ps 189 research - final

8/3/2019 PS 189 Research - Final

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the essential background of the study, the problem as

well as the scope of the problem and the limitations of the study set upon by the

researchers. This chapter will provide the essential preliminaries for the research

and will serve as the foundation for the study.

Background of the Study

The implementation of R.A. 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act of 2001

provided the necessary framework and institutional mechanisms for the proper

treatment of waste and waste disposal. The law sets the appropriate guidelines for

waste minimization and introduction of proper treatment measures (i.e.

segregation, transport, collection, disposal, recycling procedures) enhanced through

the promotion of national research and development programs.

As provided in the law, together with the creation of the National Solid Waste

Management Commission, is the creation of Local Government Solid Waste

Management Plan which is strategically and geographically enforced in the local

government units (LGUs) for the implementation of safe and sanitary management

plans for solid waste treatment in the respective areas.

The study will look into the Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan

of Barangay Lahug in Cebu City and provide assessment of its solid waste

management plan in accordance to the guidelines stipulated in R.A. 9003. The case

study will scrutinize the solid waste management strategy implemented in

Barangay Lahug and examine the effectiveness of the waste management plan in

terms of waste treatment and minimization of waste generated in the barangay.

Rationale

The problem of waste is an ecological concern and should not be taken for

granted. Various environmental problems arise from improper waste disposal and

inappropriate treatment of waste could exacerbate the waste problem and have a

major bearing on the health impacts of residents living near landfills, dumpsites or

other waste treatment facilities.

As students of environmental politics and policy, the researchers recognize

waste as a major environmental concern which should be properly addressed by

1 | S o l i d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t : B a r a n g g a y L a h u g



government authorities so as to ensure the protection of public health and the

environment. The choice of research locale is primarily due to its strategic vicinity

and accessibility for the researchers to conduct the study given the barangay’s

convenient distance from the school. Also, the researchers believe that this study

can contribute to the immediate community to which the school belongs.

Proper waste management is important and the assessment of the solid waste

management of the LGU, as for the case of Barangay Lahug, can help in evaluating

the effectiveness of the Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan in

promoting and ensuring environmental practice on waste management.

Furthermore, the case study could provide possible future recommendations for

better implementation of the solid waste management plan of the barangay so as to

foster a healthier and less wasteful community.

Statement of the Problem

The study is concerned with the assessment and evaluation of the solid waste

management plan of Barangay Lahug in accordance to the provisions of R.A. 9003.

It sought to examine the effectiveness of the waste management plan in terms of

waste treatment and minimization of waste generated in the barangay. Further, it

aimed to answer the following specific questions:

1. What is the profile of Barangay Lahug in terms of:

1.1. Land Area;

1.2. Demographics (i.e. population density, no. of households, socio-

economic status, and population);

1.3. Industries present;

1.4. Barangay ordinances which are related to R.A. 9003; and

1.5. Budget Allocation?

2. What is the waste characterization of Barangay Lahug in terms of:

2.1. Volume of waste collected; and

2.2. Classification of waste collected?

3. How does the barangay collect and transfer its wastes as presented through

the:

3.1. Sources of waste;

3.2. Schedule of waste collection;

3.3. Presence of landfills/dumpsites and their location;




3.4. Means of collection; and

3.5 Resources (Garbage Collection Facilities)?

4. What are the practices of waste segregation in the barangay especially in:

4.1. Households?

5. Is there a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) in the barangay? If so, what are

the:

5.1. Means of processing waste?

6. Does the barangay engage in recycling their wastes? If so, what are the:

6.1. Means of recycling waste; and

6.2. Incentives from recycling waste?

7. How does the barangay reduce its wastes as presented through the:

7.1. Means of source reduction; and

7.2 Incentives for source reduction?

Objectives

The study focused on providing an assessment of the solid waste management

plan of Barangay Lahug in accordance with R.A. 9003. The study sought to

determine the effectiveness of the solid waste management plan of the barangay in

terms of reducing waste and its treatment. Further, it aimed to achieve the

following:

1. To provide a profile of Barangay Lahug.

2. To determine the volume and classification of waste collected in the barangay.

3. To identify the means and sources in the collection and transfer of wastes.

4. To identify the segregation practices done by the households in the barangay.

5. To determine the availability of an MRF in the barangay and its means of

processing wastes.

6. To identify the waste recycling practices in the barangay and the probable

incentives from them.

7. To determine the means and incentives of source reduction in the barangay.

Significance of the Study

Solid Waste Management is one of the problems faced by the Philippines in

the present generation. The presence of the Republic Act 9003 or the Solid Waste

Management Act of 2001 became a good venue to study different Local




Government Units in their efforts for Solid Waste Management for the reduction of

wastes.

The study on Barangay Lahug’s solid waste management will be significant to

the students, Local Government Units, lawmakers, and the barangay itself.

It is important because it will provide them with knowledge on whether Lahug

adopted the solid waste management properly and if they are successful in the

adoption of as such. The study would serve as a source of information to the

students and help raise awareness of the efforts present in their community

especially those concerning the environment. Moreover, it will provide for

knowledge needed to reduce waste in the environment.

Likewise, the study is significant to Local Government Units (LGUs) especially

to those LGUs which encountered difficulties in managing their solid waste. The

study can be their guide in their own adoption and creation of their own program of

action about solid waste management.

It is also significant to the lawmakers so that they can pass future laws

concerning the environment, further ddressing the problem the waste management

in the country. The study could supplement relevant information to the lawmakers

in the assessment of whether the RA 9003 is strong enough to solve the problems

of solid waste management. This study can also be used as reference in

strengthening the current law.

Moreover, the study is significant to Barangay Lahug since it can serve as

reference for the assessment of efforts in promoting solid waste management. It

also recommends actions for the strengthening of the current actions undertaken in

the locale. It can be their reference if they succeed in promoting the development of

their community in managing their solid waste since it is an evaluation of their own

work.

Lastly, it is important to the researchers because it can be a proof for the

extent/ strength of the RA 9003 and to the active participation of the LGU’s in

adopting the law in fulfilling their job in addressing their problem of solid waste

management. The study will give the researchers better understanding to the

actions of LGU in addressing their problem of solid waste.

Scope and Limitations




The study aimed to know if RA 9003 was adopted by the LGU’s to manage

their solid waste management. It is an evaluation of the progress of the LGU’s

regarding the solid waste management.

The study presented the progress and the development of the chosen LGU in

their management of their solid waste.

The study is limited to Barangay Lahug. It covered the implementation of the

solid waste management plan of Barangay Lahug and the segregation/recycling

practices done by selected number of households in the barangay. It focused on the

solid waste management of the barangay; their ways and means of collection and

waste reduction. The research is only a case study and only an evaluation of the

barangay’s solid waste management. The evaluation also included the ordinances

implemented by the barangay, transfer and collection of waste, and the possible

means of waste reduction and recycling processes undertaken by the barangay. The

study did not include the waste segregation/recycling practices of the different

industries and establishments present in Barangay Lahug.

On the evaluation, the researchers used the RA 9003 provisions and the

measurement acknowledge by the whole PS 189 class such as (transfer and

collection, waste reduction, demographics, waste segregation).

Theoretical Framework

The following the theories served as the framework of the study in evaluating

the effectiveness of the solid waste management plan of the chosen barangay in

accordance to the rules and guidelines set in R.A. 9003.

The Structural-Functionalist theory emphasizes on the functional aspects of

the structures and institutions in the political system. Efficiency and effectiveness of

policy implementation is determined through the performance of its designated

function. Almond and Powell suggested that the physical, social and economic

environment influences these structures in the political system. This approach

tackles on the institutions and structure within a political system, which include

political parties, bureaucracy, local governments, etc. Almond and Powell suggested

that these structures perform different functions, which in turn contribute and

affects the society as a whole.

The Structural-Functionalist approach can be used in looking at the interplay

of the processes involved in the implementation of a certain policy and how the




institutions in the political system carry out these processes. Likewise, this

theoretical approach can serve as a framework for the assessment of Barangay

Lahug’s implementation of their solid waste management plan as provided by their

local ordinances juxtaposed to the guidelines stipulated in R.A. 9003. Also, the

theoretical approach can be used as the lens to understand how the institutions of

the LGU (i.e. Barangay Lahug) carry out the provisions contained in their solid waste

management plan in accordance with R.A. 9003.

RA 9003 is an important governmental mechanism to be sought to and

evaluated in the assessment of the local government’s solid waste management

system. According to the Philippine Commission on Audit, Republic Act 9003,

otherwise known as The Ecological Solid Wastes Management of 2000, is one of the

environmental laws implanted by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) of

the Philippines as a line bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR). The Act provides “for an ecological solid waste management

program, [creates] the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives,

[declares] certain acts prohibited and [provides] penalties, [appropriates] funds

therefore, and for other purposes (2005).”

The Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Framework is also an important

framework in assessing waste management systems. The former consists of three

dimensions: (1) stakeholders (everyone who has stake or interest in the current

waste management system; (2) waste system elements (includes the operational

elements from generation to disposal); and (3) sustainability aspects (includes the

technical, social, political, environment and financial-economic). This framework will

serve as foundation for the assessment of the effectiveness of the local ordinances

in Barangay Lahug in line with the provisions of the RA 9003, so as the practice of

the households and industries in line with the provisions in the ordinances.

Conceptual Framework




The above framework assessed the implementation of the RA 9003 in Baranggay

Lahug, manifested through the local ordinances in the baranggay. More so, it

assessed the enforcement actions of the departments of the baranggays, in line

with its ordinances. Lastly, the assessment of the implementation was based on the

practice of the residents and industries in the baranggay.

This framework helped in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the ordinances

present in Baranggay Lahug. The evaluation was based on three criterion:

stakeholders, waste system elements and sustainability. This is based on the

Sustainable Waste Management Framework as provided for in the theoretical

framework.




Definition of Terms

Biodegradable waste - refers to waste materials that can be

decomposed by microorganisms

Ecological solid waste management -shall refer to the systematic

administration of activities which

provide for segregation at source,

segregated transportation, storage, transfer,

processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and

all other waste management activities

which do not harm the environment

Hazardous wastes - refer to solid wastes or combination

of solid waste

which because of its quantity, concentration,

or physical, chemical or infectious

characteristics, may cause or

significantly contribute to an increase in

mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or

incapacitating reversible illness or pose substantial

present or potential hazard to human health

or the environment when improperly

treated, stored, transported or

disposed of or otherwise managed

Non- biodegradable waste -refer to waste materials that cannot

be decomposed by microorganism

Recyclable waste -shall refer to any waste material

retrieved from the waste stream and free

from contamination that can be still

converted into suitable beneficial use or for other

purposes




Solid waste -refer to all discarded household,

commercial waste, non- hazardous

institutional and industrial waste, street

sweepings, construction debris, and other non-

hazardous/ non- toxic waste

Source reduction -Source reduction, also known as

waste prevention or pollution

prevention, is the elimination of waste before

it is created. It involves the design, manufacture,

purchase or use of materials and products to

reduce the amount or toxicity of what is thrown

away.

Waste segregation -refers to sorting and segregation of

different materials found in solid waste in

order to promote recycling and reuse of

resources and to reduce the volume of waste

for collection and disposal

Methodology

The study is qualitative and quantitative in nature. The qualitative aspect of the

study dwelt on the assessment of the Solid Waste Management in Baranggay Lahug

on the framework of the Republic Act 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act. The

assessment is based on the local ordinances currently implemented on the

baranggay. More so, the quantitative aspect of the study, which is to gather data

regarding the implementation and enforcement of the ordinances, dealt on the

practices of the households with regards to their waste segregation and recycling

processes in the baranggay. Surveys on the households were done to evaluate the

enforcement of the ordinances of the baranggay and the different responses to the

implementation of the ordinances. A total of 100 households from the present

household population in the barangay were chosen as respondents for the survey.




The study used a survey instrument (i.e. questionnaire) which comprised of a set

of questions dealing on the waste segregation and recycling practices, as well as

the awareness of the residents about the ordinances implemented in the barangay

with regards to solid waste management.

The data sources of the study comprised of primary and secondary sources. The

secondary sources included copies of the ordinances of Baranggay Lahug and the

copy of the RA 9003. The copies of the ordinances gave the researchers a

background through which the status of Solid Waste Management in Barangay

Lahug was assessed. The ordinances provided for the preliminary assessment of the

Solid Waste Management of the baranggay. The primary source of the study

included a series of surveys and interviews among the residents of Baranggay

Lahug. The data gathered served as assessment on the current situation of the

baranggay. The data gathered provided the assessment of the implementation and

enforcement of the baranggay on the perspective of the residents in the barangay.

Chapter II

REVIEW of RELATED LITERATURE




Richie Grace Lago of Liceo de Cagayan University studied on the Solid

Waste Management system in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Her study entitled

“Solid Waste Management Needs of a Suburban Community” studied the terms of

handling, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid

waste in the said community. In the abstract of her study, she indicated baranggay

officials, baranggay workers and baranggay residents as the respondents of the

study. She measured on the respondents’ awareness of the Republic Act 9003 or

the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the initiation of the LGU in

the implementation of the said Republic Act. The researcher concluded that the

respondents have moderate awareness of the RA 9003 and that this level of

awareness led to the low cooperation in the LGUs in terms of the implementation of

the Republic Act. She also concluded that this moderate level of awareness

“discloses a community interest in adopting the introduced solid waste

management system.” Moreover, the assessment of the respondents on the

Republic Act 9003 depended on their level of awareness of the Republic Act and the

perceived importance of the Materials Recovery Facility. Lastly, the researcher

concluded that the baranggay should take the lead on the implementation and

support of the Republic Act 9003, which will in return affect the receptiveness of the

respondents to the said Act.

Francis Paulo M. Quina’s study on “Wasting Away: The challenges of solid

waste management in the Philippines,” a study posted on the UP Forum, tackled on

the situation of solid waste management in the country. The researcher presented

the current deplorable state of the Philippines in terms of waste, especially on

landfills and dumpsites. The researcher talked on the current law managing the

solid waste management in the country and the urban planning and renewal. The

study imparts on the poor urban planning that led to the current solid waste

management problem, especially in Manila. The study stated, “to begin with, poor

urban planning and its inadequate implementation in Metro Manila have contributed

significantly to the solid waste problem.” It also presented the current situation of

the LGUs which acknowledges the sector of tourism, thus reducing the impacts of

the community on the environment, mainly caused by the wastes generated in the

households and industries. The study assessed on the role of the Filipino individuals

to the segregation of waste, saying that “most Filipino households don’t even




bother to segregate their solid waste. Because of this, there is a pressing need for

Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in communities across the country. These

facilities process solid waste to recover recyclable and reusable materials, not only

greatly reducing the volume of solid waste, but also generating revenue for the

LGUs.”

William H. O. Streegan assessed on the compliance of Bacolod City to the

RA 9003. The researcher presented facts on the current situation of Bacolod City,

including the fact that waste management problems as a major pillar in the flooding

of Bacolod City. The researcher also presented the current situation of Baranggay

Felisa as the city’s illegal open dump, where a sanitary landfill is proposed to be

situated. The researcher assessed Bacolod City into five conclusions. First, “the

Bacolod City Government did not comply with the guidelines and deadlines of RA

9003 and therefore the National Solid Waste Management Commission.” Second,

the City Government failed to address the DENR’s request to establish a sanitary

landfill. Third, the City Government did not heed the call to close illegal open

dumpsite in Baranggay Felisa. Fourth, that the City Government could be subjected

to criminal sanctions as a result of non-compliance to RA 9003. Lastly, the City

Government continued to operate the illegal dumpsite in Brgy. Felisa. As a whole,

the researcher stated that “it is imperative that the City should be more serious

about the implementation of RA 9003 and should fasttrack its information drive on

this law so that the citizenry could become more aware of its provisions. It is equally

imperative that the citizenry, either in their homes or in their workplaces should

implement proper waste segregation, so that the City could comply with its

agreement with the DENR.”

Another related study is Jessie Todoc’s “Decentralized Solid Waste

Management In The Philippines,” which sought to analyze the framework of Solid

Waste Management in the Philippines. The study also aimed to “formulate

strategies for its replication in the country and among local government members

of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network.” The study tackled on four baranggays and

villages in the country, which assessed the compliance of Local Government Units

to the Republic Act 9003. It further scrutinized on the budget allotment, disposal

facilities, and sanitary landfills of the LGUs.




The book entitled “The Garbage Book: Opportunities for Change” assessed

the implementation of the RA 9003 at the baranggay level. It states that, “while the

extent of formal recycling through local government initiatives has been limited,

informal and private sector recycling is extensive, at all points from waste

generation through to final disposal. Scavenging forms a significant element of this

activity.” It is found out that an insignificant amount of 10% of waste is only

recycled. More so, it assessed that “community-based initiatives involve waste

segregation at source, recycling, and composting. Programs have been attempted

in many barangays throughout Metro Manila—some have succeeded, others have

failed for one reason or another. Leadership is the key factor in successful

programs. In most cases, the initiative is led by the Barangay Captain or

nongovernment organization aligned with the zerowaste movement.”




Chapter III

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION and ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter includes the presentation, interpretation and analysis of the data

gathered by the researchers. It also provides the analysis of the data based on the

theoretical framework presented in the study.

Profile of Barangay Lahug

Barangay Lahug stands as one of the active barangays in Cebu City and at

the same time has been considered as a prospect to be the “Makati of the South”,

which has an estimated total population of 50, 000, a total household population of

40, 000, and is composed of 44 sitios. The land boundaries of Barangay Lahug are:

Barangay Kasambagan and Barangay Apas, in the North; Barangay Camputhaw in

the South; Barangay Luz, East; and Barangay Kalunasan in the West. (see

Appendix 3: Baranggay Map.)

With a total land area of 443 hectares, Barangay Lahug opened avenues for

the development of various business and industrial establishments that importantly

include Waterfront Hotel and Casino, Asia Town I.T. Park, Cebu Grand Convention,

Cebu City Civic Trade Center, Cebu Parklane International Hotel, and Cebu Marco

Polo Plaza Hotel. The globally operating car dealers—Honda Motor and Ford—have

established their offices in Lahug. Included in the important landmarks of Lahug

are the University of the Philippines, University of Southern Philippines, JY Square

Mall, and the long established Beverly Hills subdivision.

In addition, there are various religious and educational establishments in

Barangay Lahug. According to the record of the barangay, there are, in fact, six (6)

Day Care Centers in the area. Churches and temples are also conspicuous in the

barangay including: St. Therese Parish Church, Taoist Temple, Phu Sian Temple, and

Heavenly Temple. (see Appendix 4: Baranggay Profile)




With regard to how the barangay manages its people and the social matters

that concern the latter, Barangay Lahug allocated half of its annual budget—which

amounts to P13M—to general services that aides to sanitation and the

environment. Part of the barangay services for sanitation and the environment is

its Solid Waste Management, anchored on Republic Act 9003 and City Ordinance

1361 and 2031, which Barangay Lahug adopted.

Baranggay Lahug’s Adoption of RA 9003 and City Ordinances

RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 gives the

Local Government Units the initiative on the creation of Local Ordinances pertaining

to the segregation and treatment of solid wastes in the locality. In Section 16 of the

RA 9003, LGUs “through its local solid waste management boards, shall prepare its

respective 10-year solid waste management plans consistent with the national solid

waste management framework.”

Section 10 of the RA 9003 defines the role of LGUs in Solid Waste

Management. It states that:

“Pursuant to the relevant provisions of R.A. No. 7160, otherwise known

as the Local government code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible

for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act

within their respective jurisdictions.

Segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the

barangay level specifically for biodegradable, compostable and

reusable wastes: Provided, That the collection of non-recyclable

materials and special wastes shall be the responsibility of the

municipality or city .”

The Cebu City Government implemented the RA 9003 through the City

Ordinance No. 2031, entitled “An Ordinance For The Implementation of Solid Waste

Segregation At Source, Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, and the Creation

of a Special Fund for Incentives which seeks to answer the specific concerns on

treatment and segregation of solid wastes in Cebu City. ” (see Appendix 1: Cebu

City Ordinance 2031) As a component baranggay, Lahug boasts the adoption of the

City Ordinance 2031, applying its provisions to its constituents. Baranggay Lahug




also adopted the City Ordinance 1361, which seeks to “establish a system of

garbage collection, imposing fees therefore, and expropriating funds and for other

related purposes.” (see Appendix 2: City Ordinance 1361)

Mrs. Emper Capili, Baranggay Lahug Focal Person, said, “we have

implemented the City Ordinance 2031. Naa mi mga pulong-pulong ug mga signage

para makabalo ang mga tao especially sa mga sitio. (We have meetings and

signage to educate the constituents especially in the sitios.)” She further said that

the provisions of RA 9003 and its adoption into a local ordinance were their bases

as to the signs and warnings that they have been posting around the baranggay.

City Ordinance 2031 penalizes an individual or group of fines, fees and community

service should the city ordinance is violated. Moreover, Councilor Jovito Taborada,

the Chairman of Health and Sanitation in Baranggay Lahug, said that the baranggay

also adopted the City Ordinance 1361, which pertains to the collection of garbage in

the baranggay. Like Mrs. Capili, he said that their constituents are informed of the

ordinances through a scheduled pulong-pulong (meetings) with the constituents,

especially in the sitios.

Councilor Taborada said that 50% of the baranggay’s annual budget goes to

general services, which includes the health and sanitation in the baranggay.

Baranggay Lahug’s annual appropriation is thirteen million pesos, with the general

services constituting the largest chuck of this amount. Section 14 of the City

Ordinance 2031 cites the appropriation for Solid Waste Management plans. It states

that, “for the initial operating expenses for the enforcement of this ordinance, the

sum of five hundred thousand pesos is hereby appropriated out of the General

Funds of the Government of Cebu, not otherwise appropriated. Thereafter, such

sums as may be necessary to carry out its purpose shall be taken from the garbage

fees collection of the city under its Special fund Act.” Mrs. Capili and Councilor

Taborada, however, did not specify their sources of fund for the adoption and

implementation of the ordinance in the baranggay. Mrs. Capili said that the

baranggay provided for the fund needed to procure the garbage trucks used for the

collection within the baranggay. These garbage trucks operate daily to collect the

waste of the baranggay. Councilor Taborada, moreover, said that the maintenance

of these trucks cost much and consumes a big portion of the budget.

Volume and Characterization of Waste




Section 4 of the City Ordinance 2031 provided for the Waste Classification of all

solid wastes generated in the locale. It classified solid wastes into five major groups:

(a) biodegradable/compostable wastes; (b) non-biodegradable wastes; (c)

reusable/recyclable wastes; (d) hazardous or special wastes; and (e) bulky wastes

and white goods. Councilor Taborada said the collection of waste in the baranggay

is classified only into three groups. These are (a) the biodegradables, (b) the non-

biodegradables, and (c) the special wastes or toxic wastes. He further added that

these special wastes would be treated differently from the other two variants and

will be collected by the city for special treatment.

As to the volume of wastes collected by the baranggay, Councilor Taborada

said that Lahug have three garbage trucks available for garbage collection, all

funded by the baranggay. He said that each truck could collect approximately 1.1

tons of garbage per operation. Each truck operates twice a day, everyday, covering

most of the sites in the near road, and in cases of sitios, trucks collect the garbage

depending on the schedule. With the number of trucks available for collection every

day, Baranggay Lahug collects an approximate 6.6 tons of waste everyday.

Engineer Roger Legaspi of Department of Public Services confirms this claim as they

collect waste from Lahug with the volume of six (6) to eight (8) tons per day.

Baranggay Lahug have no dumpsite, so all the waste collected in the baranggay will

be turned over to the city level. Engineer Legaspi said that the collection from

Lahug came from upper and lower Lahug.

Collection and Transfer of Wastes

Article 3 of the RA 9003 defines the Collection and Transport of Solid Wastes.

It sets the requirement for the collection and transport of solid wastes, and the

guidelines for transfer stations. Section 7.1 of the City Ordinance 2031 states that

the local baranggay unit “takes charge of the collection of the collection of

reusable/recyclable and biodegradable/compostable wastes in their respective

baranggay while the City Government takes care of the collection of non-

biodegradable wastes, bulky wastes, and other wastes in consonance with RA

9003.” Mrs. Emper Capili said that the sources of waste collected by the baranggay

comes primarily from the households. They also collect solid wastes from the

industries and establishments present in the area. On the other hand, Councilor

Taborada said that household wastes are collected every day, but the City




Government collects wastes from the establishments. Engineer Roger Legaspi

confirms Councilor Taborada’s claim that the City Government collects the solid

wastes from the industries. These establishments include JY Square, City Lights, Red

Carpet and the villages in the baranggay.

As to the schedule of waste collection, Councilor Taborada said that the

garbage collection happens every day. Three garbage trucks are available for the

collection of wastes every day. These trucks operate twice a day. Cebu City

Ordinance 1361 creates a system of garbage collection, which serves as basis as to

the collection of garbage in the baranggay. Article 4 of City Ordinance 1361 states

that “each homeowner, tenant, manager or person-in-charge of any building or any

room or space therein shall provide a receptacle in which he shall deposit or cause

to be deposited all such garbage, rubbish, trash or waste materials and which

receptacle shall be maintained in sanitary condition at all times by him or his

representative and placed in such a location that is easily accessible but not

obtrusive to the pedestrians.” Furthermore, City Ordinance 1361 states that the

collection of garbage shall depend on the schedule prepared and promulgated by

the Department of Public Services. Engineer Legaspi of DPS said that they collect

garbage from the baranggay daily. Councilor Taborada said that the baranggay

trucks operate collection of solid wastes daily, and collects twice per day.

Councilor Taborada and Mrs. Capili said that the collected wastes from the

households would be turned over to the city government for dumping. Baranggay

Lahug has no landfill and dumpsite available for the waste collected within the

baranggay. Department of Public Services collect these wastes and dump it to

Inayawan.

Section 21 and 22 of the RA 9003 provides for the means of collection of the

Solid Wastes. It states that:

Section 21. Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes - The LGUs shall

evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in

providing collection services, type of collection system, or combination

of systems, that best meet their needs: Provided, That segregation of

wastes shall primarily be conducted at the source, to include

household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural

sources: Provided, further; That wastes shall be segregated into the

categories provided in Sec. 22 of this Act.




Section 22. Requirements for the Segregation and Storage of Solid

Waste - The following shall be the minimum standards and

requirements for segregation and storage of solid waste pending

collection:

(a) There shall be a separate container for each type of waste from all

sources: Provided, That in the case of bulky waste, it will suffice that

the same be collected and placed in a separate designated area; and

(b) The solid waste container depending on its use shall be properly

marked or identified for on-site collection as "compostable", "non-

recyclable", "recyclable" or "special waste", or any other classification

as may be determined by the Commission.

In the City Ordinance Level, Section 6.1 states for the provision on “No

Segregation, No Collection.” It states that “segregation of wastes must be observed

since unsorted wastes shall not be collected at all.” Councilor Taborada said that

this has been implemented in the baranggay. The garbage truck of baranggay

Lahug collects solid waste twice per day, one round for the biodegradable, and

another round for the non-biodegradable. He further said that the constituents,

especially in the sitios, has been informed of this policy through the conduct of

pulong-pulong or meetings in the baranggay. The only means in collecting garbage

in the baranggay are the three garbage trucks provided for the baranggay.

Councilor Taborada said that Lahug initiated for the purchase of these trucks and

did not rely on the City Government for the procurement of such facility. There are

no other facilities for garbage collection, aside from the truck and from small scale

garbage collectors.

Waste Segregation Practices in the Households

Fifty-two of the 100 household respondents (52 out of 100) interviewed

practiced waste segregation in Barangay Lahug. They segregate plastics, bottles,

papers, cans and peelings of fruits and vegetables. Their primary motivation for

segregation was the incentive they could get from segregating their wastes (i.e.

they can earn money from things that they segregate). Further, they can reuse

some of the waste materials (e.g. cans and plastics) as storage containers at home.

Plastics were the common waste that were segregated followed by cans, bottles,




papers, and vegetable and fruit peelings. The residents of Barangay Lahug

practiced waste segregation because they can benefit from it especially from the

additional income that they get from segregating their wastes.

On the side of the barangay, they implemented fines for residents who did

not engage in waste segregation. However, despite the presence of the policy,

some households do not segregate their wastes and dump their garbage in sacks

and damaged pails. Before, the barangay was strict in implementing the No

Segregation, No Collection policy but because of the continuing waste segregation

malpractice of some residents, the policy was not sustained. The barangay has no

choice but to collect the un-segregated garbage since leaving the garbage in the

street would create a problem of sanitation and the unattended waste would

produce awful smell. At present, the garbage collectors are the ones in-charge of

segregating the waste they collected in the barangay.

As to the knowledge of the respondents on the presence of ordinances, a

significant 48 of 100 said that they are aware that there are ordinances pertaining

to the segregation of wastes at home. The answers as to the awareness of these

ordinances vary from sanctions such as penalties and community work. Some of

these respondents also said that they are aware that the baranggay has been

implementing a waste segregation policy that is why they practice the segregation

of wastes.

Materials Recovery Facility

Section 32 of the RA 9003 provides for the establishment of Materials

Recovery Facility or MRF in LGUs. It states that “there shall be established a

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays. The

facility shall be established in a barangay-owned or -leased land or any suitable

open space to be determined by the barangay through its Sanggunian. For this

purpose, the barangay or cluster of barangays shall allocate a certain parcel of land

for the MRF. The MRF shall receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation,

composting, and recycling. The resulting residual wastes shall be transferred to a

long term storage or disposal facility or sanitary landfill.” However, despite the

city’s adoption of the RA 9003 through the City Ordinance 2031, the ordinance is

silent about the creation of MRF. Baranggay Lahug, however, initiated for the

creation of MRF in the baranggay. Councilor Taborada said that the baranggay has




sent a proposal to the city government for the creation of a Materials Recovery

Facility in the locality. However, this claim cannot be verified since the researchers

were not able to secure a copy of the proposal.

Recycling and Source Reduction Practices

Barangay Lahug engages in recycling practices through their barangay

cooperatives. Members of the cooperatives make use of the plastic bottles, plastic

bags and tetra packs as vases and bags. It is part of their livelihood program and

also with the environment and sanitation committee. However, according to

Barangay Councilor Taborada, Chairman of Environment and Sanitation Committee,

the cooperative’s recycling practice does not have a great impact on waste

management in the barangay because only a small portion of the wastes were

used. Some of these bottles and plastics were personally sold by the residents and,

and they do not usually turn over those recyclable materials to the barangay

cooperative.

Although the barangay seeks cooperation with private entrepreneurs to help

them in buying recyclable materials from the residents, the cooperation did not

succeed. It is because the buyers offer less price to the recyclable wastes compared

to those people who push carts for garbage. The project did not last long. Also,

there were no NGOs who are interested to help the barangay in managing their

solid waste unlike in Barangay Luz who has CPAG to assist them in developing their

barangay.

The barangay does not give incentives to those who have the most recyclable

materials being kept because according to Councilor Taborada and Ms. Capili, the

barangay wanted the citizen to act according to their responsibility as a citizen of

the barangay and act according to their own free will. The barangay would not

tolerate people who acted only for their own benefits and see government work as a

business or enterprise.

In addition, providing incentives was not adopted in encouraging waste

segregation, recycling garbage and most of all in waste or source reduction.

According to Councilor Taborada, the barangay or the committee itself does not

initiate source reduction. According to him, they cannot control the amount of waste

produced by the households. They would not encourage incentives because it would

mean that the citizens do not act according to their responsibility. They do not have




the pleasure to encourage such project that would lead to people’s participation

through incentives.

Data Analysis

R.A. 9003Ordinances Implementation

in the BarangayCity Ordinance 2031 City Ordinance

1361Role of the LGUs inSolid WasteManagement(Section 10)

Segregationand collection of solid waste (i.e.biodegradable,compostable, &

reusable) –barangay

Segregationand collection of waste (i.e. non-recyclable &special wastes) –city government

LGU has the primaryresponsibility toimplement ecologicalsolid wastemanagement system

Local barangay – incharge of collectionof reusable/recyclable

and biodegradablewastes

City government – incharge of collectionof non-biodegradable, bulkyand special waste

• Barangay collectsthe segregatedwaste generatedfrom households

• City collects thewaste from theestablishmentsand industries

Establishment of Multi-PurposeEnvironmentCooperatives orAssociations in every

LGU (Section 13)

The barangay isencouraged to formcooperative(s) withinthe community tohandle

biodegradable/compostable or recyclablewaste

•Creation of cooperative forrecycling wastes

Components of LocalGovernment SolidWaste ManagementPlan (Section 17)

Wastecharacterization(i.e. volume of waste, sourcegeneration,classification)

Collection and Transfer

Sourcereduction

Recycling

Wasteclassification:biodegradable, non-biodegradable,reusable/recyclable, hazardous/specialand bulky wastes

Waste collectionpoints during theset schedule of

collection Generators must

provide their ownstorage area withintheir premises

Collection of garbage isdivided on thebasis of volumeof garbage andpopulation

•WasteClassification:biodegradable,non-biodegradable,and special waste

•Schedule of collection iseveryday butmay vary in other

areas•Waste generationcomes fromhouseholds,industries andestablishments inthe barangay

•A smallpercentage of




wastes arerecycled andgoes to thecooperative

•Barangay Lahugbelongs to zone

number 8Segregation of Wastes (Sections 21& 22)

Mandatorysegregation of solid wastes

Requirementsfor thesegregationand storage of solid waste (i.e.“compostable”,

“non-recyclable”,“recyclable”, or“specialwaste”)

No Segregation, NoCollection

Generators muststore each type of waste in separatecontainers tofacilitate collectionand disposal

• The barangaydoes not collectthe waste if notsegregated

Establishment of LGUMaterials RecoveryFacility (Section 32)

• There is aproposal toestablish MRF inthe barangay

Incentives forresource reductionand recycling(Section 45)

Incentives forbarangays anddeputized enforcersfor apprehending

persons/entitiesviolating theordinance

• No incentives forsource reductionand recyclingwastes; instead

the barangayconductsmeetings in thesitios toencourage peopleto segregate theirwaste

The Structural-Functionalist theory explains that the effectiveness of policy

implementation is presented though the functioning of the different parts in the

political system. In the case of R.A. 9003, the success of the implementation of the

law lies on its efficient operationalization in the local government units. R.A. 9003

provides the necessary framework and institutional mechanisms for the proper

waste treatment and disposal. Section 17 of R.A. 9003 outlines the necessity of

passing and enforcing ordinances in the local government units for the effective

implementation of a collection system in the barangay. This provision in the

Republic Act was successfully materialized through the implementation of City




Ordinance 2031 (An Ordinance for the Implementation of Solid Waste Segregation

at Source, Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, and the Creation of a Special

Fund for Incentives) and City Ordinance 1361. Ordinance 2031 was adopted by

Barangay Lahug so as to facilitate its waste collection system. The assessment and

evaluation on the effectiveness of the implementation of R.A. 9003 through its

operationalization in Barangay Lahug can be determined through the barangay’s

fulfillment of the necessary provisions stipulated in R.A. 9003 and in city ordinances

2031 and 1361.

Implementation in Barangay Level

In terms of fulfilling its role on the solid waste management plan as provided

in R.A. 9003 and Ordinance 2031, Barangay Lahug was able to follow this provision

in the law. In an interview done by the researchers, Councilor Taborada confirmed

that the barangay collects and segregates the waste generated from the

households while the city government (e.g. Department of Public Services) is in

charge with the collection of solid waste generated by the industries and

establishments in the barangay. The establishment of a multi-purpose

environmental cooperative was also carried out in the barangay. The cooperative

was established to facilitate in the recycling process of recyclable and reusable

waste that the barangay collected.

Waste classification and characterization is carried out by the barangay given

that the barangay segregates the solid wastes and classify them as biodegradable,

non-biodegradable, or special waste. This is in concurrence with the defined waste

classification and characterization provided in R.A. 9003 and Ordinance 2031.

Schedule of waste collection in Barangay Lahug is everyday but may vary in other

areas. This was confirmed by Engr. Roger Legaspi of the Department of Public

Services (DPS). The waste collection of DPS was daily using 2 garbage trucks used

for both lower and upper Lahug. For the barangay, 3 garbage trucks are used in

solid waste collection. However, Engr. Legaspi mentioned that there was no

coordination between the barangay and DPS as to the schedule and assigned

collection points of solid waste in the barangay.

Waste segregation is strictly implemented and observed in the barangay. The

barangay follows the No Segregation, No Collection policy provided in Ordinance

2031 which is supported by R.A. 9003. The barangay does not collect the waste if




not segregated beforehand. Fines and penalties were collected so as to ensure

compliance to the law. However, this practice was not sustained since residents

started to leave their waste un-segregated and the task to segregate was passed to

the garbage collectors during collection. The schedule of collection is also properly

coordinated with waste segregation given that the barangay allocates a separate

schedule of collection for the different waste classification (i.e. biodegradable, non-

biodegradable, and special waste). In cases that the wastes collected are not

properly segregated, the garbage collectors do the segregation of the wastes.

Reduction and recycling of waste are less practiced and observed in the

barangay since there are no source reduction and incentives for source reduction.

There were also no incentives given for recycling of waste. In terms of public

education and dissemination, the barangay conducts meeting in the different sitios

to encourage people to segregate their waste. Moreover, the proposal for the

establishment of a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in the barangay denotes a

positive effort of the barangay to implement source reduction and encourage

recycling in Barangay Lahug.

Evaluation and Assessment of Solid Waste Management Plan

Based on RA 9003, the issue on solid waste management in Barangay Lahug

has been addressed. The barangay adopted the law and the City Ordinance 1361

and 2031 but the problem is the lack of the barangay’s implementation and

sustainability of the said laws. They lack follow up and education of their

constituents and fail to make the residents follow the law for proper waste

management.

Using the ISWM (Integrated Solid Waste Management) framework, among the

stakeholders—the constituents and the barangay itself—the barangay was the only

one to have complied with the provisions of the RA 9003 and City Ordinance 2031.

However, the barangay failed to sustainably implement the said laws for it failed to

gain the cooperation of its constituents. There may be those who practice waste

segregation but not for the reason that they follow what the law said but because

they can gain from through personal income. Hence, the citizens’ motivation for

segregating and recycling their waste is driven more on personal benefit.

Moreover, the barangay’s refusal to give incentives to those who practice

recycling and waste segregation is also the reason why people fail to cooperate with




the barangay’s program. The residents’ lack of encouragement and the

government’s refusal to have concessions through incentives contributed to the

drawbacks of the proper implementation of the solid waste management in Lahug.

Yet, the barangay blames the residents’ laziness to the failure of the project which

was very biased on their part. They fail to take into account that residents’ attitude

towards the policy is due to the barangay’s lack of effort to encourage the residents

to cooperate and give proper justification to the goal and consequences of the

program.

Chapter IV

CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the conclusion of the study and the recommendations of

the researchers for further studies with regards to solid waste management.




Conclusion

Based on the analysis and results yielded in this study, the researchers

conclude that cooperation between the barangay and the constituents plays a vital

role in the success of social programs implemented by local government units, as in

the case of solid waste management.

Sustainability of the program (i.e. solid waste management plan) is important

in assessing the success of the implementation of the policy. In the case of

Barangay Lahug, solid waste management was initially successful. However, the

debasing level of cooperation between the barangay and the constituents created a

problematic situation in the sustainability of the solid waste management plan and

the implementation of the R.A. 9003 and some City Ordinances which anchored

Barangay Lahug’s solid waste management strategy. Nonetheless, the researchers

recognize and commend the barangay council’s effort in executing the guidelines

and provisions stipulated in R.A. 9003 and the city ordinances (2031 & 1361)

especially in terms of waste collection and segregation. In terms of waste reduction

and encouragement of recycling practices, the barangay needs to improve in these

key areas. The barangay could enhance its education and information campaign on

the benefits of reducing and recycling wastes while providing greater avenue for the

people to participate and contribute to the maintenance of environmental sanitation

in the barangay.

Moreover, the researchers also conclude that as stakeholders, the barangay

and its constituents should take into account that both have responsibilities to carry

out. After all, the problem of solid waste management is an important issue that

needs authorities need to address with the cooperation of the citizens so as to

ensure protection of public health and environment.

Recommendations

Based on the facts and information gathered by the researchers about the

Barangay Lahug’s solid waste management in accordance to RA 9003 and city

ordinances 1361 (Garbage Collection) and 2031 (Implementation of Solid

Segregation at Source), the researchers would like to recommend further studies

about the topic, deepening on the analysis of the development and performance of

the barangay in terms of its implementation of its solid waste management plan. In

addition, the researchers recommend a further study on the waste segregation and




recycling practices of the major industries and establishments in Barangay Lahug to

determine and assess their solid waste management plan juxtapose the ordinances

2031 and 1361 and R.A. 9003.

Furthermore, the researchers recommend a study on the impacts and

sustainability of the solid waste management practiced by the barangay to evaluate

the feasibility and maintenance of the existing solid waste management strategy

employed by the barangay. The researchers also recommend the inclusion of the

city in the study concerning their practices in waste segregation and collection. In

addition, the study will be conducted to know if they implemented their solid waste

management plan and sustained the presence of the plan together with its success

or development. In this way, comparison on the implementation and achievement

of the city and the barangay about the solid waste management plan could deepen

the assessment.

ps 189 research - final

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