dinosaurs 71

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A family of Tsinfaosaurus

goes foraging

FflgilLFl_l|LEMore fascinating trivia and the

weekly quiz ‘I702

1692

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, body in bands. These made it

l,_3b.oth strong andflexible,

IZILARI/Rl/STalarurus carried as much armour as

a medieval knight.

alarurus was an ankylosaur,likeEuplocephalus, which

lived in NorthAmerica. It Was

found in BaynShireh in southern

Mongoliain the

early1950s. ItsWell-

preserved skull and skeleton show that

Talarurus hadan amazing set of armour

to protect it from its enemies.

FLEXIBLE BANDS

Because it lived alongside fierce flesh-

eaters such as Tarbosaurus and speedy

Velociraptor,Talarurus needed to be Very

Well-protected against predators.

Like an armoured tharikwith legs,Tc;§Zarurus,:W;as iiithaan two small cars.

Slabs ofiibofiy armour covered its

rather likeanelasticated,metalWatchstrap.

LOW DOWN

With its small head bent low,Talarurus

nosed its Way through the vegetation of

CretaceousMongolia. It fed on low-

growing plants and shrubs, andnippedoff

shoots with its broad, toothless beak.

Inside its jaw, small, feeble teethmashed

the food, butall the heavy-duty, crushingWork was done inside the dinosaur’s

muscular stomach.

MIGHTYMUSCLES

Talarurus’ squat, heavy bodywas

supported by four powerful legs. These

Were attached to the dinosaur’s shoulders

and hips by strongmuscles, whichhelpedTalarurus to move quite nimbly for a

creature of its size.



The skull of Talaruruswas heavilyarmoured with bonynodules and plates.Its bodywas heavily

armoured too.

I

Talarurus’

nostril.This ankylosaurhad a very

good sense

of smell.

Bony eyelidsfor protection

4 lm

EARLYWARNINGAs it stood feeding peacefully, a good sense

of smell probably helped to give Talarurus

earlyWarning that a predatorwas on its

Way. From the top of its head to the ti 9;‘

its tail, Talarurus had a covering of a_nd hollow spikes. But it was possible f_y



LEG BREAKERTalarurus had another, Very effective

weapon that it used to repelpredatorsmore than twice its size.At the end of its

tail there was a bony club that couldbe

swung from side to sidewith great force.Even an enemy as big as Tarbosaurus _,could be toppled by a mightyblow from

‘

I

V

this weapon.With its legbroken, aA 5'7" ‘ *l

Tarbosaurus would lie helplessly at

the mercy ofother predators while

Talarurus plodded off to safety

as Protoceraztops, it coguldiE

probablykeep up with largei_sauropods such asiNemegtosauru;s*.

‘A

mmllENAME: Talarurus (tal-mg-rus)means

’baske’r-tail’GROUP: dinosaurSIZE: 5.7m longFOOD: plantsLIVED: about 80millionyears ago inthe Late

Cretaceous Period inMongolia

OOOO

O

1683



:even snails,

E

crushing them

Y0(/NGINAYoungina could bite through hard skinwith itswide, sharp teeth.

oungina was a reptile aboutas long as a rabbit is today. Itroamed the desert-like regions

ofPermian southernAfricawith reptilessuch asMoschops and Coelurosauravus.

HAPPYON LAND

Ybungina’s limbs sprawled outwards on

either side of its low-slungbody.Unlike its swimmingrelative,Hovosaurus, itwas suited to life onland. It graspedrocks and couldclimb trees.

-.-1-

SNAIL CRUSHER

Ybungina had a high,

deep skull with

strongjaws. It

snapped at its

preywith

sharp,broad teeth. It

probably ateinsectswithbrittle skins or

with ease.

i r em} < : —30-45cm— > [

MASS EXTINCTIONAt the end of the Permian, Younginadisappeared together with many other

creatures in a mass extinction. The

Permianextinction, 245 million

years ago, was even greaterthan the one that removed

dinosaurs fromthe face of theEarthnearly200million

yearslater.

Youngina’s long

fingers and toes

helped it to grasprocks and tree trunks.

NAME: Youngina (young-ggx-nah) wasnamed alter a Fossil collector called YoungGROUP: reptile

FOOD: insects, snailsLIVED: about 260millionyears ago in the

Permian Period insouthern Africa

.O.SIZE: about 30-45cm longO

.



GERANOS/IURI/SAll that remained of this unusual

dinosaurwere its iaws and a

few teeth. .NAME:Geranosaurus (jg-an-oh-Q-rus)eranosaurus was a close means ’crane reptile’

relative ofHeterodontosaurus. .GROUP: dinosaur

It was as long as a large dog .5'15‘UP*0 l-2"‘ longand knee-high to an adult human.VVhen .FOOD‘ Plcmls

.LIVED: about 200millionyears ago in

the EarlyJurassic Periool inCape Province,

in

%l‘‘'‘1.2m'—'>l

itsjaws

were found in SouthAfrica, earlythis century, experts knew it was unusual.

DIFFERENT TEETH

Geranosaurus belonged to the group called

the heterodontosaurids. It had three

different kinds of teeth. At the front of its

jaw, the teeth were small and sharp for

nippingoff leaves. At the back, they were

ridged for grinding. Lastly, there were a

pair ofshortfangs.

DIGGINGAND DEFENCE

Flesh—eaters with

fangs use them to

stab and wound theirprey. Plant—eaters have _

other uses for them.

LIGHTlllll3\NiDlSPEEl)eY_'?-_G,’-eranosaurusLike the Wildpig of .j probablyWalked

today, Geranosaurus 1 'ontW.o legs andused

probablyiusédf its tusks ff, «_ts arms topulldovivnfor ‘diggingupplants branchesorgrasp tough shootsand for self-defence. While it fed. It

it anagile -

Geranosaurus dinosaur ti'_e11,(j)j1J,_gl1 to

probably held out beaspeedy runner.

its tail for balance.

l%i1685



‘Z;

Mammals, birdsandflowersWhen the dinosaurs died out, the COOLINGWATERS

mammals became the most impgrfqnf The oceans cooled around the poles and ice

animals_ This was the Tertiary Period sheets formed. The climate becamemore

and it lasted 64 million earsextreme.Many of the earlymammals and

Y 'birds disappeared, but ancestors

of today’s animals, suchas the dog, were seen

for the firstf you couldhaveflown around the

. _ World during the Tertiary Periodit would have looked a lot like it

does today. During the Tertiary thecontinents began to drift towards the

positions they are in today. The landscape

began to resemble the Earthwe see today—flowering plants began to appear andmammals andbirdsmoved to places once

occupied by the dinosaurs.

POLARJUNGLES

During the Tertiary the continents

continued tomove. This changed theclimate. For the first 20millionyears, theweather became warmer. There were even

steamy jungles in the far northand south,near the poles. Earlymammals and birdsflourished in the damp,warm climate.



it:3

Oicyrdactylus

IN NORTHAMERICA

NorthAmericawas the birthplace of the

pouchedmammals, some Very early plant-eaters, themultituberculates, such as

Ptilodus, and the first rodents such assquirrel—shaped Ischyromys.

DOGSAND SEALSThe first dog,Hesperocyon, appeared inNorthAmerica in the Oligocene Epoch. Sodid the first seal,Enaliarctos. There were

giant, hoofedmammals suchas Brontotherium.

Q

—, .3?” ti

Osieobarus

MIOCENEZOOIn theMiocene Epoch, theAmerican

prairies looked like today’s Africansavannahs. Therewere elephants

(Gomphotherium),pronghorns(Merycodus), deer—like Syndyoceras, giantpigs, the giant, clawed horseMoropus,camels (Oxydactylus),sabre-tooth ancestors(Dinictis), rhinoceroses

(Miotapirus) and

hyenas such asOsteoborus.

The first

squirrelsand dogs

appeared inthe TertiaryPeriod.



COMINGAND GOINGAbout two million years ago, North andSouth America joined at the Isthmus ofPanama.Animals evolved, spread,

%flT,,Q/migrated and died out. The giant, 1flightless,meat-eatingbird Titanis Went OLIGOCENE ZOO 5’north, alongwith capybaras, armadillos, In OligoceneAsia there were rhinoceroses

giant ground sloths, opossums and which came in all shapes and sizes,

porcupines. ManySouthAmerican such as the giant Indricotherium andthe

marsupials such as Cladosictis (an otter tinyHyracodon.Asia also boasted the

with a pouch), Borhyena (a marsupial giant, horse-relativeEmbolotherium, the

bear) and Thylacosmilus (a marsupial lion) early pigArchaeotherium, and the sabre-died out completely.

I toothed catNimravus.‘

ANIMALCROSSROADSAt various times,Europewas joinedto NorthAmerica,Asia and Africa.

Europewas thecrossroads for lotsof different forms ofanimal life. It may

have been hometo the earliestmammal carnivores.Miacis looked like astoat or Weasel and lived 55 million years

ago in Germany. Europe also had an earlymember of the primate group,made up of

lemurs,monkeys and apes, called

Necrolemur. It was about 25cm longand

looked like themodern bushbaby.

Rabbits first

appeared Asiéi.

ArchaeafheriumM. c

. ,,i‘,*

FIRST STEPS IN ASIADuring the Oligocene Epoch, India collided

withAsia and the HimalayanMountains

were formed. Several animals made their

entry into life on Earth in Asia. Rabbits

evolved in Asia. One of the first was

Eurymulus fromMongolia. Asian fossils

also show the first whale (Pakicetus), the

first elephant (Moeritherium) and perhapsthe first bats. In the Miocene, the first

proper bear,Hemicyon, evolved. Eurymulus

1688



MYSTERIOUS AFRICA

During the Oligocene in

Africa, the tropicalforests thinned out.

Marsupials and rodents

arrived fromAsia. The

great apes such as

Propliopithecus evolved.

D_uring the Miocene,Africa joined to EuropeandAsia. Grasslands

spread and rabbits,Whales first cats, rhinos, carnivores, insectivores, pigs°PPe°red 5" and deer poured in. The first giraffe was“'9

Te"l¢"Y the horned Prolibytherium. GrazingP°'l°d' animals flourished, alongwith their

predators such as the hyena Ictitherium.,

\LS

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V

:

DOWN UNDER

In the Oligocene, Australia became an

island continent and itsmarsupials did

very well. The egg-layingmammals

survived there. Now there are only two

kinds—he platypus and echidna. In

splendid isolation there were prehistoricpossums, bandicoots, huge kangaroos such

as Procoptodon, together withmore

primitive giantmarsupials such as the

horse-sized womb_atDiprotodon and the

marsupial lionThylacoleo.

lndricotherium

$ 5 9 :

WISA

Xthatyoung fossils, are

theAgeofDinosaurs.

_ than olclmaes?

Yes. Fossils take many thousands out

years toForm. Buteven as they are being;made,r

they are at risk of destruction. They may getpressed down-and melted into 'thesmlolten roclcswr

deep below. They may come to the suriaceandgetworn away bywind, ice and rain.~.So solder lossillsfi

3

u

have C longer time to disappear. lTerti:aryoitos,silsi

stand a better chance ofsurvival than foslpsils

1689



Talarurus plods away unharmed after an

unsuccessful attack by a hungry Tarbosaurus.The injured Tarbosaurus thought Talarurus

would bean easy target.yAIl Tarbosaurus had to

‘+°~'¥~*d'o'v§ias‘turnTaIarurus onto its back, leaving its

soft underbelly exposed. But it reckoned without

the deadly tail-club! With a single swipe of its

tail, Talarurus breaks one of Tarbosaurus’ legs,

leaving it to the mercy of other predators.



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\, An adult Tsintaosaurus 7leads her calves throughthe mists of the earlymorning,along a r iver

path in the forests ofLate Cretaceous China.This family of duckbilleddinosaurs is hungry, andwill enjoy itsbreakfast ‘

f foliage, conifer‘

needles and tree bark.

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SPO'I"I'ER'S euro:

How to draw 1'rex'

Discover how to draw the meanest of

monstersmarvellously.

I

start clrawl|‘9 ‘the

head 0“ “‘° '°[’right of your P'°‘°

of paper.

1 THE HEAD

Startwith an egg shape, pointedend

forward. Thiswill be the head. The neck is

shaped like a stretched letter ‘S’.

DI79

with G few5l'“Ple shapes7Rex is starting

2 THE SKULL

Draw in the line of the jaws and three

openings in the skull. The back one is a bit

like a keyhole and there is an arch for the

eye. The front opening is wedge-shaped.

1694

Now add The

basic details of

the skull.

3 EYES, BODYAND ARMS

Draw the eye in its arch and a small

backward-facinghorn above it. The .

nostrils are right at the front of thesnout. Indicate themwith a shadedoval.Draw two lines to show theneckmuscles. One line starts at

eye-level. The other line runs

from behind the lower jaw. A

simple circle is all you need todraw for the body.Then put inT rex’s little two-fingered arms

anddraw a rectangle to indicate

the shoulder-blade. an



4 LEGSAND TAIL

Toget each leginthe right position,draw the centrelines.

Theseshow

themiddle ofeach

leg.Now draw inthe leg shape: an

egg shape, pointedend down, for the

upper leg.Makesure it is directlybehind the body.The lower leg is

like a chickendrumstick. Thethree-toed feet come next. Thetail is held out straight behind.

Now

6 colour in

have to followthese colours.

You can colour

your Trex

howeveryoulike and even

add stripes or

spots ifyou want to!

Draw the centre lines

first, then draw the

outlines of the legs.

your Trex. You don't _

. \‘s.. TOUCHES

“if Goover the outline‘

to get a smooth,continuous shape.Add little bumps over

the snout andput inlines to show where themuscles are.

Shade in some shadows tomake your Trex look three dimensional. Draw in the

slightly curved teeth. Remember the teethin the lower jaw are smaller than those in

the top.

You can also draw in

where you think Trex had

folds,wrinkles and texture

in its skin.

1695



., 3 REX REBORN

_y Findinga T rex is a rare event.

.3 Only 11 fossil remainshave beenexcavated since the turn of the

century. But in just twomonths in 1990 two of the

p

mostcomplete

skeletons ever5’ found were unearthed.

Studies of those skeletons .have proved that many ofour ideas about the

giant meat-eater were

quite wrong. Now

experts havebuilt up an

excitingnew picture of theWorld’s mostpopular

dinosaur.

Since ‘I990, experts have

discovered more about Trex

than ever before.

hen a giantdinosaur

. was dug up in

Wyoming, USA, in 1902,

experts realised it was far

bigger than any meat-

eating landanimalyetdiscovered. They decidedto give it a ‘giant’name—yrannosaurus rex —which means ‘kingof

the tyrant reptiles’.

Experts used to think

that Trex moved very

slowly and stood

upright on its back

legs, like the model

pictured here.But

they now think

it was fast and fit and

leaned forward like

the model picturedopposite.



GIANT MOVEIn June 1990 scientists started to excavate

a hilly island in eastern Montana, USA. A

month later they uncovered an almost

complete giantT rex skeleton.

Movinga

fossil that bigcalled for special help.Mechanical diggers Were used to‘ lift the

biggestblocks ofboneson to hugetrailers. Muchof the

rockhad to becarefully removedbefore the bones were

light enough to betaken indoors.

that thereare

specialdinosaur societies to ioin?

Yes. Ityou want to know more aboutTrex and all the other dinosaurs, you can join

a dinosaur society. There is one in the UK. For

details write to: The UKDinosaur Society, c/oValley View, Church Lane, Waltham, Canterbury,Kent CT4 58$. There isanother in the USA. ToFind

out more write to: The Dinosaur Society, 200

Carleton Avenue, East Islip,NYl l 730, USA.

SUE

In August 1990 a second almost perfectT rex skeleton W a s uncovered in South

Dakota,USA. It was named ‘Sue’ andW a s

thebiggest

T rex ever discovered. Sue hadtwice the number of tail bones of any ofthe fossils found before. So, for the first

time, scientists couldWork out just how

long T rex really Was.Before, they had

guessed it could be anything from

8m to 13m long. Now theyknew it was almost

certainly up to

11m long.

FAST KILLER

Early scientists believedT rex was a fat, lumberinggiant. Its

skeleton Was rebuilt standing stiffandtall. But scientists who have investigatedthe latest evidence think T rex was verydifferent. They see T rex as a leaner, fastermonster that ranWith its head down and

its tail stuck out behind for balance.

‘.5;In ‘I990

9-; scientistsfound two

i’

Trex inT



Trex used its big teeth for

biting through bonesand skin.

SHREDDINGAND CHOMPINGThe mainWeapon T rex possessed Was a

hugemouth, full of enormous teeth. Some

experts now think it had two Ways of

tearing up its food. It used its strongestteeth to chomp through skin and bone andits smaller ones to shred the flesh into bits.

EASYMEATWas T rex a ferocious killer? Some expertsthink that T rex mighthave found it easier

to prey on dead or

dying animals.Like today’s hyena,it

mighthave been

a part-time killer.It couldhavefeasted on deadbodies that itsniffed out. But itcould also have

killed for its lunchif necessary.

‘

M

skull showing

i



HIS AND HERS

The T rex skeletons discovered so far are oftwo different types. Some, like Sue, are

bigger. Others are smaller. Scientists havesuggested that the difference couldbe

because one Wasmale and the otherfemale. Expertsbelieve the female T rex

was the larger and stronger one.

ON THE BALLT rex had a larger brain than the giantplant-eatingdinosaurs. Experts also thinkit might have been able to see, hear andsmell better thanmost animals of its time.

The dinosaur’seyes pointed forwards,rather like ours do, so it might have seen

the World in the same W a y We do. Bigholes found in its skullmight mean that itcould hearVery low sound, Which Wouldhave helped it to track down its prey. Oval-

shaped holes discovered on each side of itsnose could be proof that the dinosaur hadan eXtra—sharp sense of smell.

ROUGH AND TOUGHSue’s bones showed a Variety of scars fromdifferent kinds ofinjury. This has led

experts to believe the dinosaur led a

rough, tough life. There is a T rex tooth

stuck in one rib and there are deep groove-like scratches in the pelvis.Bothdiscoveries prove that Suehad fierce

fights with other T rex.

C O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O I O I O O I O .

E5998&@&@ll’

ELEPHANT EATER?When Trexwas firstdiscovered, scientists

did not know the exact ageofthe Earth or

what animals livedwhen. Some thoughtTrexwas just a few millionyears old.

Some people even thought itmight haveeaten elephants.

Experts believe that the femaleTrexwas bigger and stronger

than the male. In most otherspecies, such as elephants and

tigers, the male is strongerand bigger than the female.



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Jcfl'L:gimetrodonholds all the answ

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u score 111 the quiz

Long:hikes

Sometimeswefindvery similar

fossilsondifferentcontinents,

th.ousan.ds of‘kilometrwapart,



OPHIACODON 285 MYA

Ophiacodon (o-ie_e-a-"

koh-don)means

‘snake teeth’.It was a

mammal-like

reptile that

livedin Texas andNewMexico in the

EarlyPermian. Its lizard-like body was as long as

a small car. Compared to its body,

0phiacodon’s headwas large and its deep,narrow jaws were lined with sharp teeth. It

huntedfish and, possibly, small reptiles.

OPHTHALMOSAURUS 245 MYA

Ophthalmosaurus (off-thal-mo-if-rus)was a Triassic ichthyosaur as long as a

rhinoceros. It swam in the seas and riversofFrance,Germany and England. It used

its limbs like paddles to move its dolphin-

shapedbody through the Water.

Ophthalmosaurusmeans ‘eye reptile’.

OSTEODONTORNIS 20 MYA

One of the largestflying birds so far

discovered, Osteodontornis (o_ss-tee-oh-don-

t_o_1;-niss) hada wingspan wider than two

buses standing side by side.Osteodontornis

glided above the water as it searched for

food. Its longbill was lined with tooth—like

spikes. Its name means ‘bone—toothedbird’.

OF EREHISTORICANIMAL‘

-* a A , " a

‘K

Pachydyptes (11-ee-ip-teez)was a

giant penguin as tall as a small human. It

lived in Eocene times in New Zealand.

Although it could notfly, Pachydyptes used

itswings

asflippers

to

propelitthrough

the

water when it swam.

PALAEOLOXODON 250,000YAThe giant mammoth,Palaeoloxodon (pa;

ee-oh-1_o_)g-oh-don), lived in the forests of

Europe in Pleistocene times. It was more

like the elephant of today than the woollymammoth because it had Very little hair.Palaeoloxodon had long, straight tusks that

hungdown on either side of its trunk.Dwarf species ofPalaeoloxodon, which

means ‘old slant-tooth’, lived on islands

such as Malta.

r ~ 4*PALAEOPHONUS .400MYA .

‘ —‘

Palaeophonus (pLl-ee-oh-

ffl-nus) was an early

arthropod that lived in

Silurian times. It was ascorpion and hadeight

legs, the first two

carrying fearsome pincers, and a

large sting on its tail. Very like a

scorpion today,Palaeophonus may have

been the first meat-eating animal on land.

MYA =MILLION YEARS AGO }

YA =YEARS AGO



in TIMEDETECTIVE.

Discover the

animals thatlived on thedinosaurs inPREHISTORICWORLD. A

parade of plant-eaters features

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Lots of amazingmonster facts in

IDENTIKIT

andGIANTS OF THE PAST

3-D GALLERYHISTORY IN PICTURES

PICTURECREDITS: Frontcover: NickPike/WildlifeArtAgency.ProvidedbyBlackHills InstituteofGeologicalResearch, Inc,HillCity, South Dakota,USA.EdGerken, Photagra her: 1698 C; NaturalHistoryMuseum,London Neave Parker 1696;NaturalHistoryMuseum,London 1698TL; NHPA 1687T,B, i688C,1689T;Bruce Selyem, Museum ofthe Rockies 1697BR;Sculpture byMattBSmith,SmithStudios,Photograph:Terry Panusulr: 1696/7TArtwork: BlackHat 1704TL, BL,BR; Barry

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WasArchaaoptaryxb d?

Whathapgans

todinosaurora ir . dmosaur amas ‘n

other languages.

WhatwasAnkylosaurus’armourmade of?

dinosaurs 71

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