388 Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs

Winwood (Capt Tyler having recently died) and that the newmembers of Council be the Rev R A Bullen Eev A FullerDr W Hind and Mr J E Marr FRS (The Report was adoptednem con)

Referring to the past publications issued by the Society it appearsthat they give to the annual subscriber more than an average of280 pages of quarto letterpress accompanied by an average of38 quarto plates with 700 figures in the plates and text and yieldan average of 134 described species to each volume This isfar and away beyond what has yet been accomplished by anyContinental Palaaontographical Society for a subscription of oneguinea annually

If anyone desires to know how so much valuable scientific mattercan be obtained for so small a sum we will reveal to the anxiousinquirer and would-be annual subscriber the secret

(1) The Authors of monographs are not paid for their contributions(2) The Officers cheerfully give their services so that the cost of

management is reduced to a mere bagatelle(3) The Geological Society of London most generously gives to the

Palseontographical Society room for their stock in its apartments atBurlington House free of charge and also allows them to hold theirmeetings in its rooms

(4) So that almost the entire cost of the volumes issued isconfined to the drawing and printing of plates to the setting up andcorrecting the letterpress and the printing paper and binding ofthe annual volumes

We sincerely trust that -with the new volume will also comemany new members who will eagerly desire to obtain not only thenewly printed annual as it appears but ask for and secure theback volumes some of which may still be had (with a liberalallowance for taking a series) on application to the HonorarySecretary the Rev Prof Wiltshire MA FGS 25 GranvillePark Lewisham near London SE

The accompanying Plate XIII from a photograph taken at MrFrederick Edwards house Hampstead about 1856 represents four ofthe original members of the Society namely Sir Joseph PrestwichMA DCL FRS FGS Prof John Morris FGS F EEdwards Esq FGS and Searles V Wood Esq FGS1

IImdashCLASSIFICATION OF DINOSAURS3

By Professor 0 C MAKSH MA PhD LLD FGSof Yale College New Haven USA

IN the present review of the Dinosaurs I have confined myselfmainly to the type specimens which I have described but have

included with them other important remains where these were

1 Professor Morris Mr F E Edwards and Mr S V Wood also contributedmonographs

- From the American Journal of Science vol L pp 191-8

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Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs 389

available for investigation The extensive collections in the museumof Yale University contain so many of the important type specimensnow known from America that they alone furnish an admirablebasis for classification and it was upon these mainly that I firstestablished the present system which has since been found to holdequally good for the Dinosaurs discovered elsewhere In the furtherstudy of these reptiles it was also necessary to examine both theEuropean forms and those from other parts of the world and I havenow studied nearly every known specimen of importance Theseinvestigations have enabled me to make this classification more com-plete and to bring it down to the present time

Many attempts have been made to classify the Dinosanrs the firstbeing that of Hermann von Meyer in 1830 The name Dinosauriaproposed for the group by Owen in 1839 has been generallyaccepted although not without opposition Heeckel Cope andHuxley followed the last in 1869 proposing the name Ornithoscelidafor the order and giving an admirable synopsis of what was thenknown of these strange reptiles and their affinities Since thenHulke Seeley and Lydekker G-audry Dollo Baur and many othershave added much to our knowledge of these interesting animals Theremarkable discoveries in North America however have changed thewhole subject and in place of fragmentary specimens many entireskeletons of Dinosaurian reptiles have been brought to light and thusdefinite information has replaced uncertainty and rendered a com-prehensive classification for the first time possible

The system of classification I first proposed in 1881 has been verygenerally approved but a few modifications have been suggested byothers that will doubtless be adopted This will hardly be the casewith several radical changes recently advocated based mainly uponcertain theories of the origin of Dinosaurs At present these theoriesare not supported by a sufficient number of facts to entitle them tothe serious consideration of those who have made a careful study ofthese reptiles especially the wonderful variety of forms recentlymade known from America

Further discoveries may in time solve the problem of the origin ofall the reptiles now called Dinosaurs but the arguments hithertoadvanced against their being a natural group are far from conclusiveThe idea that the Dinosauria belong to two or more distinct groupseach of independent origin can at present claim equal probabilityonly with a similar suggestion recently made in regard to mammalsThis subject of the origin of the Dinosaurs and the relation of theirdivisions to each other will be more fully treated by me elsewhere

A classification of any series of extinct animals is of necessity asI have previously said merely a temporary convenience like thebookshelves in a library for the arrangement of present knowledgeIn view of this fact and of the very limited information we now havein regard to so many Dinosaurs known only from fragmentaryremains it will suffice for the present or until further evidence isforthcoming to still consider the Dinosauria as a sub-class of the greatgroup of Eeptilia

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m

| 390 Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs

wIj Eegarding then the Dinosaurs as a sub-class of the Eeptilia thej forms best known at present may be classified as follows mdashji| Sub-class DINOSAURIA Owen

I

j| Premaxillary bones separate upper and lower temporal archesno teeth on palate rami of lower jaw united in front by cartilageonly Neural arches of vertebras joined to centra by suture cervicaland thoracic ribs double-headed ribs without uncinate processessacral vertebras united caudal vertebras numerous chevrons arti-culated intervertebrally Scapula elongate no precoracoid clavicleswanting Ilium prolonged in front of the acetabulum acetabulumformed in part by pubis ischia meet distally on median line Foreand hind limbs present the latter ambulatory and larger than thosein front Head of femur at right angles to condyles tibia withprocnemial crest fibula complete first row of tarsals composed ofastragalus and calcaneum only which together form the upper por-tion of ankle joint reduction in number of digits begins with thefifth

Order THEKOPODA (Beast foot) CarnivorousSkull with external narial openings lateral large antorbital

vacuity brain case incompletely ossified no pineal foramen pre-maxillaries with teeth no predentary bone dentary withoutroronoid process teeth with smooth compressed crowns amicrenulated edges Vertebras more or less cavernous posterior trunkvertebras united by diplosphenal articulation Each sacral rib sup-ported by two vertebras diapophyses distinct from sacral ribssternum unossified Pubes projecting downward and united distally no postpubis Fore limbs small limb bones hollow astragalusclosely applied to tibia feet digitigrade digits with prehensileclaws locomotion mainly bipedal

(1) Family Megalosnuridce Lower jaws with teeth in frontAnterior vertebras convexo-concave remaining vertebras biconcavefive sacral vertebrae Abdominal ribs Ilium expanded in front ofacetabulum pubes slender Femur longer than tibia astragaluswith ascending process five digits in manns and four in pes

Genus Megalosaurus (PoiJcilophuron) Jurassic and CretaceousKnown forms European

(2) Family Vrypiosauridee Lower jaws with teeth in frontCervical vertebras opisthoccelian remaining vertebras biconcavesacral vertebras less than five Ilium expanded in front of ace-labulum distal ends of pubes coossified and much expanded aninterpubio bone Femur longer than tibia astragalus withascending process fore limbs very small with compressed pre-hensile claws

Genera Dryptosaurus (Lalaps) Allosanrus Coelosaurus CreosaurusJurassic and Cretaceous All from North America

(3) Family Labrosavridce Lower jaws edentulous in frontCervical and dorsal vertebias convexo-concave centra cavernous

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Prof 0 0 MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs 391

or hollow Tubes slender with anterior margins united an inter-pubic bone Femur longer than tibia astragalus with ascendingprocess

Genus Labrosaurus Jurassic North America(4) Family Plateosaurida (Zanclodontidce) Vertebra biconcave

two sacral vertebrae Ilium expanded behind aeetabulum pubesbroad elongate plates with anterior margins united no interpubicbone ischia expanded at distal ends Femur longer than tibiaastragalus without ascending process Five digits in manus andpes

Genera Plateosaurus (Zanclodon) Teratosaurus BimodosaurusTrias8ic Known forms European

(5) Family Anchisauridce Skull light in structure with re-curved cutting teeth Vertebrae biconcave Bones hollow Iliumexpanded behind acetabulum pubes rod-like and not coossifieddistally no interpubic bone Fore limbs well developed femurlonger than tibia astragalus without ascending process five digitsin manus and four in pes (Figure 1)

FIG 1mdashANCHISAURUS COLURUS Marsh bullpound Triassic Connecticut

Genera Anchisaurus (Megadactylus) Ammosaurus ArctosaurusBathygnathus and Clepsysaurus in North America and in EuropePalceosaurus Thecodontosaurus All known forms Triassic

Sub-order COJLURIA (Hollow tail)(6) Family Cceluridm Teeth much compressed Vertebrae and

bones of skeleton very hollow or pneumatic neural canal muchexpanded anterior cervical vertebra convexo-concave remainingvertebrae biconcave cervical ribs coossified with vertebrae Aninterpubic bone Femur shorter than tibia metatarsals very longand slender

Genera Codurus in North America and Aristosuchus in EuropeJurassic

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392 Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs

Sub-order COMPSOGNATHA

(7) Family Compsognathida Skull elongate with slender jawsand pointed teeth Cervical vertebras convexo-concave remainingvertebras biconcave Ischia with long symphysis on median lineBones very hollow Femur shorter than tibia astragalus withlong ascending process three functional digits in manus and pes

Genus Compsognaihus Jurassic Only known specimen Euro-pean (Figure 2)

FIG 2mdashCOMPSOGNATHUS LONGIPES Wagner J Jurassic Bavaria

Sub-order CKBATOSAUEIA (Horned saurians)(8) Family Ceratosauridce Horn on skull teeth large and

trenchant Cervical vertebras plano-concave remaining vertebras

FIG 3mdashCERATOSAUKUS NASICOKNIS Marsh Jurassic Colorado

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Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs 393

biconcave Pelvic bones coossified ilium expanded in front ofacetabulum pubes slender an interpubic bone ischia slenderwith distal ends coossified Limb bones hollow manus with fourdigits femur longer than tibia astragalus with ascending process inetatarsals coossified three digits only in pes Osseous dermalplates (Figure 3)

Genus Ceralosaurus Jurassic North America(9) Family Ornithomimidce Pelvic bones coossified with each

other and with sacrum ilium expanded in front of acetabulumLimb bones very hollow fore limbs very small digits with verylong pointed claws hind limbs of true avian type femur longerthan tibia feet digitigrade and unguiculate

Genus Ornithomimus Cretaceous North America

Sub-order HALLOPODA (Leaping foot)

(10) Family Hallopida Vertebrae and limb bones hollow vertebras biconcave two vertebras in sacrum acetabulum formedby ilium pubis and ischium pubes rod-like projecting downwardbut not coossified distally no postpubis ischia with distal endsexpanded meeting below on median line Fore limbs very smallwith four digits in manus Femur shorter than tibia hind limbsvery long with three digits only in pes and metatarsals greatlyelongated astragalus without ascending process calcaneum muchproduced backward feet digitigrade unguiculate

Genus Hallopus Jurassic North America

Order SATJROPODA (Lizard foot) Herbivorous

External nares at apex of skull premaxillary bones with teeth teeth with rugose crowns more or less spoon-shaped large antorbitalopenings no pineal foramen alisphenoid bones brain case ossified no columellse postoccipital bones no predentary bone dentarywithout coronoid process Cervical ribs coossified with vertebraeanterior vertebrae opisthoccelian with neural spines bifid posteriortrunk vertebrae united by diplosphenal articulation presacral verte-bras hollow each sacral vertebra supports its own transverse processor sacral rib no diapophyses on sacral vertebrae neural cavity muchexpanded in sacrum first caudal vertebra procoelian Sternal bonesparial sternal ribs ossified Ilium expanded in front of acetabulum pubes projecting in front and united distally by cartilage no post-pubis Limb bones solid fore and hind limbs nearly equalmetacarpals longer than metatarsals femur longer than tibiaastragalus not fitted to end of tibia feet plantigrade ungulate fivedigits in manus and pes second row of carpal and tarsal bonesunossified locomotion quadrupedal

(1) Family Atlantosauridce A pituitary canal large fossa fornasal gland Distal end of scapula not expanded Sacrum hollow ischia directed downward with expanded extremities meeting onmedian line Anterior caudal vertebras with lateral cavitiesremaining caudals solid

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394 Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs

Genera Atlantosaurus Apatosaurus Bnrosaurus BrontosaurusInclude the largest known land animals Jurassic North America(Figure 4)

(2) Family Diplodocidce External nares superior no depressionfor nasal gland two antorbital openings large pituitary fossadentition weak and in front of jaws only brain inclined backwarddentary bone narrow in front Ischia with shaft not expanded dis-tally directed downward and backward with sides meeting on medianline Sacrum hollow Caudal vertebras deeply excavated belowchevrons with both anterior and posterior branches

Genus Diplodocus Jurassic North America

FIG i~BROXTOSAURUS EXCELSUS Marsh -jhs- Jurassic Wyoming

(3) Family Morosaurida External nares lateral large fossa fornasal gland small pituitary fossa dentary bone massive in frontShaft of scapula expanded at distal end Sacral vertebra) nearlysolid ischia slender with twisted shaft directed backward and sidesmeeting on median line Anterior caudals solid

Genera Morosaurus Camarasaurus (Amphiccelias) JurassicNorth America

(4) Family Pleuroccelidee Dentition weak teeth resemblingthose of Diplodocus Cervical vertebras elongated centrum hollowwith large lateral openings sacral vertebra solid with lateraldepressions in centra caudal vertebras solid anterior caudals withflat articular faces and transversely compressed neural spinesmiddle caudal vertebraa with neural arch on front half of centrumIschia with compressed distal ends meeting on median line

Genus Pleuroccelus Jurassic North America

(5) Family Titanosauridce Fore limbs elongate coracoid quadri-lateral Presacral vertebras opisthoccelian first caudal vertebrabiconvex remaining caudals proccelian chevrons open above

Genera Titanosaurus and Argyrosaurus Cretaceous India andPatagonia

(6) Family Cardiodontida Teeth of moderate size Upper endof scapula expanded humerus elongate fore limbs nearly equallinghind limbs in length Sacrum solid bull ischia with wide distal endsmeeting on median line Caudal vertebra biconcave

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Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs 395

Genera Cardiodon (Cetiosaurus) Bothriospondylus Ornithopsisand Pelorosaurus European and probably all Jurassic1

Order PKBDENTATA HerbivorousNarial opening lateral no antorbital foramen brain case ossified

supra-orbital bones teeth with sculptured crowns maxillary teethwith crowns grooved on outside lower teeth with grooves on insideof crown a predentary bone dentary with coronoid process Cer-vical ribs articulating with vertebras each sacral rib supported bytwo vertebras Ilium elongated in front of acetabulum prepubiobones free in front postpubic bones present ischia slender directedbackward with distal ends meeting side to side Astragalus withoutascending process

Sub-order STEGOSAUKIA (Plated lizard)Skull without horns no teeth in premaxillaries teeth with dis-

tinct compressed crowns and serrated edges Fore limbs small

FIG 5mdashSTEGOSAURUS TJNGULATOS Marsh ^y Jurassic Wyoming

Vertebras and limb bones solid Pubes projecting free in frontpostpubis present Femur longer than tibia feet plantigradeungulate five digits in maims and four in pes second row of carpalsand tarsals unossified locomotion mainly quadrupedal Osseousdermal armour

(1) Family Steyosauridce Vertebras biconcave Neural canal insacrum expanded into large chamber ischia directed backward withsides meeting on median line Dorsal ribs T-shaped in cross sectionAstragalus coossified with tibia metapodials very short five digitsin manus three functional digits in pes Back surmounted bya crest of vertical plates tail armed with one or more pairs of largespines (Figure 5)

1 The Wealden is here regarded as Upper Jurassic and not Cretaceous See0 C Marsh GEOL MAG Decade IV Vol Ill 1896 p 8 and A S Woodwardpp 69-71 On the Affinities of the Wealden Fauna and Flora

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396 Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs

Genera Stegosaurus (Hypsirhophus) Diracndon DyslrophceusPalteoscincus Priconodon all from North America and in EuropeOmosaurus Owen Jurassic and Cretaceous

(2) Family Scelidosauridce Neural canal narrow diapophysisof dorsal vertebrae supporting head and tubercle of ribs Astragalusnot coossified with tibia ruetatarsals elongated three functionaldigits in pes

Genera Scelidosaurus Aeanihopholis Hylaosanrus Pol acanthusJurassic and Cretaceous Known forms all European (Figure 6)

FIG 6mdashSCELIDOSAURUS HARRISONI Owen Jurassic England

Bones solid(3) Family Nodosauridce Heavy dermal armourFore limbs large feet ungulate

Genus Nodosaurus Cretaceous North America

Sub-order CBKATOPSIA (Horned face)Premaxillaries edentulous teeth with two distinct roots skull

surmounted by massive horn-cores a rostral bone forming a sharpcutting beak expanded parietal crest with marginal armature apineal foramen Vertebrae and limb bones solid fore limbs large femur longer than tibia feet ungulate locomotion quadrupedalDermal armour

FIG 7mdashTRICERATOPS PRORSUS Marsh Cretaceous Wyoming

(4) Family Ceratopsidce Anterior cervical vertebrae coossifiedwith each other posterior dorsal vertebras supporting on thediapophysis both the head and tubercle of the rib lumbar vertebra

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Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs 397

wanting sacral vertebias with both diapophyses and ribs Pubesprojecting in front with distal end expanded postpubio bone rudi-mentary or wanting

Genera Ceratops Agathaumas Monoclonius Polyonax Sterrho-lophus Torosaurus Triceratops in North America and inEurope Struthiosaurus (Cratceomus) All are Cretaceous (Figure 7)

Sub-order OKNITHOPODA (Bird foot)Skull without horns premaxillaries edentulous in front Verte-

bras solid Pubes projecting free in front postpubis present Forelimbs small astragalus closely fitting to end of tibia feet digiti-grade three to five functional digits in manus and three to four inpes locomotion mainly bipedal No dermal aiinour

(5) Family Camptosauridm (Camptonolidts) Premaxillariesedentulous teeth in single row a supra-orbital fossa Anterior

FIG 8mdashCAMPTOSAURUS DISPAR Marsh -ltgt$ Jurassic bullWyoming

vertebrae opisthoccelian sacral vertebras with peg and notch articu-lation Limb bones hollow fore limbs small five digits inmanus Postpubis reaching to the distal end of ischium Femurlonger than tibia and with pendent fourth trochanter hind feetwith four digits (Figure 8)

Genus Camptosaurus (Camptonotus) Jurassic North America(6) Family Laosauridce Premaxillaries edentulous teeth in

single row Anterior vertebras with plane articular faces sacralvertebras coossified Sternum unossified Postpubis reaching todistal end of ischium Limb and foot bones hollow fore limbsvery small five digits in manus femur shorter than tibia meta-tarsals elongate four digits in pes

Genera Laosaurus and Dryosaurus Jurassic North America(Figure 9)

(7) Family Hypsilophodontidce Premaxillaries with teeth teethin single row sclerotic bony plates Anterior vertebras opistho-

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398 Proj 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs

F I G 9mdashLAOSAUEUS COXSOES Marsh pounds Jurassic Wyoming

coelian sacral vertebras coossified Sternum ossified Postpubisextending to end of ischium Limb bones hollow five digits inmanus femur shorter than tibia hind feet with four digits

Genus Hypsilophodon Wealden England (Figure 10)

F I G 10mdashHYPSILOPHODON Foxn Huxley iV Cretaceous England

(8) Family Iguanodontidce Piemaxillaiies edentulous teeth insingle row Anterior vertebras opisthoccelian Manus with five

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Prof 0 C MarshmdashClassification of Dinosaurs 399

digits pollex spino-like Sternal bones ossified Postpubis in-complete Femur longer than tibia (Figure 11)

Genera Iguanodon Vectisaurus Jurassic and Cretaceous Knownforms all European

FIG 11mdashIGTTANODON BEUNISSARTENSIS Boulenger - 0- Cretaceous Belgium

(9) Family Trachodontida (Hadrosauridce) Premaxillaries eden-tulous teeth in several rows forming with use a tessellated grindingsurface Cervical vertebras opisthoecelian Limb bones hollowfore limbs small femur longer than tibia

FIG 12mdashCLAOSAURUS ANNECTENS Marsh -Jrgt Cretaceous Wyoming

Genera Trachodon (Hadrosaurus Diclonius) Cionodon Creta-ceous North America

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400 Prof T G Bonneymdash

(10) Family Claosaurida Premaxillaries edentulous teeth inseveral rows but a single row only in use Cervical vertebraopislhocoelian Limb bones solid fore limbs small Sternal bonesparial Postpubis incomplete Femur longer than tibia feetungulate three functional digits in manus and pes (Figure 12)

Genus Claosaurus Cretaceous North America(11) Family Nanosavrida Teeth compressed and pointed and

in a single uniform row Cervical and dorsal vertebra short andbiconcave sacral vertebrae three Ilium with very short pointedfront and narrow posterior end Limb bones and others veryhollow fore limbs of moderate size humerus with strong radialcrest femur curved and shorter than tibia fibula pointed belowmetatarsals very long and slender Anterior caudals short

Genus Nanosaurus Jurassic North America Includes thesmallest known Dinosaurs

In these restorations of Dinosaurian Eeptiles the scientific namethe size geological formation and country where found are givenunder each of the twelve figures The skeletons here restored arerepresented in the same general position to aid in comparing themwith each other

IIImdashON A PEBBLY QUARTZ-SCHIST FROM THE VAL DANNIVIERS

(PENNINE ALPS)

By Prof T G BOXXEY DSC LLD FRS

IN 1893 I described in this Magazine1 a group of quartz-schistswhich may be traced for many miles along the Alpsmdasha group

belonging to the series which appear to be the newest amongthe crystalline schists of that chain I may refer to this paperfor a description of their mode of occurrence distribution andstructure both macroscopic and microscopic merely stating thatwhile considering them to have had a clastic originmdashin other wordsto be metamorphosed sandstonesmdashI pointed out that they presentedsome material differences from ordinary quartzites and that original fragments [could not] be distinguished with certaintyin any of them though here and there a clastic structure ofwhich I gave instances may be suspected

In 1894 my friend Mr J Eccles FGS informed me on hisreturn from the Alps that he had discovered pebbles in thisquartz-schist in the Val dAnniviers (Einfisch-thal)2 showing mespecimens of the rocks I examined one of these under the micro-scope and the results fully confirmed his determination in the fieldThis pebbly schist he said occurred on the western flank of therange between the Val dAnniviers and the Turtman-thal in anupland glen of the Tounot about one-third of a mile ESE of the

1 GEOL MAG Dec Ill Vol X pp 204-2102 It is the second valley to the west of the Yispthal opening into the RhoneValley opposite to Sierre

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