prologue 2010
TRANSCRIPT
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An Introduction to the stuff youwill be learning this year.
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PsychologyWhat is it?The science of behavior (what we do)
and mental processes (sensations,
perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs,
and feelings)
Do our feelings always match our behaviors?
If you call me adumbass, I may feel
sad inside.
But I willstill act
tough.(but I will becrying on theinside, so begentle).
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History of Psychology
Although the science of psychologystarted in the late 1800s, the concept hasbeen around a lot longer.
There was evidence of trephination
(cutting holes into a skull to let evil spiritsout) back in the stone age.
It was like a bad SAW movie!!!!
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Waves of Psychology
The science of psychology has gonethrough about 5 different waves since it
started. Waves are different ways of thinking
over time.
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Psychologys Roots
Prescientific Psychology
In India, Buddha wondered how sensationsand perceptions combined to form ideas.
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Prescientific Psychology
Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
In China, Confucius stressed the power ofideas and the importance of an educated
mind.
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Prescientific Psychology
Hebrew Scriptures
Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion
to the body.
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Prescientific Psychology
Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato(428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed themind was separate from the body, the mind
continued to exist after death, and ideaswere innate.
Socrates
Pla
to
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Prescientific Psychology
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle suggested that the soul is notseparable from the body and that knowledge
(ideas) grow from experience.
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Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the
immaterial mind and physical bodycommunicated.
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Prescientific Psychology
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Bacon is one of the founders of modernscience, particularly the experimental
method.
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Prescientific Psychology
John Locke (1632-1704)
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa,or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences
wrote on it.
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Prescientific Psychology
Mind and body are
connected
Mind and body are
distinct
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
What is the relation of mind to thebody?
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Prescientific Psychology
Some ideas are
inborn
The mind is a blank
slate
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
How are ideas formed?
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Prologue:
Psychologys Roots
Psychological Science
Is Born
Empiricism Knowledge comes from
experience via the senses
Science flourishes
through observation
and experiment
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Wave One: IntrospectionKickin it old school
Started with William Wundts firstpsychological laboratory and hisconcept of introspection
(structuralism).
Then William James wrote ThePrinciples of Psychologyand
discussed functionalism.
In reality these ideas do not havemuch impact on how psychologiststhink today. These guys were
considered hot, back inthe day!!!!
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Structuralism: an early school of psychology that used
introspection to explore the structuralelements of the human mind.
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Prologue:
Psychologys Roots
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Prologue:
Psychologys Roots
Functionalismfocused on how
behavioralprocessesfunction- how
they enableorganism toadapt, survive,and flourish
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Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt is referred to as the
father of psychology because
in 1879 he started the first
laboratory in psychology for
studying humans.
He broke into parts the elements
of feelings and thought.
Using a procedure called introspection he introduced
scientific procedure to study feelings.
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Psychological Science isBorn
Structuralism
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements(atoms) of the mind by conducting
experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
W
undt(1832
-1920)
Titchne
r(1867-1927
)
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Psychological Science isBorn
Functionalism
Influenced by Darwin, William Jamesestablished the school of functionalism,
which opposed structuralism.
James
(1842-1910)
MaryCalk
ins
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William James
In 1890, he publishedPrinciples ofPsychology. The book was 1400
pages long, two volumes in length
and it took him 12 years to write.
Unlike Wundt, he did not want to break behavior
into parts; instead, he never wanted to lose sight of
the individual as a whole.
James is considered to be one ofthe founders of American
psychology.
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Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology Led by Max Wertheimer, these guys focused not on
how we feel, but on how we experience the world. The whole of an experience can be more than the sum
of its parts.
Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love your mom.
If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for your mom?
Hopefully not!!!
This may seemlike one picture,but it can beperceived as 3different faces.Can you find
them?
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Wave Three: Psychoanalysis
This wave of thinking started withSigmund Freud (in the early 1900s).
In a nutshell, during this time periodpeople believed that most of yourfeelings come from a hidden place in
your mind called the unconscious.
We protect ourselves from our realfeeling by using defense mechanisms.
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Psychological Science isBorn
The Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasizedthe importance of the unconscious mind and
its effects on human behavior.
F
reud(1856-1
9
39)
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Wave Four: Behaviorism
During this time period (early to mid 1900s), peoplestarted to ignore how you feel inside.
All that mattered was how you acted.
If you they could change your behavior, who careshow you feel.
Very popular during the conservative 1950s whensocial appearance mattered more than selfexpression.
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Wave Five: Eclectic We are now in wave five.which is about variety.
Psychologists pick and choose what theories to usedepending on the situation and the client.
Just like Ben 10 choosing the right alien tofight the bad guy depending the situation.
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Wave Five is made up of about 7different perspectives.
In other words, psychologists today, pickand choose from about 7 schools of
thought to help you with your problems.
Thus we have:THE SEVEN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
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Biopsychology (Neuroscience)Perspective
All of your feelings and behaviors
have an organic root.
In other words, they come from your
brain, body chemistry,neurotransmitters, etc
Let us imagine for a second that your
dog died (sad but it will happen). Youbecome depressed. You stop eatingand sleeping. What would apsychologist from this school say isgoing on and how might they helpyou?
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Neuroscience Perspective
Focus on how the physical body and
brain creates our emotions, memories
and sensory experiences.
If you could not remember thenames of your parents and wentto a psychologist who adheres to
the neuroscience perspective,what might they say?
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Biological Perspective
Study the physiological mechanisms inthe brain and nervous system that
organize and control behavior
Focus may be at various levels individual neurons
areas of the brain
specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning
Interest in behavior distinguishesbiological psychology from many other
biological sciences
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Evolutionary Perspective
Focuses on Darwinism. We behave the way
we do because we
inherited thosebehaviors. Thus, those behaviors
must have helped
ensure our ancestorssurvival. How could this behavior ensuredHomers ancestors survival?
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
Focuses on theunconscious mind.
We repress many ofour true feelings and
are not aware ofthem. In order to get
better, we mustbring forward thetrue feelings we havein our unconscious.
If a man hasintimacyissues andcannot formrelationshipswith others.What do youthinksomeonefrom thisschool maythink?
Perhaps they maydelve into themans unconsciousand discover thathe was bulliedwhen he wereyounger. Thebullying may havecaused fear ingetting close to
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Behaviorism
the view that psychology:
should be an objective science that
studies behavior without reference to mentalprocesses.
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Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on ourOBSERVABLE
behaviors. Only cares about
the behaviors that
impair our living,and attempts tochange them.
If you bit your fingernails when youwere nervous, a behaviorist would notfocus on calming you down, but ratherfocus on how to stop you from biting
your nails.
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Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on observablebehaviors while puttingfeelings to the side.
We behave in ways
because we have beenconditioned to do so.
To change behaviors, wehave to recondition the
client.
Pretend thatyou failpsychologyclass. Youbecomedepressed. In
turn, you beginto binge andgain weight.
What do you thinka behaviorist maydo?
They would probablyignore the fact that you
are depressed and justfocus on yourovereating.
Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over 2000 calories.
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Psychological ScienceDevelopsBehaviorism
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasizedthe study of overt behavior as the subject
matter of scientific psychology.
Watson(1878
-1958)
Skinne
r(1904-19
90 )
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Other Pioneers
John B. Watson (18781958)
psychologists should study overt behavior
Father of Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner(19041990) American psychologist at Harvard
studied learning and effect of reinforcement
Father of Operant Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Father of Classical Conditioning
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John B. Watson (18781958)
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B. F. Skinner (19041990)
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Humanistic Perspective
Developed byAbraham Maslow &
Carl Rogers behavior reflects innate actualization
focus on conscious forces and selfperception
more positive view of basic forces than
Freuds historically significant perspective thatemphasized the growth potential of healthypeople and the individuals potential for
personal growth.
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Humanistic Perspective
Focuses on positive growth
Attempt to seek self-actualization
Therapists use active listening and
unconditional positive regard.
Mr. Rogers wouldhave made a greatHumanisticTherapist!!!
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The Humanistic
Approach
Carl Rogers is the best
known of the humanists.
This approach emphasizes that people have free will,
self-concepts and are basically good. Humanists believethat every person can fulfill his or her potential.
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Carl Rogers (19021987) Abraham Maslow (19081970)
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Humanist Perspective
Peaked in the late 190sand 70s.so it focusedon spirituality and freewill.
We have to strive to bethe best we can beself-actualization.
Happiness is defined bythe distance betweenour self-concept and
ideal self.
P h l i l S i
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Psychological ScienceDevelops
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow and Rogers emphasized currentenvironmental influences on our growth
potential and our need for love andacceptance.
Maslow(
1908-1
970)
Rogers(1902
-1987)
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Cognitive Neuroscience the inter-disciplinary study of the brain
activity linked with cognition (including
perception, thinking, memory, and
language.)
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C i i P i
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Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on how we think(or encode information)
How do we see theworld?
How did we learn to act tosad or happy events?
Cognitive Therapistattempt to change theway you think.
You meet a girlHopes are high!!!
She rejectsyoudonteven getdigits.How do you react to the rejection?
Some learned get back
on the horseAnd try again.
Some learned to give
up and live a lonely lifeof solitude.
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Social-Cultural PerspectiveThis approach looks at the impact that society, culture,ethnicity, race, and religion have on personality.
Even in the
same highschool,behaviors canchange in
accordance tothe varioussubcultures.
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Social-Cultural Perspective
Says that much of yourbehavior and yourfeelings are dictated bythe culture you live in.
Some cultures kiss eachother when greeting,some just bow.
Does your culture placevalue on individual or the
group?This is my culture!!!(this is the point whenmy wife rolls here eyes).
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Psychologys Three Big Debates
Nature Versus Nurture
Stability Versus Change
Continuity VersusDiscontinuity
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Stability v. Change
As the years pass, do
we change or remain
the same?
Are we become
adults or are we
always just big kids?
Personality traits,physical appearance,
sense of humor,
tastes, etc
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Continuity v. Discontinuity
Does growth occur gradually or in
stages?Clickimage to
Play
Prologue: Contemporary
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Prologue: Contemporary
Psychology
Rationality vs. Irrationality
Rationality reasonableness, good sense of
equity and proportion Irrationality not reasonable in thinking or
behaving, distorted perception of reality
N t N t
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Biology versus Experience
Am I the way I am because I was bornthat way or because of my surroundings?
Nature v. Nurture
Can I ever be like thesepeople, or does nature give
me limitations?
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Psychological Associations& Societies
The American PsychologicalAssociation is the largest organizationof psychology with 160,000 members
world-wide, followed by the British
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Levels of Analysis
The differing complementary views from
biological to psychological to social-cultural
for analyzing any given phenomenon. Biopsychosocial
An integrated approach that incorporates
biological, psychological, and social-culturallevels of analysis.
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P h l Th M i L l f
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Psychologys Three Main Levels ofAnalysis
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Contemporary Psychology
John Locke
empiricist; believed that knowledge is
acquired solely through life experiences.Tabula Rasa: blank tablet
Claimed each of us is born a blank slateon which are written the life experiences
we acquire through our senses.(Plato believed just the opposite)
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Contemporary Psychology
Rene Descartes
rationalist; insisted we should doubt
everything that is not proved by our ownreasoning. True knowledge comesthrough correct reasoning and it is
inborn.
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On the Origin of Species was
published in 1859. His theory
was that humans and animalshad evolved and changed. His
theory inspired scientists to
study animals in order to
understand human
behavior.
Charles Darwin
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Contemporary Psychology
Natural selection principle that those
inherited traitvariationscontributing tosurvival will mostlikely be passed onto succeedinggenerations
Charles Darwin
Psychologys Current Perspectives
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Psychology s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Neuroscience How the body and brainenables emotions? How are messagestransmitted in the body?How is blood chemistrylinked with moods andmotives?
Evolutionary How the natural
selection of traits thepromotes theperpetuation of onesgenes?
How does evolution
influence behaviortendencies?
Behavior
genetics
How much our genes
and our environmentsinfluence our individualdifferences?
To what extent are
psychological traits such asintelligence, personality,sexual orientation, andvulnerability to depressionattributable to our genes?To our environment?
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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsPsychodynamic How behavior springs
from unconscious drivesand conflicts?
How can someonespersonality traits anddisorders be explained interms of sexual and
aggressive drives or asdisguised effects ofunfulfilled wishes andchildhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observableresponses?
How do we learn to fearparticular objects orsituations? What is the mosteffective way to alter ourbehavior, say to lose weightor quit smoking?
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Psychologys Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode, process,
store and retrieveinformation?
How do we use informationin remembering?Reasoning? Problemsolving?
Social-cultural How behavior andthinking vary acrosssituations and cultures?
How are we as Africans,Asians, Australians or NorthAmericans alike asmembers of human family?As products of differentenvironmental contexts,
how do we differ?
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Psychologys Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does
Biological Explore the links between brain andmind.
Developmental Study changing abilities from womb totomb.
Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, andsolve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
Social Explore how we view and affect oneanother.
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Sigmund Freud
Freud developed the first
comprehensive theory of human
development and behavior,especially how the personality
develops.
He believed that childhood memories and thoughts
influenced the behavior of people when they
became adults.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Fathered bySigmund Freud.
Our behaviorcomes fromunconscious
drives. Usually stemming
from ourchildhood.
What might a psychoanalyst say is thereason someone always needs to be chewinggum?
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Psychodynamic Perspective
View of behavior based on experiencetreating patients
Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud) both a method of treatment and a theory of the mind behavior reflects combinations of conscious and
unconscious influences
drives and urges within the unconscious component ofmind influence thought and behavior
early childhood experiences shape unconsciousmotivations
John B Watson
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John B. Watson
Watson studied the impact oflearning on people. This led to
the school of behaviorism.
He believed that careful andstructured parenting could
eliminate psychological
problems.
Watson later wrote a book applying scientific
methods to raising children.
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The Behavioral Approach
This approach emphasizes that behavior is primarilythe result of learning and not due to a persons
thoughts and unconscious processes.
People such as B. F. Skinnerand John B. Watson are called
behaviorists.
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Cross-Cultural Perspective
The study of psychological differencesamong people living in different
cultural groups How are peoples thoughts, feelings
and behavior influenced by their
culture? What are the common elements
across culture? Are these innate?
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Basic Research
pure science that aims to increase thescientific knowledge base.
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Psychologys Subfields:
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Psychology s Subfields:Research
Data: APA 1997
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Applied Research
scientific study that aims to solve practicalproblems.
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Psychologys Subfields:
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Psychology s Subfields:Applied
Data: APA 1997
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Counseling Psychologists
a branch of psychology that assistspeople with problems in living and in
achieving greater well-being.
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Clinical Psychology vs
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A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies,assesses, and treats troubled people
with psychotherapy.
Psychiatrists on the other hand are
medical professionals (M.D.) who usetreatments like drugs andpsychotherapy to treat psychologically
diseased patients.
Clinical Psychology vs.Psychiatry
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Survey: What you are about to read, includingchapter outlines and section heads.
Question: Ask questions. Make notes.
Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections andchapters in entirety.
Review: Margin definitions. Study learningoutcomes.
Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself withquizzes.
Close-up
Your Study of PsychologySurvey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)
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Distribute your time. Listen actively in
class.
Overlearn. Be a smart test-
taker.
Close-up
Additional Study Hints