propaganda and counter propaganda

63
PSYOP MISSION Environmental Influences Target Audience Collation of information Mission Analysis Comparison of COAs Recommendations (Decisions) Tailoring of Assets Product Pre test Feedback Product Post test Feedback Own Situation

Upload: pusatlatihan

Post on 28-Mar-2015

650 views

Category:

Documents


4 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

PSYOPMISSION

EnvironmentalInfluences

TargetAudience

Collation ofinformation

MissionAnalysis

Comparisonof COAs

Recommendations(Decisions)

Tailoringof Assets

ProductPre test

Feedback

ProductPost test

Feedback

OwnSituation

Page 2: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

“If you know yourself and know the enemy, you can win in battle…To defeat the enemy psychologically is the superior strategy. To defeat the enemy militarily is the inferior strategy”

The Art Of War ( Ping Fa ),Sun Tzu

Page 3: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

PROPAGANDA AND COUNTER PROPAGANDA

"Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist."

Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position.

Page 4: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

PROPAGANDA AND COUNTER PROPAGANDA

In the struggle for power, propaganda is an instruments to be used by those who want to secure or retain power just as much it is by those wanting to displace them.

For the smoke to rise, there must be first spark which lights the flame.

Propaganda is the spark

Philip M Taylor, Munitions Of The Mind 2003.

Page 5: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

What is Propaganda?

To propagate the ‘faith’ (Congregatio de Propaganda Fide – 17th Century)

Manipulation of information to influence public opinion.

Word frequently used as synonyms for propaganda : lies, distortion, deceit, manipulation, mind control, brain washing.

Page 6: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Definitions

Propaganda can be defined as any message intended to modify the attitudes and behavior of people at whom it is directed, primarily by appealing to their emotions.

"the management of collective attitudes by the manipulation of significant symbols.“ ( Harold Lasswell)

Page 7: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda And Counter Propaganda

Deliberate attempt to persuade people to think and behave in desired way.

how populations are propagandized and how consent for various economic, social and political policies are "manufactured" in the public mind. ( The Propaganda Model, Noam Chomsky & Edward Herman)

Page 8: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda And Counter Propaganda Propaganda are the abuse of

persuasion. Mass suggestion or influence through

the manipulation of symbols and the psychology of the individual emphasizing verbal and non verbal communications and audiences appeal.

Anthony Pratkaranis, Elliot Aronson (2001)

Page 9: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

propaganda’s increased power, and the specialized knowledge required for effective political decisions (Water Lipmann)

Page 10: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Gulf War Photos

Page 11: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda
Page 12: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

http://nymag.com/news/articles/wtc/gallery/

Page 13: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

PROPAGANDA CATEGORIES

WHITE - overt, attributable to a definite source

BLACK - covert, deliberate deception where a false source is definitely implied

GREY - where a source is concealed and not acknowledged by the originator

Page 14: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COHESIVE PROPAGANDA

CREATE GOODWILL PROMOTE FRIENDSHIP RAISE MORALE STRESS COMMON INTERESTS GAIN CO-OPERATION

Philips M Taylor

Page 15: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

DIVISIVE PROPAGANDA

LOWER MORALE CREATE APATHY, DEFEATISM &

DISCORD PROMOTE DISSENTION, PANIC

SUBVERSION, RESISTANCE, DESERTION, SURRENDER & DEFECTION

Philips M Taylor

Page 16: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

What is propaganda?

Propaganda is an art requiring special talent. It is not mechanical, scientific work. Influencing attitudes requires experiences, area knowledge, and instinctive “ judgment of what is the best argument for the audiences”

No manual can guide the propagandist. He must have a good mind, genius, sensitivity, and knowledge of what audiences thinks and reacts.

U.S. Information Agency (USIA),1954

Page 17: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Rank’s Model of PersuasionThe Intensify / Downplay Schema

Intensify

(own good; others’ bad)

Repetition: slogans, jingles, recurring examples of theme

Association: linking a positive or negative valued idea to one’s persuasive advice

Composition: graphic, layout, design, type face, etc.

Downplay

(owns bad; others’ good)

Omission: half truths, slanted or biased evidence

Diversion: shifting attention to bogus issues etc.

Confusion: making things overly complex, using jargon, faulty logic etc.

Page 18: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques

Name Calling  Glittering Generalities Card Stacking  Transfer Testimonial  Band Wagon  Plain Folks 

(Institute for Propaganda Analysis,1938)

Page 19: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques

Name Calling

use of derogatory language or words that carry a negative connotation when describing an enemy.

the propaganda attempts to arouse prejudice among the public by labeling the target something that the public dislikes.

occurs often in politics and wartime scenarios. Kaki liwat/pembazir wang rakyat/

Page 20: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques Glittering Generalities

occurs very often in politics and political propaganda.

have different positive meaning for individual subjects, but are linked to highly valued concepts.

when these words are used, they demand approval without thinking, simply because such an important concept is involved.

honor, glory, love of country, and especially in the United States, freedom/mempertahankan negara/demi negara.

Page 21: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques

Card Stacking - selective omission

used in almost all forms of propaganda, and is extremely effective in convincing the public.

presenting only information that is positive.

omitting information contrary to it.

Page 22: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques

Transfer

often used in politics and during wartime

make the subject view a certain item in the same way as they view. link the two in the subjects mind.

transfer negative/positive feelings for one object to another.

Page 23: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques

Testimonial 

often used in advertising and political campaigns

testimonials are quotations or endorsements.

connect a famous or respectable person with a product or item. Pemimpin berjiwa rakyat/anak tempatan.

Page 24: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques

Band Wagon

most common techniques in both wartime and peacetime. appeal to the subject to follow the crowd, to join in the winning time.

to believe that since so many people have joined, that victory is inevitable and defeat impossible. Since the average person always wants to be on the winning side, he or she is compelled to join in.

Page 25: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Techniques

Plain Folks

plain folks device is an attempt by the propagandist to convince the public that his views reflect those of the common person and that they are also working for the benefit of the common person.

propagandist will often attempt to use the accent of a specific audience. This technique is usually most effective when used with glittering generalities. Dikawasan pendalaman dan penempatan.

using specific idioms or jokes. Trademark jokes.

Page 26: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Propaganda Techniques

Simplification (Stereotyping)

pinpointing the enemy. often useful in swaying and manipulating uneducated audiences. Harga minyak naik.

reduces a complex situation by given simple solutions.

Page 27: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Propaganda Techniques

Lesser of Two Evils

convince people of the need for sacrifices or to justify difficult decisions.

used together with adding blame on an enemy country or political group.

Page 28: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Propaganda Techniques

Pinpointing the Enemy

used extremely often during wartime, political campaigns and debates.

simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or person as the enemy.

‘attack on selected basis’.kementerian/agensi tertentu

Page 29: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Propaganda Techniques

Assertion

enthusiastic or energetic statement presented as a fact. statement requires no explanation or back up.

simple to spot. Dangerous forms of propaganda.

often include falsehoods or lies. Janji kosong masa pilihanraya.turun tol / harga minyak.

Page 30: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Propaganda Techniques

Doublespeak

language deliberately constructed to disguise or distort its actual meaning, often resulting in a communication bypass.

form of bald euphemisms such as to maintain company growth by taking pay cut.

Euphemism used in public relations and politics.

George Orwell,1984

Page 31: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Propaganda Techniques

Censorship

To avoid unnecessary information set or believe to reach the audience.

Page 32: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

More Propaganda Techniques

Snob appeal:

This technique involves making a claim that one should act or think in a certain way because of the high social status associated with the action or thought.

Page 33: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Forming Propaganda

PSYCHOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES

a single step or a series of steps designed to lead the target audience toward the behavior or attitude desired to accomplish the propaganda mission.

Two psychological objectives

Cohesive. Those whose achievement would strengthen or more closely unite the society or target group.

Divisive. Those designed to separate the individual from his

group, separate a group from other groups or a society, or disorganize a group or society.

Page 34: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Forming Propaganda Themes

a subject, topic, or line of persuasion used to achieve psychological objectives by exploiting existing vulnerabilities.

bridge between propaganda opportunity and the response which the psychological operator is trying to persuade the target audience to adopt the course of action wanted by the psychological operator.

audience is motivated by telling them what action is desired, why it is desirable to them, and then showing how it fulfills their needs.

Page 35: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Forming Propaganda

Message

must arouse or stimulate needs.

received, be understood, be believed, offer a solution, and bring about a desired result.

target must understand the message and give it the interpretation intended by the propagandist

Page 36: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Forming Propaganda

Message Structure

be clear everything in it must contribute to the whole message.

do not use unfamiliar idiomatic expressions or jargon. Use clear and complete statements.

Use the level of language that is correct for the literacy level of the target audience.

use their regional dialects and idiomatic expressions.

Page 37: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium Propaganda Media

Face-to-face (interpersonal) communication.

most effective means of transmitting a persuasive message. Rallies, rumor campaigns, group discussions,

Having lectures,demonstration,NGO’s social activities,

entertainment, and individual person-to-person contact.

The idea is to providing a participating experience for the individual or group to recall later.

"Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" ,1979

"Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Sub course PO-0816,1983

Page 38: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium Propaganda Media

Audiovisual media.

Television,recordings,sound motion pictures are the second most effective means of communication available to the psychological operator.

Effectiveness based on seeing and hearing the persuasive message.

Excellent means of transmitting persuasive messages and eliciting a high degree of recall.

E.g.. Rambo Film / Combat Captain America/ Top Gun

Page 39: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium

Propaganda Media

Audio media (loudspeakers and radio)

transmission of brief, simple message.

more appeal than visual media. Barrier of illiteracy may be more easily overcome with audio media than with visual media (printed material).

Page 40: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium

Propaganda Media

Visual media transmit long, complex material.

Animated or still cartoons may be used to convey themes to illiterate and preliterate target audiences.

Visual media generally have the least amount of popular appeal.

Page 41: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium

Propaganda Media

Themes reinforced and the target audience given broad coverage by using several media to deliver the same basic message.

radio and television can augment leaflets. face-to-face communication can support newspaper circulation.

Page 42: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium

Medium entertainment, high propaganda

Theater, musical play.

the "ethnic" performances very westernized (rather than traditional) and worst of all: extreme religious propaganda throughout. (Brent.A.Keith Washington Post, January 20, 2010)

Page 43: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium

Publications

Publications as propaganda medium in communist China.

Black covert, White overt, Grey

Franklin W Houn 1960,

Page 44: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium News

shock troops of propaganda.

Various channel of news. who control media?

Framing of western media in 1979 Iran revolution, American bombing in Libya 1986,downing of Pan Am 107 over Lockerbie 1988

Axis of evil Iraq,Syria,North Korea.

Operations Desert Storm January 1991-B52 bombers dropped 40,000-80,000 died but not reported in media (Munitions of Mind, Philip Taylor )

Page 45: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium

Photo

applicable in framing theory and Rank’s model of persuasion

Page 46: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Medium

Stamps ( Iran Propaganda Roman Siebertz, 2000)

Books Poster Street Art Blogs,facebook,twitter,YM,MSNMessenger,

emails- new media, website.

Page 47: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Planning Process

Propaganda planning is a continuous process requiring imagination and determination.

The propaganda planning process must be flexible.

Targets of opportunity should be exploited as they arise the ingredients are essentially the same for any PSYOP Psychological Operations) plan. For example, contingency plans follow the same pattern.

"Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" ,1979

"Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Sub course PO-0816,1983

Page 48: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Planning Process

Propaganda planning is a continuous process requiring imagination and determination.

The propaganda planning process must be flexible.

Targets of opportunity should be exploited as they arise the ingredients are essentially the same for any PSYOP Psychological Operations) plan. For example, contingency plans follow the same pattern.

"Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" ,1979

"Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Sub course PO-0816,1983

Page 49: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

Propaganda Planning Process

Planning considerations

Realistic objectives that can be achieved within policy limitation.

Analysis of the existing military and political situation. Sources of information. Delineation of the target and its accessibility. Themes to be used to achieve PSYOP objectives. Themes to be avoided. Media to be employed. Formal staffing and coordination required to effect the

plan.

Page 50: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

PROPAGANDA PLANNING SEQUENCE

Target Analysis Mission Assignment PSYOP Estimate of the Situation Plan Preparation Media Selection Propaganda Development Pretesting Campaign Control Post testing Feedback

Page 51: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA

Counter propaganda

Encourage people to think independently.

Detection to reject the messages.

No “correct” or “best” technique; the techniques must be based upon the situation at hand

Page 52: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Direct Refutation

Challenges source of opponents propaganda.

Lower the credibility of propaganda message.

Advantage as it does not added to opponent propaganda.

Page 53: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Indirect Refutation

A point-for-point rebuttal

Direct argument through various medium e.g. mass media.

May create disadvantages and gain credibility and strength by opponents.

Page 54: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Diversion

Draw attention away from the opponent propaganda.

Select an important topic to use as the diversion.

Media selection to draw large lumber of audience to divert attention.

Page 55: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Silence

Ignoring the opponent propaganda.

Silence will not publicize the propaganda further or provide the opponent with potential feedback.

Labeled as unworthy comments.

Alluding to the opponent’s propaganda by absence of response.

Page 56: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Restrictive Measures

Denies the audience access to  the propaganda. Jamming, physical destruction, and occupation of media outlets are some examples of this technique.

Potential negative feedback.

Page 57: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Conditioning

Preemptive measurement.

Eliminating potential vulnerabilities in the domestic audience before they can be exploited.

Remove or reduce before brings damage

Page 58: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Forestalling

Preemptive measurement.

Anticipate opponents specific themes and counter them before it reach the domestic audiences.

Page 59: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

Minimizations

Acknowledge selected elements of the opponent’s propaganda, but minimize the importance of the information.

Reduce opponent credibility of propaganda.

Page 60: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

PROPAGANDA PRINCIPLES

IS MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN IT IS BASED UPON CREDIBLE

TRUTH PRESENTED IN AN ATTRACTIVE

FORM IT AROUSES A NEED IT SUGGESTS SATISFACTION

Page 61: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

• Style The way the author picks words and puts them together.

• Toneusually expressed as feelings, such as: respect, hate, anger, impatience, humor, irony, contempt, delight.

• MoodState of mind or feeling at a particular time. The way you feel after reading the author’s work.

• PurposeThe reason the author wrote.

• Point of view

Page 62: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

1. Words used for emotional effect

2. Words with special connotations.

3. Recognize methods of propaganda: name dropping appeal to authority peer pressure positive wording, general statements stacking the cards (only the facts that agree with the author) .

Page 63: Propaganda and Counter Propaganda

The James-Lange Theory• “The emotional experience is the perception of the

response to the situation”.

• Emotion is the perception of body changes that occur in response to stimulus events – physiological study of emotion