9e prologue
TRANSCRIPT
Course Requirements
• Research Project 10%
• Class work/Homework 4%
• Major Exam 1 20%
• Major Exam 2 20%
• Quiz x3 3%
• Participation/Discipline 3%
• Final 40%
DN=13, Cheating/Plagiarism, Participation
Study Tips
• Slides – Moodle
• Chapter Outline
– Divide / Share
• Key Words/Concepts
– In bold / definitions on page margins
• Flash Cards – Metacognition
• Divide / Share
• Objectives
– At end of each chapter
• Web -> www.worthpublishers.com/myers
– Multiple choice self-tests
Empircism
• The view that
– (a) knowledge comes from experience via the
senses
– (b) science flourishes through observation
and experiment
Psychology(9th edition)
David Myers
PowerPoint SlidesAneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2010
Contemporary Psychology
Psychology’s Biggest Question
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Psychology’s Subfields
CLOSE UP: Tips for Studying Psychology
Psychology
With hopes of satisfying curiosity, many people listen to talk-radio counselors and psychics to
learn about others and themselves.
Dr. Crane (radio-shrink)
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Psychic (Ball gazing)
Psychology’s Roots
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from
experience.
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Hippocrates
• The 4 Humors
– Yellow Bile / Summer / Fire / Hot & Dry
• Excess -> Choleric
– Black Bile / Autumn / Earth / Cold & Dry
• Excess -> Melancholic
– Phlegm / Winter / Water / Cold & Moist
• Excess -> Phlegmatic
– Blood / Spring / Air /Hot & Moist
• Excess ->Sanguine
Arabic Roots of Psychology• Galen / Jalinos
– Physician at Roman Gladiator School in hometown of Pergamon, Mysia
– Performed many audacious operations — including brain and eye surgeries — that were not tried again for almost two millennia
– Of Galen’s 600 books, just 20 survive today• Only those works captured and preserved by Arabs exist today
• The works of Galen were not taken unquestioningly, but as a challengeable basis for further enquiry.
– Strong emphasis on experimentation and empiricism led to new results and new observations
– Contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as Razi, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulasis), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) and Ibn al-Nafis.
Psychological Science is Born
Wundt and psychology’s first graduate students
studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting
experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. This work is considered the
birth of psychology as we know it today.
Wu
nd
t (1832-1920)
Psychological Science is Born
American philosopher William James wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook. Mary Calkins, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president.
James (1842-1910)
Mary
Calk
ins
Psychological Science is Born
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the
unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.
Freu
d (1856-1939)
17
Contemporary PsychologyPsychology’s Big DebateNature versus Nurture
Darwin states that nature selects those traits that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce
in a particular environment.
Darw
in (1809-1882)
18
Nature-Nurture Debate
• Nature-Nurture issue
– The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development pf psychological traits and behaviors.
• Natural Selection:
– The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Psychological Science is Born
Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life.
Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorists
Watson and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific
psychology.
Watso
n (1878-1958)
Sk
inn
er (1904-1990)
Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential
and our need for love and acceptance.
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low
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Psychology Today
We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental
processes (inner thoughts and feelings).
Psychological Associations & Societies
The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.
Contemporary Psychology
1. Psychology’s Biggest Question
2. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
3. Psychology’s Subfields
4. CLOSE-UP: Tips for Studying Psychology
Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample Questions
Neuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions?
How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses?
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information?
How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does
BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.
DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.
CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.
Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Biological
9.9%
Developmental
24.6%
Cognitive
8.0%
Personality
4.8%
Social 21.6%
Psychometrics
5.5%
Experimental
14.1%
Other 11.5%
Data: APA 1997
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What she does
ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/
Organizational
Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Data: APA 1997
Clinical
67%
Counseling
15%
Educational
9%
Other
3%
Industrial
6%
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy.
Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs
and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry