PropagandaPropaganda

What What isis propaganda? propaganda?

(At least) 2 schools of (At least) 2 schools of thoughtthought• Propaganda, however it is defined, is Propaganda, however it is defined, is

inherently deceitful and thus morally inherently deceitful and thus morally reprehensiblereprehensible

• Or - that it is a Or - that it is a processprocess of persuasion and, as of persuasion and, as such, is inherently neutral or value neutralsuch, is inherently neutral or value neutral

• This study takes the latter view…..This study takes the latter view…..

• …….and thus sees propaganda as a process of .and thus sees propaganda as a process of persuasion which can be used for good as persuasion which can be used for good as well as ill.well as ill.

(At least) 2 models(At least) 2 models

• Authoritarian/Totalitarian – coercion or Authoritarian/Totalitarian – coercion or force in support of persuasion; total force in support of persuasion; total censorship; permeates every aspect of censorship; permeates every aspect of society from schools to sport; ‘The Big society from schools to sport; ‘The Big Lie’Lie’

• Democratic – consensus through Democratic – consensus through persuasion, minimal censorship, news persuasion, minimal censorship, news rather than views, issue-based, ‘The rather than views, issue-based, ‘The Strategy of Truth’Strategy of Truth’

What is Propaganda?What is Propaganda?

Original meaning – to propagate Original meaning – to propagate the ‘faith’ -(Congregatio de the ‘faith’ -(Congregatio de Propaganda Fide – 17Propaganda Fide – 17thth Century) Century)

Sowing seeds of thought to Sowing seeds of thought to translate into action (or inaction)translate into action (or inaction)

Acquired pejorative meaning 1914-Acquired pejorative meaning 1914-1818

‘‘A Good Word Gone A Good Word Gone Wrong’Wrong’

Atrocity propagandaAtrocity propaganda Lies and half-truthsLies and half-truths A ‘black art’ ‘defiling the human A ‘black art’ ‘defiling the human

soul’ at a time when the mind was soul’ at a time when the mind was only just becoming understood only just becoming understood (psychology)(psychology)

Better to persuade than perish?Better to persuade than perish?

What it is What it is notnot

• Education …. Education ….

• COMPLETELY honest…COMPLETELY honest…

• ‘‘Truth’Truth’

• Confined to Confined to dictatorships/authoritarian regimesdictatorships/authoritarian regimes

• Designed to benefit Designed to benefit solelysolely the the recipientrecipient

What What isis propaganda? propaganda?

• It is a process of persuasionIt is a process of persuasion

• It is on the spectrum of It is on the spectrum of communication from who says what communication from who says what to whom, when, how and with what to whom, when, how and with what effecteffect

• It injects the question ‘why?’ into that It injects the question ‘why?’ into that spectrumspectrum

• Therefore it is about Therefore it is about intentintent

IntentionsIntentions

• As a As a processprocess, propaganda is value-, propaganda is value-neutralneutral

• As such, it is neither a ‘good’ nor a As such, it is neither a ‘good’ nor a ‘bad’ thing‘bad’ thing

• Value judgements like this are more Value judgements like this are more appropriately directed as the appropriately directed as the intentions behind doing itintentions behind doing it

• More useful to speak of ‘effective’ and More useful to speak of ‘effective’ and ‘ineffective’ propaganda (results)‘ineffective’ propaganda (results)

‘‘Good’ or ‘Bad’ Intentions?Good’ or ‘Bad’ Intentions?

Propaganda is something Propaganda is something someone else does! someone else does!

• ‘‘Democracies only Democracies only resort to propaganda in resort to propaganda in wartime’wartime’

• ‘‘Totalitarian regimes do Totalitarian regimes do it all the time’it all the time’

• We tell the ‘truth’; they We tell the ‘truth’; they tell liestell lies

• In fact we tell our ‘truth’ In fact we tell our ‘truth’ and they tell their ‘truth’and they tell their ‘truth’

• Whose ‘truth’ is right?Whose ‘truth’ is right?• Better to talk about Better to talk about

credibilitycredibility

Propaganda – NATO Propaganda – NATO definitiondefinitionANY INFORMATION, IDEAS, ANY INFORMATION, IDEAS,

DOCTRINES OR SPECIAL APPEALS,DOCTRINES OR SPECIAL APPEALS,

DISSEMINATED TO INFLUENCE THE DISSEMINATED TO INFLUENCE THE OPINIONS, EMOTIONS, ATTITUDES OPINIONS, EMOTIONS, ATTITUDES OR BEHAVIOUR OF ANY SPECIFIED OR BEHAVIOUR OF ANY SPECIFIED GROUPGROUP

IN ORDER TO BENEFIT THE SPONSOR, IN ORDER TO BENEFIT THE SPONSOR, EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLYEITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY

PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA CATEGORIESCATEGORIES

WHITE - overt, attributable to a WHITE - overt, attributable to a definite sourcedefinite source

BLACK - covert, deliberate BLACK - covert, deliberate deception where a false source is deception where a false source is definitely implieddefinitely implied

GREY - where a source is GREY - where a source is concealed and not acknowledged concealed and not acknowledged by the originatorby the originator

COHESIVE PROPAGANDACOHESIVE PROPAGANDA

CREATE GOODWILLCREATE GOODWILL PROMOTE FRIENDSHIPPROMOTE FRIENDSHIP RAISE MORALERAISE MORALE STRESS COMMON INTERESTSSTRESS COMMON INTERESTS GAIN CO-OPERATIONGAIN CO-OPERATION

DIVISIVE PROPAGANDADIVISIVE PROPAGANDA

LOWER MORALELOWER MORALE CREATE APATHY, DEFEATISM & CREATE APATHY, DEFEATISM &

DISCORDDISCORD PROMOTE DISSENTION, PANIC PROMOTE DISSENTION, PANIC

SUBVERSION, RESISTANCE, SUBVERSION, RESISTANCE, DESERTION, SURRENDER & DESERTION, SURRENDER & DEFECTIONDEFECTION

PROPAGANDA VARIANTSPROPAGANDA VARIANTS

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC INFORMATION INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC INFORMATION (Public Diplomacy/Cultural Diplomacy)(Public Diplomacy/Cultural Diplomacy)

PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE/OPERATIONSWARFARE/OPERATIONS

INFORMATION WARFARE/OPERATIONSINFORMATION WARFARE/OPERATIONS PUBLIC RELATIONS/SPIN DOCTORINGPUBLIC RELATIONS/SPIN DOCTORING ADVERTISING/MARKETING (?)ADVERTISING/MARKETING (?) PUBLICITYPUBLICITY NEWS? (‘the shocktroops of NEWS? (‘the shocktroops of

propaganda’)propaganda’)

PROPAGANDA

AUTHORITARIAN MODEL(Censorship, police enforcementMedia are state controlled,Opposition denied)

DEMOCRATIC MODEL

(Regulation rather than censorship, media are free/act as watchdog, Opposition essential)

Messages are top down,Centrally coordinated,Outside world sealed offto deny competing ‘truths’

Messages compete with others, internally and externally, top down to bottom up to see consensus(ie ‘prevailing truth’) emerge

The process of persuasion spectrumin the democratic model

EDUCATION ADVERTISING PUBLICRELATIONS

How to think(benefits therecipient)

What to buy(benefits theprofits)

Who to like(benefits thecompany)

POLITICALCOMMS(‘spin’)

Who to votefor(benefits the party)

PROPAGANDA

What to think?(benefits thesource)

World War II PropagandaWorld War II Propaganda

PropagandaPropaganda

• n : information that is spread for the n : information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause purpose of promoting some cause

In WWII, propaganda was used more than In WWII, propaganda was used more than any other time this world has seen. With any other time this world has seen. With new technological inventions such as new technological inventions such as photographyphotography, , radioradio and and filmfilm, manipulative , manipulative messages bombarded every day life in an messages bombarded every day life in an attempt to persuade a person to believe in attempt to persuade a person to believe in a specific cause. a specific cause.

Propaganda in FiguresPropaganda in FiguresReichspropagandaleitungReichspropagandaleitung produced: produced:• more than more than 2 2 million brochuresmillion brochures • more than more than 7 7 million postersmillion posters • more than more than 6060 million newspapers, million newspapers,

wall posters, leaflets, etcwall posters, leaflets, etc. . It carried out:It carried out:• about about 30,000 30,000 slide showsslide shows • about about 45,000 45,000 film evenings every film evenings every

monthmonth • about about 200,000200,000 meetings and public meetings and public

or factory mass meetingsor factory mass meetings

Mein Kampf

- This poster promotes Hitler's book Mein Kampf, announcing that four million copies have been sold.

This book is what really put Hitler on the map. After this, more political opportunities presented themselves.

"The Reich will never be destroyed if you are united and loyal.“

Consider how American politicians are depicted smiling and how that reflects our cultural values…what do you think German people value during the time right before WWII. Why?

Hindenburg/Hitler Poster - This poster is from the March 1933 Reichstag election, the last one in which Germans had a choice. The poster shows President Hindenburg and Chancellor Hitler. The caption:

Treaty of Versailles (Germany alone against the world) - This visual from the mid-1930's shows Germany in white, with the 100,000-man army permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, surrounded by heavily armed neighbors.

The The Technical Team "Germany"Technical Team "Germany" assisted assisted in about 50 major events and drove over in about 50 major events and drove over 360,000 kilometers (nine times around the 360,000 kilometers (nine times around the earth).earth).

Radio Propaganda - The text translates: "All Germany hears the Führer on the People's Receiver." The Nazis, eager to encourage radio listening, developed an inexpensive radio receiver to make it possible for many people to hear Nazi propaganda.

RecruitmentRecruitment

Beginning early on in the war and Beginning early on in the war and continuing until its end, countries continuing until its end, countries used propaganda to persuade young used propaganda to persuade young men to join the military. men to join the military.

The various forms of propaganda The various forms of propaganda glorified the war effort and used short glorified the war effort and used short catchy phrases that were easy to catchy phrases that were easy to understand and hard to forget. understand and hard to forget. Why?Why?

United States – Uncle Sam: I Want You!

Russia – Look familiar?

Britain – Join your country’s army…God save the King.

Norway - ALARM! The slogan at that time was: "Finland's fight is our fight." Whoever fights for Finland also fights for his own country"...Norway.

Germany - This looks to be a late-war recruiting poster for the SS, a time at which the Nazis were recruiting younger and younger soldiers. The caption doesn't translate directly, but means: "Enlist now!"

Germany - This is an SS recruiting poster. I'm not sure of the date. It says one can join at 18, and sign up for shorter or longer periods of service. It gives the address of the recruiting office in Munich.

United United States States PropagandaPropaganda

U.S. Homefront PropagandaU.S. Homefront Propaganda

When the United States finally entered the war, it was Total War. Everyone was affected and as many resources possible went to the war effort.

Buy War Bonds!Buy War Bonds!What is being symbolized here?

Think about how fear can be used in propaganda.

Notice the two unknowing kids and the oldest who seems to be looking at something up in the sky.

Saving GasSaving Gas

UnificationUnification

It is important for any government in war that all the people be united in the war effort. Even black people and women were targeted by propaganda in the United States. How might this create lasting effects after the war?

More Homefront More Homefront PropagandaPropaganda

War Bonds weren’t the only way a person could help in the effort. As men left to fight, women took over the jobs in the factories. Rosie Riveter is one of the most popular posters ever created in the United States.

Think about what the arm symbolizes. What about her facial appearance/expression?

Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda

Women’s Roles in Germany-The Germans worked to gather as much old material for the war effort as possible. This poster is for a 1943 clothing drive. The text translates as: "Get rid of old cloth and shoes!”

Any similarities between German and American propaganda?

What does her appearance suggest about what Germans value?

Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda

Hitler is Building

The caption: "Hitler is building. Help him. Buy German goods."

How does this person reflect German values? Facial Expression/Structure? Body Composition? Aryan race?

Propaganda in FiguresPropaganda in FiguresSince the beginning of the War, the Since the beginning of the War, the

ReichspropagandaleitungReichspropagandaleitung has produced: has produced:• more than more than 2 2 million brochuresmillion brochures • more than more than 7 7 million postersmillion posters • more than more than 6060 million newspapers, wall million newspapers, wall

posters, leaflets, etcposters, leaflets, etc. . It carried out:It carried out:• about about 30,000 30,000 slide showsslide shows • about about 45,000 45,000 film evenings every film evenings every

monthmonth • about about 200,000200,000 meetings and public or meetings and public or

factory mass meetingsfactory mass meetings

Germany is Free!Germany is Free!

Germany is Free!

-This poster is from the mid-1930's. The caption: "Germany is free!“

Hitler eventually becomes dictator, and that’s not free, so what did Germany break free of?

Germans Buy German Goods-This poster is from the 1930's, and encourages Germans to buy domestic rather than imported goods. The top translates as "Germans buy German goods." The bottom text translates: "German Week/German Goods/German Labor."

Slogans; short and easy to understand. catchy. Symbolism?

No One Shall Go Hungry-The Winter Aid (Winterhilfswerk ) was the Nazi Party charity. Each year there was a drive to solicit donations to help the needy. Contributions were not entirely "voluntary." The text translates as: "No one shall go hungry! No one shall be cold!“

Does anything seem religious about this?

Religion in Propaganda

Religion can be a very powerful and persuasive tool used for propaganda. Examine the following pictures and think about how each country portrays God on their side.

Don’t Give, Sacrifice-This poster encouraged sacrificial contributions to the Winter Aid. The text translates: "Don't give. Sacrifice."

The Germans were Christian, what seems Christian about this?

Education

- This poster promoted education. The caption: "Adolf Hitler's youth attends community schools." I'm not sure of the date, but probably the mid-1930's. Courtesy of Dr. Robert D. Brooks. Portrayed as a god?

Youth Fuhrer- The text of this 1940 poster reads: "Youth Serves the Führer. All 10-year-olds into the Hitler Youth." Membership in the Hitler Youthhad become mandatory in 1936.

Religion- This poster makes the most direct Christological comparison I've seen. Just as a dove descended on Christ when he was baptized by John the Baptist, so what looks to be an eagle hovers against the light of heaven over an idealized Hitler. The text: "Long live Germany!."

Simple– Meant to be easily remembered, notice how short the slogan is. Middle has religious parallels. They’re doing the salute to Hilter, but it seems as though they’re saluting “The Light” or “Truth” or even God, connecting Hitler with God or, at least ordained by God.

Side Step: Side Step:

Russian Religious Parallel

– Realize the Great Plan of Great Works!

Interesting how every side says God is on our side. In Germany, Hitler is shown ordained by God, but in America, the portrayal is quite different. Who is right?

More American Religious Propaganda

Would you be more likely to fight – or even die - for a cause if you were taught to believe God was on your side?

Italian Contrast Religion- An Italian poster from World War II using the image of Jesus to elicit support for the fascist cause from the largely Catholic population. The portrayal of an African-American US Army soldier desecrating a church fosters racist sentiment.

Germany Propaganda Late in Germany Propaganda Late in WarWar

Movie Against Jews- This 1940 poster advertises the worst of the Nazi anti-Semitic films, "The Eternal Jew."

During the late years of the war, the Nazi’s propaganda becomes more desperate and aggressive. This is when the Concentration Camps become Death Camps. Jews were specifically targeted early on, but the Holocaust expanded more and more as the war waged on.

Against Handicap- This poster is from the 1930's, and promotes the Nazi monthly Neues Volk (New People), the organ of the party's racial office. The text reads: "This genetically ill person will cost our people's community 60,000 marks over his lifetime. Citizens, that is your money. Read Neues Volk, the monthly of the racial policy office of the NSDAP."

Women- Late in the war. The text translates as: "Mothers! Fight for your children!" Note that the mother portrayed has four children, consistent with the Nazi goal of encouraging as many births as possible.

More Desperate Propaganda

Translated: "The enemy sees your light! Black out!“

- - - - - - >

Desperation Turns to Paranoia Late in the War

Spies Are Everywhere"Well, I can tell you that..." The text at the bottom says: "The enemy is listening!“

< - - - - - -

Propaganda ProjectPropaganda Project• Now you will begin your group project:Now you will begin your group project:

– SOAPSSOAPS• Consider Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, SpeakerConsider Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker• Choose a topic that is relevant and controversial Choose a topic that is relevant and controversial

– Which propaganda strategies will you use?Which propaganda strategies will you use?– Which rhetorical devices will you use?Which rhetorical devices will you use?