propaganda and counter propaganda
TRANSCRIPT
PSYOPMISSION
EnvironmentalInfluences
TargetAudience
Collation ofinformation
MissionAnalysis
Comparisonof COAs
Recommendations(Decisions)
Tailoringof Assets
ProductPre test
Feedback
ProductPost test
Feedback
OwnSituation
“If you know yourself and know the enemy, you can win in battle…To defeat the enemy psychologically is the superior strategy. To defeat the enemy militarily is the inferior strategy”
The Art Of War ( Ping Fa ),Sun Tzu
PROPAGANDA AND COUNTER PROPAGANDA
"Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist."
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position.
PROPAGANDA AND COUNTER PROPAGANDA
In the struggle for power, propaganda is an instruments to be used by those who want to secure or retain power just as much it is by those wanting to displace them.
For the smoke to rise, there must be first spark which lights the flame.
Propaganda is the spark
Philip M Taylor, Munitions Of The Mind 2003.
What is Propaganda?
To propagate the ‘faith’ (Congregatio de Propaganda Fide – 17th Century)
Manipulation of information to influence public opinion.
Word frequently used as synonyms for propaganda : lies, distortion, deceit, manipulation, mind control, brain washing.
More Definitions
Propaganda can be defined as any message intended to modify the attitudes and behavior of people at whom it is directed, primarily by appealing to their emotions.
"the management of collective attitudes by the manipulation of significant symbols.“ ( Harold Lasswell)
Propaganda And Counter Propaganda
Deliberate attempt to persuade people to think and behave in desired way.
how populations are propagandized and how consent for various economic, social and political policies are "manufactured" in the public mind. ( The Propaganda Model, Noam Chomsky & Edward Herman)
Propaganda And Counter Propaganda Propaganda are the abuse of
persuasion. Mass suggestion or influence through
the manipulation of symbols and the psychology of the individual emphasizing verbal and non verbal communications and audiences appeal.
Anthony Pratkaranis, Elliot Aronson (2001)
propaganda’s increased power, and the specialized knowledge required for effective political decisions (Water Lipmann)
Gulf War Photos
http://nymag.com/news/articles/wtc/gallery/
PROPAGANDA CATEGORIES
WHITE - overt, attributable to a definite source
BLACK - covert, deliberate deception where a false source is definitely implied
GREY - where a source is concealed and not acknowledged by the originator
COHESIVE PROPAGANDA
CREATE GOODWILL PROMOTE FRIENDSHIP RAISE MORALE STRESS COMMON INTERESTS GAIN CO-OPERATION
Philips M Taylor
DIVISIVE PROPAGANDA
LOWER MORALE CREATE APATHY, DEFEATISM &
DISCORD PROMOTE DISSENTION, PANIC
SUBVERSION, RESISTANCE, DESERTION, SURRENDER & DEFECTION
Philips M Taylor
What is propaganda?
Propaganda is an art requiring special talent. It is not mechanical, scientific work. Influencing attitudes requires experiences, area knowledge, and instinctive “ judgment of what is the best argument for the audiences”
No manual can guide the propagandist. He must have a good mind, genius, sensitivity, and knowledge of what audiences thinks and reacts.
U.S. Information Agency (USIA),1954
Rank’s Model of PersuasionThe Intensify / Downplay Schema
Intensify
(own good; others’ bad)
Repetition: slogans, jingles, recurring examples of theme
Association: linking a positive or negative valued idea to one’s persuasive advice
Composition: graphic, layout, design, type face, etc.
Downplay
(owns bad; others’ good)
Omission: half truths, slanted or biased evidence
Diversion: shifting attention to bogus issues etc.
Confusion: making things overly complex, using jargon, faulty logic etc.
Propaganda Techniques
Name Calling Glittering Generalities Card Stacking Transfer Testimonial Band Wagon Plain Folks
(Institute for Propaganda Analysis,1938)
Propaganda Techniques
Name Calling
use of derogatory language or words that carry a negative connotation when describing an enemy.
the propaganda attempts to arouse prejudice among the public by labeling the target something that the public dislikes.
occurs often in politics and wartime scenarios. Kaki liwat/pembazir wang rakyat/
Propaganda Techniques Glittering Generalities
occurs very often in politics and political propaganda.
have different positive meaning for individual subjects, but are linked to highly valued concepts.
when these words are used, they demand approval without thinking, simply because such an important concept is involved.
honor, glory, love of country, and especially in the United States, freedom/mempertahankan negara/demi negara.
Propaganda Techniques
Card Stacking - selective omission
used in almost all forms of propaganda, and is extremely effective in convincing the public.
presenting only information that is positive.
omitting information contrary to it.
Propaganda Techniques
Transfer
often used in politics and during wartime
make the subject view a certain item in the same way as they view. link the two in the subjects mind.
transfer negative/positive feelings for one object to another.
Propaganda Techniques
Testimonial
often used in advertising and political campaigns
testimonials are quotations or endorsements.
connect a famous or respectable person with a product or item. Pemimpin berjiwa rakyat/anak tempatan.
Propaganda Techniques
Band Wagon
most common techniques in both wartime and peacetime. appeal to the subject to follow the crowd, to join in the winning time.
to believe that since so many people have joined, that victory is inevitable and defeat impossible. Since the average person always wants to be on the winning side, he or she is compelled to join in.
Propaganda Techniques
Plain Folks
plain folks device is an attempt by the propagandist to convince the public that his views reflect those of the common person and that they are also working for the benefit of the common person.
propagandist will often attempt to use the accent of a specific audience. This technique is usually most effective when used with glittering generalities. Dikawasan pendalaman dan penempatan.
using specific idioms or jokes. Trademark jokes.
More Propaganda Techniques
Simplification (Stereotyping)
pinpointing the enemy. often useful in swaying and manipulating uneducated audiences. Harga minyak naik.
reduces a complex situation by given simple solutions.
More Propaganda Techniques
Lesser of Two Evils
convince people of the need for sacrifices or to justify difficult decisions.
used together with adding blame on an enemy country or political group.
More Propaganda Techniques
Pinpointing the Enemy
used extremely often during wartime, political campaigns and debates.
simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or person as the enemy.
‘attack on selected basis’.kementerian/agensi tertentu
More Propaganda Techniques
Assertion
enthusiastic or energetic statement presented as a fact. statement requires no explanation or back up.
simple to spot. Dangerous forms of propaganda.
often include falsehoods or lies. Janji kosong masa pilihanraya.turun tol / harga minyak.
More Propaganda Techniques
Doublespeak
language deliberately constructed to disguise or distort its actual meaning, often resulting in a communication bypass.
form of bald euphemisms such as to maintain company growth by taking pay cut.
Euphemism used in public relations and politics.
George Orwell,1984
More Propaganda Techniques
Censorship
To avoid unnecessary information set or believe to reach the audience.
More Propaganda Techniques
Snob appeal:
This technique involves making a claim that one should act or think in a certain way because of the high social status associated with the action or thought.
Forming Propaganda
PSYCHOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES
a single step or a series of steps designed to lead the target audience toward the behavior or attitude desired to accomplish the propaganda mission.
Two psychological objectives
Cohesive. Those whose achievement would strengthen or more closely unite the society or target group.
Divisive. Those designed to separate the individual from his
group, separate a group from other groups or a society, or disorganize a group or society.
Forming Propaganda Themes
a subject, topic, or line of persuasion used to achieve psychological objectives by exploiting existing vulnerabilities.
bridge between propaganda opportunity and the response which the psychological operator is trying to persuade the target audience to adopt the course of action wanted by the psychological operator.
audience is motivated by telling them what action is desired, why it is desirable to them, and then showing how it fulfills their needs.
Forming Propaganda
Message
must arouse or stimulate needs.
received, be understood, be believed, offer a solution, and bring about a desired result.
target must understand the message and give it the interpretation intended by the propagandist
Forming Propaganda
Message Structure
be clear everything in it must contribute to the whole message.
do not use unfamiliar idiomatic expressions or jargon. Use clear and complete statements.
Use the level of language that is correct for the literacy level of the target audience.
use their regional dialects and idiomatic expressions.
Propaganda Medium Propaganda Media
Face-to-face (interpersonal) communication.
most effective means of transmitting a persuasive message. Rallies, rumor campaigns, group discussions,
Having lectures,demonstration,NGO’s social activities,
entertainment, and individual person-to-person contact.
The idea is to providing a participating experience for the individual or group to recall later.
"Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" ,1979
"Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Sub course PO-0816,1983
Propaganda Medium Propaganda Media
Audiovisual media.
Television,recordings,sound motion pictures are the second most effective means of communication available to the psychological operator.
Effectiveness based on seeing and hearing the persuasive message.
Excellent means of transmitting persuasive messages and eliciting a high degree of recall.
E.g.. Rambo Film / Combat Captain America/ Top Gun
Propaganda Medium
Propaganda Media
Audio media (loudspeakers and radio)
transmission of brief, simple message.
more appeal than visual media. Barrier of illiteracy may be more easily overcome with audio media than with visual media (printed material).
Propaganda Medium
Propaganda Media
Visual media transmit long, complex material.
Animated or still cartoons may be used to convey themes to illiterate and preliterate target audiences.
Visual media generally have the least amount of popular appeal.
Propaganda Medium
Propaganda Media
Themes reinforced and the target audience given broad coverage by using several media to deliver the same basic message.
radio and television can augment leaflets. face-to-face communication can support newspaper circulation.
Propaganda Medium
Medium entertainment, high propaganda
Theater, musical play.
the "ethnic" performances very westernized (rather than traditional) and worst of all: extreme religious propaganda throughout. (Brent.A.Keith Washington Post, January 20, 2010)
Propaganda Medium
Publications
Publications as propaganda medium in communist China.
Black covert, White overt, Grey
Franklin W Houn 1960,
Propaganda Medium News
shock troops of propaganda.
Various channel of news. who control media?
Framing of western media in 1979 Iran revolution, American bombing in Libya 1986,downing of Pan Am 107 over Lockerbie 1988
Axis of evil Iraq,Syria,North Korea.
Operations Desert Storm January 1991-B52 bombers dropped 40,000-80,000 died but not reported in media (Munitions of Mind, Philip Taylor )
Propaganda Medium
Photo
applicable in framing theory and Rank’s model of persuasion
Propaganda Medium
Stamps ( Iran Propaganda Roman Siebertz, 2000)
Books Poster Street Art Blogs,facebook,twitter,YM,MSNMessenger,
emails- new media, website.
Propaganda Planning Process
Propaganda planning is a continuous process requiring imagination and determination.
The propaganda planning process must be flexible.
Targets of opportunity should be exploited as they arise the ingredients are essentially the same for any PSYOP Psychological Operations) plan. For example, contingency plans follow the same pattern.
"Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" ,1979
"Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Sub course PO-0816,1983
Propaganda Planning Process
Propaganda planning is a continuous process requiring imagination and determination.
The propaganda planning process must be flexible.
Targets of opportunity should be exploited as they arise the ingredients are essentially the same for any PSYOP Psychological Operations) plan. For example, contingency plans follow the same pattern.
"Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" ,1979
"Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Sub course PO-0816,1983
Propaganda Planning Process
Planning considerations
Realistic objectives that can be achieved within policy limitation.
Analysis of the existing military and political situation. Sources of information. Delineation of the target and its accessibility. Themes to be used to achieve PSYOP objectives. Themes to be avoided. Media to be employed. Formal staffing and coordination required to effect the
plan.
PROPAGANDA PLANNING SEQUENCE
Target Analysis Mission Assignment PSYOP Estimate of the Situation Plan Preparation Media Selection Propaganda Development Pretesting Campaign Control Post testing Feedback
COUNTER PROPAGANDA
Counter propaganda
Encourage people to think independently.
Detection to reject the messages.
No “correct” or “best” technique; the techniques must be based upon the situation at hand
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Direct Refutation
Challenges source of opponents propaganda.
Lower the credibility of propaganda message.
Advantage as it does not added to opponent propaganda.
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Indirect Refutation
A point-for-point rebuttal
Direct argument through various medium e.g. mass media.
May create disadvantages and gain credibility and strength by opponents.
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Diversion
Draw attention away from the opponent propaganda.
Select an important topic to use as the diversion.
Media selection to draw large lumber of audience to divert attention.
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Silence
Ignoring the opponent propaganda.
Silence will not publicize the propaganda further or provide the opponent with potential feedback.
Labeled as unworthy comments.
Alluding to the opponent’s propaganda by absence of response.
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Restrictive Measures
Denies the audience access to the propaganda. Jamming, physical destruction, and occupation of media outlets are some examples of this technique.
Potential negative feedback.
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Conditioning
Preemptive measurement.
Eliminating potential vulnerabilities in the domestic audience before they can be exploited.
Remove or reduce before brings damage
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Forestalling
Preemptive measurement.
Anticipate opponents specific themes and counter them before it reach the domestic audiences.
COUNTER PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
Minimizations
Acknowledge selected elements of the opponent’s propaganda, but minimize the importance of the information.
Reduce opponent credibility of propaganda.
PROPAGANDA PRINCIPLES
IS MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN IT IS BASED UPON CREDIBLE
TRUTH PRESENTED IN AN ATTRACTIVE
FORM IT AROUSES A NEED IT SUGGESTS SATISFACTION
• Style The way the author picks words and puts them together.
• Toneusually expressed as feelings, such as: respect, hate, anger, impatience, humor, irony, contempt, delight.
• MoodState of mind or feeling at a particular time. The way you feel after reading the author’s work.
• PurposeThe reason the author wrote.
• Point of view
1. Words used for emotional effect
2. Words with special connotations.
3. Recognize methods of propaganda: name dropping appeal to authority peer pressure positive wording, general statements stacking the cards (only the facts that agree with the author) .
The James-Lange Theory• “The emotional experience is the perception of the
response to the situation”.
• Emotion is the perception of body changes that occur in response to stimulus events – physiological study of emotion