Prof. Sin-Min Lee

Department of Computer Science

30,000 BC Tally systems Africa & Europe8,500 BC Prime system Africa

1000 BC Abacus China & Babylon

History of abacusThe abacus' history started ca. 2600 years ago in Madagaskar.

There to count the amount of soldiers, every soldier had to pass a narrow passage. For each passing soldier a little stone was put into a groove.

When ten stones were in that groove they were removed and one stone was put into the next groove.

Counting soldiers

Mutation of grooves and stones

Ancient ComputingHistory

The AbacusThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.

Still in use

aroundthe

world.

Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.

The Abacus

• How did people keep track of numbers before pen and paper were widely available?

• How does addition and subtraction work if you don't have a handy written form for your numbers?

• Say you can't read or write, but you can count - how do you add, subtract, multiply, or divide large numbers?

• The answer to all these questions is . . . the abacus!

• www.fenris.net/~lizyoung/abacus.html

Why does the abacus exist?

• It is difficult to imagine counting without numbers, but there was a time when written numbers did not exist.

• The earliest counting device was the human hand and its fingers. Then, as larger quantities (larger than ten human-fingers could represent) were counted, various natural items like pebbles and twigs were used to help count.

• Merchants who traded goods not only needed a way to count goods they bought and sold, but also to calculate the cost of those goods.

• Until numbers were invented, counting devices were used to make everyday calculations.

• www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/history.html

Russian Abacus

• The abacus is an ancient tool used for counting. The simple design uses a set of framed rods and a series of beads that are moved back and forth across the rods to count.

• www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/pic_abacus3.htm

Development of soroban

In 607 the japanese regent Shotoku Taishi made a cultural approach to China.

The chinese suan-pan comes to Japan and became optimized by Taishi by removing one of the upper balls.

Since 1940 the new soroban with only four lower balls is used.

Roman abacus

Calculating on tables

This structure was found on tables, boards and on kerchiefs.

Gelosia procedure of writing calculation

1 2 30

8

5

6

440 1

21

050 1

51

260 1

8

0 8 8

5

6

0

56008123 · 456 =

Napier Bones

50

60

70

80

90

10

20

30

40

1

01

21

41

61

81

20

40

60

80

2

51

81

12

42

72

30

60

90

21

3

54

45

36

27

18

90

81

72

63

9

Calculating with Napier Bones

01

21

41

61

81

20

40

60

80

2

51

81

12

42

72

30

60

90

21

3

54

45

36

27

18

90

81

72

63

9

239 · 8 = 2191

History of “Computers”

• Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC• Calculators---1600s• Punched Card Devices---1800s• First Electronic Computers---1940s• Mainframes---1950s• Minicomputers---1960s• Microcomputers---1970s• Microcomputer Systems---1980s• Internet---1990s

Early Computing History

Invented the first mechanical calculator.

The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.

Blaise Pascal

  Charles

Babbage the "Father of

Computing" (1791-1871)

Charles Babbage - “Father of the Computer”

• 1822 - Designed the Difference Engine for the purposes of computing the entries in navigational and other tables (even received the first government grant for computer research).

• 1833 - Designed the Analytical Engine that had the basic components of a modern computer. Unfortunately due to poor documentation most of his ideas were lost.

The World’s First Programmer?

• 1842 - Ada Augusta King, Countess of Lovelace, translates Menabrea's pamphlet on the Analytical Engine, adding her own notes, and becomes the world's first programmer.

• 1847 - 1849 - Babbage continues working on the 2nd version of the Difference Machine and draws plans for it. In 1991 the Science Museum in Kensington, England build the 2nd version (using 19th century technology).

Mechanical Calculators

Joseph Jacquard

• First “programmable” machine.

• Used punched cards (binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.

• Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.

Electronic Computer Systems

• Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.

• Used punch cards to input and externally store data.

• Up to 4K of memory.

• Programming in machine language and assembly language.

• Required a compiler.

First Generation:1943-1956

A History of Computing1500 Mechanical calculator Leonardo da Vinci1621 Slide rule William Oughtred1642 Arithmetic Machine Blaise Pascal1822 Difference Engine Charles Babbage1830 Analytical Engine Charles Babbage1831 Computer program Lady Ada Lovelace1936 Z1 Computer Konrad Zuse1936 Turing Machine Alan Turing1938 Boolean Circuits Claude Shannon

First Generation: 1943-1956

World’s first electronic digital computer.

Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.

Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)

Check out the ENIAC exhibit.

ENIAC - background

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer• Eckert and Mauchly• University of Pennsylvania• Trajectory tables for weapons • Started 1943• Finished 1946

– Too late for war effort

• Used until 1955

ENIAC - details

• Decimal (not binary)• 20 accumulators of 10 digits• Programmed manually by switches• 18,000 vacuum tubes• 30 tons• 15,000 square feet• 140 kW power consumption• 5,000 additions per second

Computerized Warfare

• 1943 - The Colossus built in England by a team led by Alan Turing, was a special purpose computer used to break the German code ULTRA encrypted using the ENIGMA machines. Breaking the German code was one the the keys to the success of the D-Day invasion.

• 1944 - The Harvard Mark I (and later II, III and IV) were general purposed electromechanical calculators (sponsored by the US Navy) to compute artillery and navigation tables - the same purpose as intended by Babbage for the Difference Engine.

The von Neumann Computer• 1944 - John von Neumann joined the ENIAC project.

The idea of storing programs as numbers was proposed.

• 1945 - von Neumann wrote a memo proposing a stored-program computer called EDVAC. Goldstine distributed the memo, put von Neumann’s name on it and omitted Eckert’s and Mauchly’s names.

• Most computer historians agree the von Neumann received far more credit than he deserved.

• The most prestigious award in the field of Computer Architecture is the Eckert-Mauchly award.

A History of Computing1943 COLOSSUS Alan Turing1945 von Neumann Machine John von Neumann1946 ENIAC J. Presper Eckert & John W.

Mauchly, University of Pennsylvania1947 Transistor William Shockley, John

Bardeen & Walter Brattain, Bell Laboratories1951 UNIVAC Remington Rand

Corporation1953 IBM 701 EDPM IBM Corporation1954 FORTRAN John Backus1958 Integrated Circuit Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce,

Texas Instruments1964 Mouse & Graphical User Interface Douglas

Engelbart, Stanford University

1956 IBM 350 RAMAC

Second Generation: 1957-1964

Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.

• Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.

• Up to 32K of memory.• Programming in computer

languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

Third Generation: 1965-1971

• Used integrated circuits.

• Up to 3 million bytes of memory.

• Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

1971, Intel develops 4004, the first

microprocessor chip.

Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.

Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.

Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.

Fourth Generation: 1972-Now

Microcomputer Revolution Begins.

• Personal computers or PCs.• Usually cost about $2,000 or less.• Process over 1 billion operations per

second.• “Stand-alone” or connected

to other computers as a network system.

Fourth Generation: 1972-Now

Microcomputers

TEA

The 1970s (2nd half)• 1976 - Cray-1. First Super Computer announced.• 1976 - Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak produced

the Apple II that was assembled and complete with its own keyboard and monitor.

The IBM PC Introduced

• 1981 - IBM entered the field in with the IBM "PC" and supported by the DOS operating system developed under an agreement that gave Microsoft all the profits in exchange for the development costs having been borne by Microsoft. The PC’s microprocessor was the Intel 8086.

• 1982 - Computer chosen as Man of the Year by Time magazine.

Cray’s Supercomputers• From 1976 until it was purchased by SGI (Silicon

Graphics) in 1995, Seymour Cray and his company were the leaders in the field of supercomputers. Shown is the CRAY X-MP with 4 processors.

Tim Berners-Lee Developed HTML and the World Wide Web

(WWW) was born.

1990’s Connecting the World

Marc Andreessen

An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.

Co-founder of Netscape Communications.

1990’s Connecting the World

• Technologies of the Future

• Advanced robotics commonplace

• Smart houses

• Wearable computers

• Holodeck virtual reality

• Truly individualized education

Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.

The 21st Century

The 21st Century

• Only recently focused on computers.

• Internet current primary trend.

– Communication with colleagues.– Lesson plan preparation.– Student resources.– Access research and best practices for

teaching.

05:34.0TEA

What’s Computer Architecture?

The attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation.

Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

von Neumann/Turing

• Stored Program concept• Main memory storing programs and data• ALU operating on binary data• Control unit interpreting instructions from memory

and executing• Input and output equipment operated by control unit• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies

– IAS

• Completed 1952

A History of Computing1969 ARPAnet UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa

Barbara & University of Utah1969 UNIX Ken Thompson & Dennis Ritchie,

Bell Laboratories1971 Email Roy Tomlinson, BBN1972 Telnet Jon Postel, BBN1973 C Dennis Ritchie & Brian

Kernighan, Bell Laboratories1973 Ethernet Robert Metcalfe, Harvard

University/Xerox PARC1973 FTP Alex McKenzie, BBN1974 TCP Vint Cerf & Robert Kahn1975 Microsoft Corporation Bill Gates & Paul Allen1976 Apple Computer Steve Wozniak & Steve Jobs1976 Apple I Apple Computer

1978 Usenet Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis & Steve Bellovin1981 IBM PC IBM Corporation1981 MS-DOS Microsoft Corporation1982 TCP/IP ARPA1983 Lisa Apple Computer1984 DNS Jon Postel1984 Macintosh Apple Computer1985 Windows Microsoft Corporation1986 NeXT Computer Steve Jobs1987 Perl Larry Wall1989 BSD NR1 University of California at Berkeley

A History of Computing1989 HTTP & HTML Tim Breners-Lee,

CERN1991 Linux Linus Torvald1991 Python Guido van Rossum1993 Mosaic Marc Andreessen1994 Netscape Corporation Marc Andreessen &

Jim Clarke1999 G4 Apple Computer2001 OS X Apple Computer