Structure“Personality arises from conflict twixt agressive,pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints”

Satisfactionwithout the guilt?

Ego SuperEgo

Id

Freud & Personality StructureId - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives

Pleasure Principle

Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic waysReality Principle

Super Ego- voice of consciencethat focuses on howwe ought to behave

Ego SuperEgo

Id

Freud & Personality Development“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”

“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”

Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouthAnal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/“Oedipus Complex”

(Identification & Gender Identity)Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormantGenital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others

Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3

FREUD AND THE FREUDIANS

SIGMUND FREUD

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

SEX:

LIBIDO:

EROGENOUS ZONE:An Area Of The Body On Which Sexual Energy Is Concentrated (An area of the body that brings pleasure)

Something That Brings Bodily Pleasure (Not only genital)

Sexual Energy

FREUDIAN CONCEPTS

• GENITAL

• LATENCY

• PHALLIC (OEDIPAL)

• ANAL

• ORAL

• SUPEREGO

• EGO

• ID

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENTPERSONALITY CONSTRUCTS

FREUDIAN ASSUMPTIONS1. Are people active or passive?

Passive??

2. What is the relationship between learning and development?

3. How do people change?Maturational

3. What motivates people?ID—pleasure principle

5. How important is behavior?We know nothing from behavior. We need to understand what motivates the behavior.

6. How important is thinking?Conflict free sphere of the ego.

7. How important are emotions?Vitally Important. The theory is one of emotional developmental.

STAGE CHARACTERISTICS • Each stage is named for the area of the

body on which sexual energy (libido) is

centered during that stage.

• The stages are sequential, but they are

NOT hierarchical.

• Regression to and fixation at a stage can occur.

IDID• is innate

• is motivated by pleasure

• is the source of libidinal energy

• contains basic drives: hunger, thirstaggression, anger, destruction

• contains no logic or rational thoughts, just DESIRES

EGO• Develops as the Id comes into contact with reality

•Governed by the reality principle

• uses reasoning in order to come to conclusions

• serves as a check on the Id--delays actions until they are “reasonable.”

SUPEREGOSUPEREGO• Develops as a result of internalizing parental standards and values

• Has two aspects:

Conscience Ego Ideal

CONSCIENCE(SUPEREGO)

Tells us what NOT to do and punishes us if we do something wrong by making us have feelings of...

GUILT

EGO IDEAL(SUPEREGO)

Tells us what to do. It is the POSITIVE aspect of the superego.

• Provides goals for life

• Is the source of ideals

Defense MechanismsId

SuperEgo

Ego

When the inner wargets out of hand, theresult is Anxiety

Ego protects itself viaDefense Mechanisms

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality

• Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from consciousness (underlies all other defense mechanisms)

• Regression - retreating to earlier stage of fixateddevelopment

• Reaction Formation - ego makes unacceptable impulses appear as their opposites

• Projection - attributes threatening impulses to others• Rationalization - generate self-justifying

explanations to hide the real reasons for our actions• Displacement - divert impulses toward a more

acceptable object• Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse into

something socially valued

Defense Mechanisms

The Humanistic Perspective

Maslow’sMaslow’sSelf-ActualizingSelf-Actualizing

PersonPerson

Roger’sRoger’sPerson-CenteredPerson-Centered

PerspectivePerspective

“Healthy” rather than “Sick”Individual as greater than the sum of test scores

Maslow & Self-Actualization

Physiological

Safety

Love Needs

Esteem

Self-Actualizationthe process of fufilling our potential

• Studied healthy, creative people• Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson &

Eleanor Roosevelt• Self-Aware & Self-Accepting• Open & Spontaneous• Loving & Caring• Problem-Centered not Self-Centered

Roger’s Person-Centered PerspectivePeople are basically goodwith actualizing tendencies.

Given the right environmentalconditions, we will develop

to our full potentials

Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy

Self ConceptSelf Concept - central featureof personality (+ or -)

Personal Control

Internal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny

External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of ControlLuck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny

Methods of StudyMethods of Study• Correlate feelings of control with behaviorCorrelate feelings of control with behavior• Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofExperiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofcontrol and noting effectscontrol and noting effects